Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - Neutron production and nucleosynthesis in electric disch...Lewis Larsen
LENR transmutations can occur all around us. Neutrons can be created when Hydrogen atoms (protons) are present within many different types of electric discharges that can include among diverse other things: atmospheric lightning on earth and other planets, arcs between electrodes in air, water, hydrocarbons, as well as in nano-arcs (internal shorts) that can occur in electrochemical batteries.
Lattice Energy LLC - Many body collective magnetic mechanism creates ultrahig...Lewis Larsen
“The main reason why the origin of cosmic rays(CRs) is still unknown, one century after their discovery, is that they are charged nuclei isotropized by the turbulent magnetic field in the Galaxy to such a high degree that their observed flux is essentially identical in all directions, with no sources or decisive hot spots identified in any region the sky …” - Etienne Parizot (Univ. of Paris-Diderot), Nuclear Physics B (2014)
In 2008 (arXiv) and 2010 (Pramana), we derived and published approximate, rule-of-thumb formulas for calculating estimated one-shot, mean center-of-mass acceleration energies for charged particles present in plasma-filled magnetic flux tubes (also called “coronal loops”) for two cases: (1) steady-state and (2) explosive destruction of an unstable flux tube (this second case is subset of “magnetic reconnection” processes).
Our simple equations for magnetic flux tubes are robust and scale-independent. They consequently have broad applicability from exploding wires (which in early stages of explosion comprise dense dusty plasmas), lightning, to solar flux tubes and other astrophysical environments that are characterized by vastly higher magnetic fields; these include many other types of stars besides the Sun, neutron stars, magnetars, and regions located near black holes and active galactic nuclei.
Herein we show how plasma-filled magnetic flux tubes likely occur in many different astrophysical systems from relatively small objects (neutron stars and magnetars) to relatively large objects (accretion disks and jet bases of supermassive black holes). When these ordered magnetic structures explode (reconnection, flares), enormous amounts of magnetic energy are converted into kinetic energy of charged particles present inside exploding flux tubes. Using reasonable parametric assumptions, we calculate one-shot, center-of-mass acceleration energies for protons in collapsing protoneutron stars (5.5 x 1018 eV), two cases for BH accretion disks (2.2 x 1017 eV and 0.9 x 1019 eV), and finally for the jet base of a supermassive black hole (2.2 x 1021eV).
What all these numbers suggest, including those for the Sun, is that W-L-S particle acceleration mechanism for magnetic flux tubes can create cosmic ray particles at energies that span the entire cosmic-ray energy spectrum from top to bottom. This argues that commonplace flux tubes may well play a significant role in generating the observed cosmic ray energy spectrum and would be consistent with apparent overall anisotropy of sources at all but the very highest particle energies. That said, we think a number of different acceleration mechanisms likely contribute to entire spectrum, including shock acceleration and perhaps exotic mechanisms such as evaporation of gaseous winds from neutron stars (Widom et al. arXiv:1410.6498v2 -2015).
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR transmutation of Carbon better energy strategy than...Lewis Larsen
While Obama’s new clean power plan is certainly very well-intentioned, it implicitly throws the fossil fuel industry “under the bus,” naively assumes that wind and solar power will take up the slack at reasonable cost, and does not really attempt to develop radical new sources of low-cost energy.
Rather than eventually replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy sources over time, LENR technology instead enables oil, gas, and coal producers to convert fossil fuels into cleaner, more valuable form of CO2-free LENR energy --- energy producers, energy consumers, and Mother Earth all win.
While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently intermittent --- not continuous --- sources of electrical and thermal power. Solar and wind renewables therefore simply cannot 100% replace fossil energy sources without enormous economic disruption and gigantic increases in energy costs.
LENRs are the only primary energy technology on foreseeable horizon that could provide the world with affordable dense green energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of now powerless, energy-poor people
Lattice’s strategy for replacing today’s combustion with LENR transmutation of Carbon saves the fossil fuel industry yet is highly synergistic with renewables, enables sustainable economic growth, and helps to ameliorate CO2-driven climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - Neutron production and nucleosynthesis in electric disch...Lewis Larsen
LENR transmutations can occur all around us. Neutrons can be created when Hydrogen atoms (protons) are present within many different types of electric discharges that can include among diverse other things: atmospheric lightning on earth and other planets, arcs between electrodes in air, water, hydrocarbons, as well as in nano-arcs (internal shorts) that can occur in electrochemical batteries.
Lattice Energy LLC - Many body collective magnetic mechanism creates ultrahig...Lewis Larsen
“The main reason why the origin of cosmic rays(CRs) is still unknown, one century after their discovery, is that they are charged nuclei isotropized by the turbulent magnetic field in the Galaxy to such a high degree that their observed flux is essentially identical in all directions, with no sources or decisive hot spots identified in any region the sky …” - Etienne Parizot (Univ. of Paris-Diderot), Nuclear Physics B (2014)
In 2008 (arXiv) and 2010 (Pramana), we derived and published approximate, rule-of-thumb formulas for calculating estimated one-shot, mean center-of-mass acceleration energies for charged particles present in plasma-filled magnetic flux tubes (also called “coronal loops”) for two cases: (1) steady-state and (2) explosive destruction of an unstable flux tube (this second case is subset of “magnetic reconnection” processes).
Our simple equations for magnetic flux tubes are robust and scale-independent. They consequently have broad applicability from exploding wires (which in early stages of explosion comprise dense dusty plasmas), lightning, to solar flux tubes and other astrophysical environments that are characterized by vastly higher magnetic fields; these include many other types of stars besides the Sun, neutron stars, magnetars, and regions located near black holes and active galactic nuclei.
Herein we show how plasma-filled magnetic flux tubes likely occur in many different astrophysical systems from relatively small objects (neutron stars and magnetars) to relatively large objects (accretion disks and jet bases of supermassive black holes). When these ordered magnetic structures explode (reconnection, flares), enormous amounts of magnetic energy are converted into kinetic energy of charged particles present inside exploding flux tubes. Using reasonable parametric assumptions, we calculate one-shot, center-of-mass acceleration energies for protons in collapsing protoneutron stars (5.5 x 1018 eV), two cases for BH accretion disks (2.2 x 1017 eV and 0.9 x 1019 eV), and finally for the jet base of a supermassive black hole (2.2 x 1021eV).
What all these numbers suggest, including those for the Sun, is that W-L-S particle acceleration mechanism for magnetic flux tubes can create cosmic ray particles at energies that span the entire cosmic-ray energy spectrum from top to bottom. This argues that commonplace flux tubes may well play a significant role in generating the observed cosmic ray energy spectrum and would be consistent with apparent overall anisotropy of sources at all but the very highest particle energies. That said, we think a number of different acceleration mechanisms likely contribute to entire spectrum, including shock acceleration and perhaps exotic mechanisms such as evaporation of gaseous winds from neutron stars (Widom et al. arXiv:1410.6498v2 -2015).
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR transmutation of Carbon better energy strategy than...Lewis Larsen
While Obama’s new clean power plan is certainly very well-intentioned, it implicitly throws the fossil fuel industry “under the bus,” naively assumes that wind and solar power will take up the slack at reasonable cost, and does not really attempt to develop radical new sources of low-cost energy.
Rather than eventually replacing fossil fuels with solar, wind, and renewable energy sources over time, LENR technology instead enables oil, gas, and coal producers to convert fossil fuels into cleaner, more valuable form of CO2-free LENR energy --- energy producers, energy consumers, and Mother Earth all win.
While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently intermittent --- not continuous --- sources of electrical and thermal power. Solar and wind renewables therefore simply cannot 100% replace fossil energy sources without enormous economic disruption and gigantic increases in energy costs.
LENRs are the only primary energy technology on foreseeable horizon that could provide the world with affordable dense green energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of now powerless, energy-poor people
Lattice’s strategy for replacing today’s combustion with LENR transmutation of Carbon saves the fossil fuel industry yet is highly synergistic with renewables, enables sustainable economic growth, and helps to ameliorate CO2-driven climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC- Increased Energy Densities Drive Convergence of Batteries...Lewis Larsen
Large increases in battery energy densities drive convergence between energetic materials, LENRs and batteries. Today LENRs create problems in high-energy-density advanced batteries; battery manufacturers can potentially turn today’s LENR issues into tomorrow’s opportunities. Importantly,
Japanese companies understand the convergence: Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota Central Research, Toyota Motor Corp., and other unnamed large Japanese companies all now have LENR R&D programs; Lattice believes their ultimate goal is to eventually be able to replace the internal combustion engine using CO2-free LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC- Technical Discussion-Oct 1 Tesla Motors Model S Battery T...Lewis Larsen
On October 1, 2013, in Kent, WA USA while traveling down a 4-lane state highway during morning rush-hour, a Tesla Model S sedan experienced a battery thermal runaway and ensuing fire with 6-foot high flames that destroyed the front hood area of the vehicle.
To explain why its much-heralded battery safety systems were unable to prevent the occurrence of a potentially dangerous battery thermal runaway and fire that disabled and destroyed key parts of a full-sized vehicle within a span of several minutes, Tesla proposed a theory for the event. It explains the runaway as having been caused by the car’s driver accidentally running over piece of road debris - “large metallic object” - that had been lying on the highway surface. In Tesla’s theory, this hypothetical metal object somehow rotated upwards, slammed into the car’s armored underbody with 25 tons of force, and then pierced a module in the car’s battery pack, which triggered a thermal runaway and fire.
Lattice’s alternative theory for the October 1 model S runaway incident posits that: field-failure internal electrical short (whatever its proximate cause might truly be) occurred in a single 18650 cell that was located somewhere in first front module of vehicle’s battery pack. This field-failure-triggered event caused catastrophic overheating of the affected cell, creating huge local temperature increase within a few seconds that eventually wreaked havoc within the immediate module.
Importantly, propagation of field-failure-induced super-hot runaway conditions into adjacent cells (“thermal fratricide”) within same battery pack module was slowed rather significantly by Tesla’s multi-tier, very sophisticated battery safety system engineering discussed herein. The consequent retardation of thermal propagation between cells by safety features built into the battery pack lengthened the runaway event timeline by > 2 - 3 minutes, which was observed on Oct. 1.
In this incident, Lattice believes that the Model S battery pack encountered something very different from “garden variety” thermal runaways (see Appendix 1 in this presentation for definitions and details) that Tesla’s otherwise brilliant system safety engineering was designed to thwart.
What probably occurred on Oct. 1 was very likely a much rarer, deadlier type of thermal runaway called a ‘field-failure” (again, see Appendix 1). What distinguishes field-failures from ‘ordinary’ thermal runaways are vastly higher peak temperatures in conjunction with electric arc discharges. The best that can be hoped-for under such circumstances is that a battery fails relatively ‘gracefully’ without detonating, as happened on Oct. 1, 2013.
Lattice Energy LLC - Mystery of Nagaokas 1920s Gold Experiments - Why Did Wor...Lewis Larsen
In a recorded interview with fellow physicist Prof. John Wheeler in 1962, Nobel prize-winning Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa said that his colleague Hantaro Nagaoka in the 1930s was (quoting directly), “…“I think Professor Nagaoka was all powerful then among scientists … he had some very deep insight, although he did not work himself [at that point in his career] … Nagaoka was [the] President of Osaka University when I moved from Kyoto to Osaka. But he was at the same time President of the Academy; he was the greatest boss among all the scientists in Japan.”
Between September 1924 and June 1925, Nagaoka and his co-workers at RIKEN in Japan conducted some 200 experiments with high-current electric arc discharges between Tungsten electrodes immersed in liquid hydrocarbon transformer oil in which they detected successful transmutation of Tungsten into macroscopic, visible flecks of Gold and Platinum. In June 1925, Nagaoka went a world tour in which he spoke to scientific and lay audiences about their transmutation experiments in Japan and handed-out samples comprising small pieces of porcelain reactor vessels with tiny bits of adhering Gold that had been created therein. In July 1925, “Nature” published his Letter to the Editors in which he reported on their results and encouraged other scientists to try to repeat their provocative experiments.
Amazingly, as far as we can tell no one ever tried to repeat Nagaoka et al.’s landmark experiments. Even more incredibly, the entire area of inquiry involving electric discharge-triggered transmutations of elements essentially died-out worldwide by 1930 (Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and transmutation via neutron-capture was first elucidated by Taylor in 1935). In this document, we explore some of the possible underlying reasons that may have caused this totally unexpected historical twist.
In 2004, Cirillo & Iorio (Italy) transmuted Tungsten into Rhenium, Osmium, and Gold in a modern, roughly equivalent version of Nagaoka’s electric arc discharge experiments. In 2012 at an American Nuclear Society meeting, using a very different type of gaseous D2 thin-film permeation experimental method it had pioneered in back 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported transmutation of implanted Tungsten targets into Osmium and Platinum.
Widom & Larsen theory of neutron-catalyzed low energy nuclear reactions (as published in the “European Physical Journal C – Particles and Fields” - 2006 and in “Pramana – Journal of Physics” – 2010) both predicts and explains all of this earlier experimental transmutation data with Tungsten targets.
If a modern repetition of Nagaoka et al.’s 1920s experiments produced encouraging results, commercial transmutation of Gold might not be very far in the future. That said, as in many cases--- time will tell --- and as they say in Russia, “We shall live and we shall see.”
Research proposal on organic-inorganic halide perovskite light harvesting mat...Rajan K. Singh
Organic-Inorganic perovskite materials has many applications in the field of opto-electronics such as photo-voltaic cells, LEDs, sensors, memory devices etc. due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. Presence of Pb in such type of perovskite is the biggest challenge for researchers.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
The Vanadium Redox Flow Battery and South Africa's Export OpportunityBushveld Energy
Bushveld Energy's presentation at the South Africa Energy Storage Conference (28 November 2017), covering:
• An overview the VRFB technology, including deployment, design, benefits in battery performance, safety and sustainability;
• South Africa-specific business cases for VRFB technology;
• Arguments for why South Africa is uniquely positioned to benefit in the global success of VRFBs.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC- Increased Energy Densities Drive Convergence of Batteries...Lewis Larsen
Large increases in battery energy densities drive convergence between energetic materials, LENRs and batteries. Today LENRs create problems in high-energy-density advanced batteries; battery manufacturers can potentially turn today’s LENR issues into tomorrow’s opportunities. Importantly,
Japanese companies understand the convergence: Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota Central Research, Toyota Motor Corp., and other unnamed large Japanese companies all now have LENR R&D programs; Lattice believes their ultimate goal is to eventually be able to replace the internal combustion engine using CO2-free LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC- Technical Discussion-Oct 1 Tesla Motors Model S Battery T...Lewis Larsen
On October 1, 2013, in Kent, WA USA while traveling down a 4-lane state highway during morning rush-hour, a Tesla Model S sedan experienced a battery thermal runaway and ensuing fire with 6-foot high flames that destroyed the front hood area of the vehicle.
To explain why its much-heralded battery safety systems were unable to prevent the occurrence of a potentially dangerous battery thermal runaway and fire that disabled and destroyed key parts of a full-sized vehicle within a span of several minutes, Tesla proposed a theory for the event. It explains the runaway as having been caused by the car’s driver accidentally running over piece of road debris - “large metallic object” - that had been lying on the highway surface. In Tesla’s theory, this hypothetical metal object somehow rotated upwards, slammed into the car’s armored underbody with 25 tons of force, and then pierced a module in the car’s battery pack, which triggered a thermal runaway and fire.
Lattice’s alternative theory for the October 1 model S runaway incident posits that: field-failure internal electrical short (whatever its proximate cause might truly be) occurred in a single 18650 cell that was located somewhere in first front module of vehicle’s battery pack. This field-failure-triggered event caused catastrophic overheating of the affected cell, creating huge local temperature increase within a few seconds that eventually wreaked havoc within the immediate module.
Importantly, propagation of field-failure-induced super-hot runaway conditions into adjacent cells (“thermal fratricide”) within same battery pack module was slowed rather significantly by Tesla’s multi-tier, very sophisticated battery safety system engineering discussed herein. The consequent retardation of thermal propagation between cells by safety features built into the battery pack lengthened the runaway event timeline by > 2 - 3 minutes, which was observed on Oct. 1.
In this incident, Lattice believes that the Model S battery pack encountered something very different from “garden variety” thermal runaways (see Appendix 1 in this presentation for definitions and details) that Tesla’s otherwise brilliant system safety engineering was designed to thwart.
What probably occurred on Oct. 1 was very likely a much rarer, deadlier type of thermal runaway called a ‘field-failure” (again, see Appendix 1). What distinguishes field-failures from ‘ordinary’ thermal runaways are vastly higher peak temperatures in conjunction with electric arc discharges. The best that can be hoped-for under such circumstances is that a battery fails relatively ‘gracefully’ without detonating, as happened on Oct. 1, 2013.
Lattice Energy LLC - Mystery of Nagaokas 1920s Gold Experiments - Why Did Wor...Lewis Larsen
In a recorded interview with fellow physicist Prof. John Wheeler in 1962, Nobel prize-winning Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa said that his colleague Hantaro Nagaoka in the 1930s was (quoting directly), “…“I think Professor Nagaoka was all powerful then among scientists … he had some very deep insight, although he did not work himself [at that point in his career] … Nagaoka was [the] President of Osaka University when I moved from Kyoto to Osaka. But he was at the same time President of the Academy; he was the greatest boss among all the scientists in Japan.”
Between September 1924 and June 1925, Nagaoka and his co-workers at RIKEN in Japan conducted some 200 experiments with high-current electric arc discharges between Tungsten electrodes immersed in liquid hydrocarbon transformer oil in which they detected successful transmutation of Tungsten into macroscopic, visible flecks of Gold and Platinum. In June 1925, Nagaoka went a world tour in which he spoke to scientific and lay audiences about their transmutation experiments in Japan and handed-out samples comprising small pieces of porcelain reactor vessels with tiny bits of adhering Gold that had been created therein. In July 1925, “Nature” published his Letter to the Editors in which he reported on their results and encouraged other scientists to try to repeat their provocative experiments.
Amazingly, as far as we can tell no one ever tried to repeat Nagaoka et al.’s landmark experiments. Even more incredibly, the entire area of inquiry involving electric discharge-triggered transmutations of elements essentially died-out worldwide by 1930 (Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and transmutation via neutron-capture was first elucidated by Taylor in 1935). In this document, we explore some of the possible underlying reasons that may have caused this totally unexpected historical twist.
In 2004, Cirillo & Iorio (Italy) transmuted Tungsten into Rhenium, Osmium, and Gold in a modern, roughly equivalent version of Nagaoka’s electric arc discharge experiments. In 2012 at an American Nuclear Society meeting, using a very different type of gaseous D2 thin-film permeation experimental method it had pioneered in back 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported transmutation of implanted Tungsten targets into Osmium and Platinum.
Widom & Larsen theory of neutron-catalyzed low energy nuclear reactions (as published in the “European Physical Journal C – Particles and Fields” - 2006 and in “Pramana – Journal of Physics” – 2010) both predicts and explains all of this earlier experimental transmutation data with Tungsten targets.
If a modern repetition of Nagaoka et al.’s 1920s experiments produced encouraging results, commercial transmutation of Gold might not be very far in the future. That said, as in many cases--- time will tell --- and as they say in Russia, “We shall live and we shall see.”
Research proposal on organic-inorganic halide perovskite light harvesting mat...Rajan K. Singh
Organic-Inorganic perovskite materials has many applications in the field of opto-electronics such as photo-voltaic cells, LEDs, sensors, memory devices etc. due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. Presence of Pb in such type of perovskite is the biggest challenge for researchers.
Novel effects can occur in materials when structures are formed with sizes comparable to any one of many possible length scales, such as the de Broglie wavelength of electrons, or the optical wavelengths of high energy photons. In these cases quantum mechanical effects can dominate material properties. One example is quantum confinement where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. The optical properties of nanoparticles, e.g. fluorescence, also become a function of the particle diameter. This effect does not come into play by going from macrosocopic to micrometer dimensions, but becomes pronounced when the nanometer scale is reached.
The Vanadium Redox Flow Battery and South Africa's Export OpportunityBushveld Energy
Bushveld Energy's presentation at the South Africa Energy Storage Conference (28 November 2017), covering:
• An overview the VRFB technology, including deployment, design, benefits in battery performance, safety and sustainability;
• South Africa-specific business cases for VRFB technology;
• Arguments for why South Africa is uniquely positioned to benefit in the global success of VRFBs.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO-sponsored LENR device project released additional technical details at Technova seminar held in Tokyo on March 2, 2018. Japanese government is targeting commercialization of LENRs as a revolutionary, radiation-free nuclear technology for use in power generation and propulsion applications. NEDO project results to date have demonstrated Watt-level reproducibility of excess heat in small nanocomposite LENR devices. Assuming substantial scale-up of device heat output is possible, NEDO project’s technical achievement validates future potential for LENRs to someday become an important source of green CO2-free energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Scalability of LENR power generation systems - Nov 29 2015Lewis Larsen
Lattice shows how LENR power generation systems could someday scale-up from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts of electrical output.
In this PowerPoint presentation, we outline how substantial scale-up of LENR (safe ultralow energy neutron reactions) power generation systems from today’s primitive milliwatt thermal devices to kwh and megawatts is a feasible goal in the near-future. LENR reactors would be vastly smaller and less expensive than equivalent fission counterparts with comparable thermal output.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly create heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the radiation-free Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology is successfully developed and scaled-up as we have outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC-Game changing LENRs - What are they and amazing things the...Lewis Larsen
Lacking production of deadly radiation or hazardous long-lived radioactive wastes, LENR power systems would not require any expensive and massive shielding, containment, or waste clean-up. Coupled with intrinsic multiway scalability, these unique attributes could enable development of highly competitive commercial products with outputs ranging from milliwatts to megawatts suitable for portable, stationary, vehicular, and aerospace power markets. End-user price per BTU or kWh for LENR-based power systems could be substantially lower than prices for competing batteries or fuel cells, combustion, and present fission and fusion technologies.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - Radiation-free Nuclear Propulsion for Advanced Hypersoni...Lewis Larsen
Document outlines our speculative concepts about propulsion of hypersonic aircraft by the controlled triggering LENRs on nanoparticles in dusty plasmas
Lattice published document to stimulate interest in further developing this new approach to propulsion
Please note that this technical discussion presumes that further progress will be made on commercially fabricating and triggering μ-scale LENR-active sites on planar substrate surfaces and on non-planar surfaces of purpose-engineered nanoparticles comprised of multiple elements and varied isotopes
Unique properties of so called “dusty plasmas” are key to operation of this exciting application in LENR technology; these plasmas were appreciated only relatively recently, so the bulk of relevant literature about such plasmas is mostly less than 25 years old
Unlike hypersonic Lockheed Martin SR-72 UAV, Lattice would integrate an LENR dusty plasma scramjet engine with an LENR-powered 50+% efficient Brayton combined cycle turbine that generates DC electricity for power
Enormous flexibility in designing and engineering LENR nanoparticle target fuels; can choose among huge selection of different elements and materials
Could utilize optimized combinations of LENR nuclear and very energetic chemical reactions simultaneously inside the very same reaction chamber
Engine thrust control achieved by tightly regulating amounts of DC input current into dusty plasma and LENR target fuel injection rates
Incredibly high energy densities and low weight of LENR nanoparticulate target fuels might allow an LENR dusty plasma scramjet the luxury of carrying multiple fuel types that are optimized for different flight envelopes
Unlike fission or fusion technologies there would not be any radiation or radioactivity problems, even with a bad crash event in populated area
Please note that many key proprietary engineering-related details have been deliberately omitted from this presentation for obvious commercial reasons
Lattice Energy LLC Company Vision-September 11 2011Lewis Larsen
Lattice Energy LLC's company vision of commercializing Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs): what key milestones remain and why are we doing this? It's not just about money.
Lattice Energy LLC-Widom-Larsen Theory Explains Data Presented in New Mitsubi...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
Readers are encouraged to download copies and compare various details of Lattice’s fundamental patent US # 7,893,414 (issued by the USPTO on February 22, 2011) with Mitsubishi’s above-noted, recently published US application.
Mitsubishi uses their EINR model published in 1998 to explain their experimental data; however, it is strictly a conceptual phenomenological model and does not explain physics of exactly how LENR catalytic neutrons are formed and why copious energetic neutron radiation is not observed; neither does it explain why prompt and delayed MeV gamma radiation is not emitted during neutron captures on various isotopes.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, as published in 2006 and 2010, fully explains the physics of ultra-low momentum neutron production, as well as the absence of deadly fluxes of energetic neutrons and ‘hard’ MeV-energy gamma radiation; Widom-Larsen theory’s deep insights in detailed device physics enables meaningful engineering of useful LENR devices for controlled production of thermal energy and/or purposeful transmutation of elements to accomplish a variety of objectives.
Conclusions: the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
As a parting thought, please note that a number of large Japanese companies now have ongoing LENR R&D programs --- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motors, among others. That being the case, it is highly likely that one or more companies, somewhere, sometime in the not-too-distant future, will eventually succeed in commercializing LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
Lattice Energy LLC-Technical Overview-June 25 2009Lewis Larsen
Commercializing a next generation source of safe nuclear energy: low energy nuclear reactions or LENRs. Widom-Larsen theory, weak interactions, transmutations, nanoscale evidence for nuclear effects, and Lattice's road to commercialization
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technology could help justify 2 trillion valuation ...Lewis Larsen
LENR technology could help justify Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s proposed US$ 2 trillion valuation for Saudi Aramco in planned 2018 company IPO.
Some outsiders and company insiders believe IPO valuation of US$ 400 billion up to maximum of 1.5 trillion are more realistic numbers. To the contrary, announcing major new R&D program in LENR technology by Aramco prior to IPO could boost valuation by increasing perceived future growth prospects and potentially enabling future production and sale of new types of revolutionary nanoparticulate CO2-free fuels derived from oil. These aromatic Carbon LENR fuels for transportation and power generation applications would have over 5,000x the energy density of gasoline.
Lattice energy LLC - Chinese chemists report photochemical triggering of LENR...Lewis Larsen
Experiments reported in 2017 by Prof. Gong-xuan Lu et al. at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, in Lanzhou, China showed photocatalytic triggering of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) at NTP with visible light. Experimental results reported in “Journal of Molecular Catalysis” (China) in 2017 claimed production of Deuterium and Helium as well as nuclear transmutation of Potassium to Calcium. Very significant discovery if experimental claims can be independently confirmed by other researchers using same methods. If Lu et al.’s claims are confirmed, their work has important implications. For chemical catalysis, it suggests that LENR transmutations can occur at very low rates in parallel with ordinary chemical reactions; LENRs can coexist and interoperate at NTP. Also implies total mass-balances for chemical elements comprising reactants and products might not necessarily be conserved. For astrophysics and cosmochemistry, it means that nucleosynthesis can occur on surfaces of Hydrogen- and metal-rich dust grains irradiated by starlight.
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technologys compelling value proposition for oil an...Lewis Larsen
LENRs offer a compelling future value proposition for oil & gas companies. Technology of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could enable conversion of aromatics derived from crude oil and natural gas into nanoparticulate LENR fuels with energy densities that are 5,000x greater than gasoline.
Achievement of this unprecedented capability could vastly increase performance of customers’ power generation systems as well as enable the rapid future development of many types of revolutionary products suitable for array of key consumer and military markets.
LENR technology could also stretch useful economic lifetimes of today’s remaining in-ground supplies of oil & gas from British Petroleum's 2016 estimate of < 53 years out to at least another 25,000 years further into far future.
Powering the World to a Green LENR Future- Lattice Energy LLC-April 11 2013Lewis Larsen
Powering the world to a green LENR future – a not unduly technical Lattice overview for everybody - truly green hard-radiation-free nuclear energy exists: no gammas, no energetic neutrons, nor any radioactive wastes. During their brief existence, peak power densities in LENR-active sites on condensed matter surfaces vastly exceed the power density that prevails in the innermost core of the Sun.
Lattice Energy LLC-LENRs in catalytic converters-June 25 2010Lewis Larsen
We provide citations, quotations from published papers, and discussion of experimental data from technical publications reporting identification of various elements/isotopic products found in exhaust emissions emanating from catalytic converters commonly installed in cars and trucks powered by gasoline or diesel internal combustion engines. We believe this evidence indicates that ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) may be occurring in catalytic converters.
Lattice Energy LLC - Battery energy density - product safety - thermal runawa...Lewis Larsen
Global quest to improve performance drives battery R&D toward ever-higher energy densities. High gravimetric energy density rewards battery users with lighter portable or mobile power sources and longer operating times between recharges. Product safety & reliability could be the hidden costs --- higher energy density is a two-edged sword that cuts both ways. Internal electrical shorts, hot sparks, and catastrophic electric arcs are reducing durability and causing thermal runaways, fires, and even explosions in Lithium-ion batteries. Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) may be causing some of these extreme events; engineering for LENR effects could potentially help improve future battery safety and durability.
Similar to Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis - Nov 4 2018 (20)
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and prop...Lewis Larsen
If commercialized, LENRs could become one of the world’s preeminent energy technologies. At system electrical power outputs of just 5 - 10 kwh, modular LENR-based distributed power generation systems providing combined heat and electricity (CHP) could satisfy energy requirements of a majority of urban and rural households as well as smaller businesses worldwide. Much lower-output, revolutionary portable LENR power sources could displace chemical batteries in applications where ultrahigh performance and longevity are needed.
At electrical outputs of 60 - 200 kwh, LENR-based integrated power generation systems would be able to power vehicles, drones, as well as smaller aircraft and watercraft. This would break oil-based fuels’ 150-year stranglehold on internal combustion engines and decisively decarbonize the entire transportation sector. High-performance LENR thermal sources could also provide high-quality heat for many types of industrial processes.
Although they could very likely be designed and built, development of megawatt-output LENR systems is not mandatory to disrupt the world of energy for the better. If wide deployment of small-scale, low-cost LENR CHP distributed generation could be achieved, large numbers of fossil-fired and/or fission power plants would not have to be built to supply competitively priced, uninterruptible electricity to regional grids serving urbanized areas. Under that scenario, centralized grid power generation would be gradually displaced by vast numbers of smaller, price-competitive distributed LENR power systems inside homes and businesses.
Lewis Larsen - DJIA approaches previous all-time record high close of 26828 -...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is approaching previous all-time record high close of 26,828 - what happens next? If U.S. economy speeds-up by 3Q 2019 and/or good China-US trade deal is completed, DJIA could hit new all-time highs and increase by 3,000 to 6,000 points during next 6 - 18 months.
Lattice Energy LLC - Microbial radiation resistance transmutation of elements...Lewis Larsen
Microbial radiation resistance, possible transmutation of elements, and the dawn of life on Earth
Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some bacteria are shifting isotope ratios and possibly even transmuting certain elements. How and why are microbes doing this? LENRs may explain how, but why?
Although credible experimental data suggests some microbes can transmute certain elements via LENRs, much more experimentation will be required to decisively demonstrate that microorganisms can truly transmute chemical elements at will and determine which species of microbes have such capabilities. LENRs may not be all that uncommon out in Nature; if so, there will be major implications for geochemistry, isotope geology, and nuclear waste remediation.
LENRs can mimic isotopic effects of mass-dependent and mass-independent chemical fractionation. Elements and isotopes conserve their mass-balances in purely chemical systems; that is not necessarily true if LENRs are also occurring in same systems. Accurate measurement of total mass balances for all chemical species may be needed to discriminate between chemical and nuclear processes.
ULE neutron-catalyzed transmutation is not energetically practical for more-abundant chemical elements found in living systems such as Carbon. However, transmutation could potentially be an energetically feasible and advantageous capability that could enable some fortunate microbes to produce life-critical, low-abundance catalytic active site metals that are unavailable in local environments.
Japanese government-funded project with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, Nissan, and four universities is developing abiotic LENRs for power generation. Recently reported outstanding heat production results at working temperatures and pressures far lower than those found in many undersea hydrothermal vents.
Lattice Energy LLC - Korean scientists use bacteria to reduce concentration o...Lewis Larsen
Korean scientists used experimental laboratory mixtures of bacteria to reduce concentration of radioactive Cesium-137 (as indicated by gamma emissions) present in aqueous growth solutions irradiated with light at 12-hour intervals, shaken, and incubated at 25o C.
During experiments, and compared to controls, measured gamma radiation for flasks containing bacteria decreased at vastly higher rates than would be expected for ‘normal’ rate of Cs-137 β-decay. Is radioactive Cesium actually being transmuted into heavier Cs isotopes and other elements by living bacteria?
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR experiment conducted by The Aerospace Corporation r...Lewis Larsen
LENR experiment conducted independently in 2017 by The Aerospace Corporation (non-profit company that operates a FFRDC) effectively repeated excess heat results reported by the Japanese government-funded NEDO LENR fabrication and testing project. Experimental data from this confirmatory experiment was reported by Dr. Edward Beiting, a physicist and Senior Scientist at The Aerospace Corporation, in a presentation that occurred on June 5, 2018 at the ICCF-21 conference held at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Lewis Larsen - Dow-Jones Industrial Average reaches 26000 - what happens next...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) has just gone above 26,000 for first time ever. What happens next? Boom or bust?
Short pithy answer: “We ain’t seen nothin’ yet”; quoted from Barron’s article published in February 1988
Slightly longer answer: We are presently in an era of low-inflation economic growth and explosion of new technologies. Therefore, a continued global financial and economic boom subject to episodic, healthy market price corrections is much more likely to occur than a fearsome bust like the near-collapse of U.S. financial markets in 2008 and subsequent Great Recession from which world financial markets and many national economies are just beginning to fully recover. Herein we present key reasons why this bullish scenario should transpire as events unfold.
Lattice Energy LLC - Polar vortex cold wave in USA has potential for lower te...Lewis Larsen
Today, the United States is gripped in jaws of a Polar Vortex extreme cold weather event in Midwest and Northeast. On December 27, 2017 the nighttime low temperature in Duluth, Minnesota hit bone-chilling 41 degrees below zero F. This severe cold snap is predicted to persist through January 5 – 7, 2018. How will wind & solar renewable energy sources and commercial natural gas pipelines perform during this latest Polar Vortex event in U.S.? It will be interesting to see what happens between today and mid-January 2018.
Lattice Energy LLC - Fossil fuels and nuclear vs renewables for powering elec...Lewis Larsen
Enormous potential future value for diversified portfolios of renewable, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power generation --- enable grids to have resilience against extreme weather events related to climate change and “Black Swan” volcanic eruptions.
Proverb: “In the first place … an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Benjamin Franklin (1735). Fukushima lessons: mitigate improbable extreme events if not too expensive; $200 million was thought too costly to fix backup generators in 2006 but the ‘cure’ for the 2011 nuclear disaster now costs $189 billion and could take 30 - 40 years.
What may appear ‘greener’ and less $$$ in myopic short-term decision-making about grids could end-up being extremely $$$ expensive or catastrophic in longer-term. Data suggests that is it too risky for society to put all its energy “eggs” into a single renewable basket. Lattice therefore believes balanced diversity of different types of grid power sources is best strategy for insuring 99+% future reliability and excellent resiliency of electricity grids facing onslaughts of extreme weather events and low but non-zero probability for catastrophic Black Swan volcanic eruptions.
Since high % of renewable energy sources on electricity grids is a new phenomenon and unexplored territory, there aren’t preexisting road maps to guide government regulation and critical implementation by industry. Private sector companies by nature are concerned with short-term bottom line profitability and have more narrowly focused interests; by contrast, government is responsible for insuring national energy security over much longer time-frames and broader range of grid-threatening events.
Rick Perry/DOE’s controversial NOPR to FERC in September created an important opportunity for U.S. government and industry to begin productive dialogue about how to enhance the U.S. electricity grid’s ability to maintain present reliability and adapt to climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FER...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FERC re improving future grid resiliency are reasonable
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry has been heavily criticized for controversial DOE letter to FERC that proposed changes to compensation rules involving coal and nuclear power generation. Letter suggested that coal and nuclear operators should be compensated somehow for special value to grid resiliency provided by providing uninterruptible power during extreme weather events. Rick Perry-DOE further suggested that another requirement for receiving such compensation would be that eligible grid-connected dispatchable generation assets must be able to store enough fuel onsite to permit 90 days of uninterrupted electric power generation.
Ongoing climate change appears to be increasing the probability of extreme polar vortex cold snaps like what occurred in U.S. in winter of 2014; lowest temperatures during that episode only lasted for several days. Since then, there have been additional occurrences of weather extremes that drastically reduced renewable power output and lasted much longer than several days.
During 2015 there was a severe wind drought in Western United States lasting nearly six months. During December 2016 and January 2017 Germany and Western Europe experienced several protracted periods --- lasting up to one month --- during which there was little or no sun nor any wind. On January 24, power shortfall with renewables got so bad that Germany came within one dispatchable coal-fired power plant of experiencing a national power blackout. That was eerily similar to what nearly happened in Northeastern U.S. during worst of 2014 polar vortex and revealed limited resilience of Germany's Energiewende.
Given that extreme weather events can clearly cause substantial, protracted power shortfalls with renewables and natural gas plants, Rick Perry/DOE’s deep concerns about fuel security and suggestions to FERC are reasonable.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese confirm Lattice hypotheses re importance of ads...Lewis Larsen
Survival of 40% of world’s population heavily depends on higher food production enabled by Ammonia fertilizer produced in large plants via Haber-Bosch process as commercialized in 1909.
Progress is being made with new catalyst technology that could potentially reduce capital and operating costs of future Ammonia plants which would be cost-effective in much smaller sizes that enable distributed production.
Recent Japanese papers confirm Lattice’s hypotheses about importance of adsorbed protons and high
local electric fields for boosting reaction rates on some types of metallic catalyst surfaces.
Manabe et al. achieved high yield Haber-Bosch-like synthesis of Ammonia by applying DC electric fields
along with N2, H2, Cs/Ru catalyst and SrZrO3 support at just room temperature and ~1 atmosphere pressure versus ~450o C and ~200 atm in commercial NH3 plant.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs predicts deep causal connection between many-body collective physics of electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis: very high local electric fields ≥ 1010 V/m and mobile surface patches of Q-M entangled protons. In LENRs these enable: electron + proton --> neutron + neutrino.
Lattice Energy LLC - Unclassified 2010 US Defense Threat reduction Agency Pow...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) favorably evaluated Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in official contract report originally published back in March 2010. Unclassified document very recently became publicly available on the U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security’s digital library website. Quoting from DTRA report’s conclusions: “Could the W-L theory be the breakthrough needed to position LENR as a major source of carbon-free, environmentally clean source of source of low-cost nuclear energy??”
Lattice Energy LLC - Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation...Lewis Larsen
Adequate reasonably priced dispatchable power generation is critical for every country’s energy security.
Renewable energy sources sometimes unable to fill total national demand for electric power because they are intermittent. Unusual European weather in December 2016 demonstrated that Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) as idealistically envisioned by its many supporters may be impractical.
“One cannot simultaneously rely on massive amounts of wind and sunshine, dispense with nuclear power plants, significantly lower the supply of fossil energy, and nevertheless tell people that electricity will definitely be available in the future.” Quoted from article by Heiner Flassbeck, a prominent German economist, that was published on January 10, 2017
It is thus apparent that national energy security, 99+ % grid uptime availability, and reasonably priced electricity for retail consumers could be jeopardized in countries that don’t have adequate dispatchable power generation capacity.
Electricity shortfalls from renewable wind and solar energy sources are today covered by dispatchable fossil fuel and fission power plants --- if fossil fuels and fission are then phased-out, then what will replace them?
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could potentially provide an alternative nuclear technology to fission and fusion. While LENRs do use safe ultralow energy neutrons to trigger release of nuclear binding energy (heat) from an enormous array of stable element target fuels, they are radically different from Uranium and Thorium fission reactors that require criticality to operate properly. Unlike fission, LENRs don’t involve multiplicative chain reactions with fuels that in turn release multiple neutrons which then explosively accelerate neutron production --- nuclear runaways are not a risk with LENRs.
D-T fusion reactors like ITER and other similar Tokamaks mainly produce heat by harvesting the kinetic energy of deadly 14.1 MeV energetic neutrons. Consequently, they require massive shielding and containment systems for safe operation and unsurprisingly have enormous costs and unavoidably huge physical size. Given that the Lithium LENR fuel cycle releases nearly 27 MeV versus a total Q-value of 17.6 MeV for the D-T fusion reaction, it is hard to imagine a sound economic argument for spending 100s of billions on commercial fusion reactors if LENR technology were successfully developed and scaled-up as outlined herein.
Lack of hard radiation and radioactive wastes permit downward scalability that could enable future development of revolutionary, compact battery-like portable LENR power sources that can compete directly on $ price/kwh with chemical batteries in many applications including power tools, tablets, and smartphones.
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Lattice Energy LLC - Liu et al increase effective electron masses in ZrTe5 by...Lewis Larsen
In Nature Communications Liu et al. reported detectible increases in the effective mass of electrons in ZrTe5 with application of an extremely high magnetic field. Their ZrTe5 experimental system operates similarly to the Widom-Larsen theory of ultra-low momentum neutron reactions (LENRs) in condensed matter wherein many-body collective effects create surface plasmon electrons with substantially larger effective masses. Quoting from press release about Liu et al.’s paper, “An international team of researchers has for the first time discovered that in a very high magnetic field an electron with no mass can acquire a mass. Understanding why elementary particles -- e.g. electrons, photons, neutrinos -- have a mass is a fundamental question in physics and an area of intense debate.”
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technology fits beautifully into Saudi Arabias Visi...Lewis Larsen
Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are new type of clean, green CO2-free nuclear energy source that has huge energy densities, vastly lower costs versus fission or fusion, and could enable truly sustainable economic growth. Development and utilization of LENR thermal sources for process heat could help reduce upstream and downstream costs for Saudi Aramco and SABIC; also significantly decrease CO2 emission footprint for all of KSA’s industries. Research institutions K●A●CARE and KAUST would have key development roles. Should be possible to develop nanoparticulate LENR fuels derived from aromatic fractions present in oil as well as Carbon-aromatics produced from natural gas; would be suitable for use in huge array of customer applications that include stationary/portable power generation and vehicular propulsion. LENRs would enable development of extremely broad range of new types of high performance products that use low-cost, enormously versatile LENR power sources; these new products could be indigenously produced by Saudi companies and then exported to diverse customers located all over the world. Aramco’s existing crude oil refineries could be modified to add capability for future production of LENR fuels in parallel with traditional industry products. LENRs are a major strategic opportunity for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that fits beautifully into many key goals in the country’s very bold Vision 2030 plan.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
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PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
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This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZGlobus
ESnet has led the way in helping national facilities—and many other institutions in the research community—configure Science DMZs and troubleshoot network issues to maximize data transfer performance. In this talk we will present a summary of approaches and tips for getting the most out of your network infrastructure using Globus Connect Server.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis - Nov 4 2018
1. Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities to chemical catalysis
Contact: 1-312-861-0115 Chicago, Illinois USA
lewisglarsen@gmail.com
Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
November 4, 2018
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 1
Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device nanofabrication
and testing project achieved 70 - 80% reproducibility for an average
~ 5 Watts excess heat for up to 45 days with ~ 100 gms bimetallic NPs
Project’s experimental LENR device data resembles optimization of various
bimetallic nanoparticle (NP) catalysts utilized in Hydrogen sensors, Hydrogen
generation, and Suzuki-Miyaura C-C coupling reactions. This similarity was
anticipated by Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, which has unveiled striking
parallels between chemical catalysis and many-body e + p nuclear catalysis
2. LENR technology’s present global state of readiness = TRL-4
Participants in NEDO’s LENR device nanofabrication and testing project
New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization
http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/
Combining the efforts of industry, government and academia and leveraging established interna-
tional research networks. NEDO is committed to contributing to the resolution of energy and global
environmental problems and enhancing Japan’s industrial competitiveness.
Mitsubishi H.I.: very
deep experience in
U235 nuclear fission
reactor technology
Also designed and
produces XASM-3
supersonic ramjet
anti-ship missile
Toyota: world’s 2rd
largest automobile
manufacturer; #1 in
hybrid e-vehicles
Also doing 3G R&D
in humanoid robots:
latest is T-HR3 (like
avatar of a human)
Research management company Toyota controls the organization
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 2
3. Japan’s beloved Mt. Fuji at dawn
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 3
4. Widom-Larsen theory: LENR physics, nanotech & chemistry interrelated
Leverage W-L theory & nanotech know-how to accelerate LENR development
LENRs are not as exotic a technology as many might assume
Electric field strengths on
surfaces of nanoparticles
en + pn reaction requires
local E-fields > 1011 V/m
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 4
5. Electric fields >1010 V/m key to LENRs and chemical catalysis
Japanese confirm importance of adsorbed protons and high local E-fields
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-japanese-confirm-lattice-hypotheses-re-
importance-of-adsorbed-protons-and-high-local-electric-fields-in-chemical-catalysis-june-27-2017
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 5
6. October 18, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 6
NEDO reactors triggered LENRs at 200 - 400o C with bimetallic catalysts
Nuclear and chemical reactions occur under same conditions
Executive Technical Summary
Extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time
revealed striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak
nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed
matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-
mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as
widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic
antenna-reactor nanoparticles. Among numerous surprising commonalities
between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective
quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many
chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly
lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of these parallels
suggests that valuable new engineering insights can be obtained from
certain aspects of nanotech and chemical catalysis and profitably applied to
help accelerate future commercialization of LENRs for power generation.
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 6
7. Contents
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs ……………………………………..………………………………. 8 - 32
LENR fuels ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33 - 36
Widom-Larsen theory enables commercialization of LENRs ………………………………... 37 - 38
Present technology readiness level (TRL) of LENRs …………………………………………… 39 - 40
NEDO-funded LENR thermal device nanofabrication and testing project:
Overview …………………………………………………………..…………………………...... 41 - 43
LENR fuel nanoparticles and reactors …………………...……………………………..…. 44 - 47
NEDO reactors as resonant electromagnetic cavities ………………………………….. 48 - 51
Experimental results and data …………………………………………………………….…. 52 - 55
Similarity to bimetallic catalysts used in C–C coupling reactions …………………………... 56
2017 NEDO results: CuxNix fuel’s MJ/mol-H larger than PdxNix ……................................. 57
2018 NEDO result: spectacular excess heat with CNZ7 Ni7/Cu1 fuel …............................ 58
Ni7/Cu1 fuel NPs could be functioning like plasmonic antenna-reactors …....................... 59 - 60
Leveraging nanotechnology and catalysis knowledge to accelerate R&D in LENRs ……. 61 - 63
2017 paper: Chinese chemists claimed photocatalytic triggering of LENRs ……..……… 64
U.S. Navy has been quietly interested in LENRs for power generation since 1990s …….. 65
Comparison: LENRs vs. fission, fusion and scale-up of LENR system power output ….… 66 - 70
NEDO LENR device energy densities already 1,000x higher than gasoline ……………….. 71
Performance and applications for LENR power generation systems ……………………….. 72 - 76
Large increases in R&D spending on LENRs are warranted ………….………………………. 77
References …………………………………………………………………....……………………….. 78 - 79
Working with Lattice Energy LLC ………………………………….…………………………….…. 80
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 7
8. Image credit: co-author Domenico Pacifici
“Nanoscale plasmonic interferometers for multispectral, high-throughput biochemical sensing”
J. Feng et al., Nano Letters pp. 602 - 609 (2012)
Laura 13
Revolutionary LENRs could be used for power generation
Radiation-free LENRs transmute stable elements to other stable elements
Fission and fusion Safe green LENRsEvolution of nuclear power
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 8
9. Key conclusions in Pramana W-L LENR theory review paper
Journal is peer-reviewed publication of Indian Academy of Sciences
“A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions”
Y. Srivastava, A. Widom, and L. Larsen in Pramana (2010)
“The analysis presented in this paper leads us to conclude that
realistic possibilities exist for designing LENR devices capable of
producing ‘green energy’, that is, production of excess heat at low
cost without lethal nuclear waste, dangerous γ-rays or unwanted
neutrons. The necessary tools and the essential theoretical know-
how to manufacture such devices appear to be well within the
reach of the technology available now. Vigorous efforts must now
be made to develop such devices whose functionality requires all
three interactions of the Standard Model acting in concert.”
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/srivastava-widom-and-larsenprimer-
for-electroweak-induced-low-energy-nuclear-reactionspramana-oct-2010
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 9
10. W-L theory: LENR active sites convert gammas into infrared
Key process is covered by Lattice’s fundamental U.S. patent #7,893,414 B2
“Apparatus and method for absorption of incident
gamma radiation and its conversion to outgoing radiation
at less penetrating, lower energies and frequencies”
Inventors: Lewis Larsen, Allan Widom
Issued: February 22, 2011
Assignee: Lattice Energy LLC
Unreacted heavy electrons naturally present in
microscopic LENR active sites (in which ultralow
energy neutrons are produced) will automatically
and directly convert deadly MeV-energy gamma
photon radiation produced locally by ULE neutron
captures or nuclear decays into benign infrared
(IR) photons (heat) that can be harvested to provide
motive power or electricity. Absence of deadly
energetic gamma and neutron radiation emissions
from active sites enables LENRs to be safe and
green, unlike nuclear fission and fusion processes
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/us-patent-7893414-b2
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 10
11. LENRs do not produce hard energetic radiation or radwastes
Absence of deadly radiation obviates need for shielding and containment
Revolution in green
nuclear technology
Enables future development of safe, battery-like, portable nuclear power sources
large Uranium fission power plants small systems
LENRs scale
downward into
small safe systems
Today: Future?
Utility reactors require ~3 feet of concrete and ~1 foot of steel to
shield humans from high-energy neutron & gamma radiation and
highly radioactive wastes produced inside steel reactor vessel
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 11
12. Comparison of LENRs to fission and fusion reactions
Fission, fusion, and LENRs involve controlled release of nuclear binding energy (as
heat) for power generation: no CO2 emissions; scale of energy release is MeVs
(nuclear regime) > 1,000,000x energy density of chemical energy power sources
Heavy-element fission: involves shattering heavy nuclei to release stored nuclear binding
energy; requires massive shielding and containment structures to handle radiation. Has major
radioactive waste clean-up issues and costs. Limited choices of fuel today: almost entirely
Uranium; Thorium-based fuel cycles now under development. Process: heavy element U-235
(fissile isotope fuel) + neutrons → complex mix of lower-mass fission products (some are very
long-lived radioisotopes) + energetic gamma radiation + energetic neutron radiation + heat
Fusion of light nuclei: involves smashing light nuclei together to release stored nuclear
binding energy. Present multi-billion $ development efforts (e.g., ITER, NIF, other Tokamaks)
are focusing mainly on D+T fusion reaction which requires massive shielding and containment
structures to handle 14 MeV neutron radiation. Minor radioactive waste clean-up $ costs vs.
fission. Key fuels are Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T); both are heavy isotopes of Hydrogen).
Commercial fusion reaction most likely to be first developed involves the following process:
D + T → He-4 (Helium) + neutron + heat (total energy yield 17.6 MeV; ~14.1 MeV in neutron)
Fusion of light nuclei:
Heavy element fission:
early-stage technology. Distinguishing features:
neutron production via many-body collective e + p reaction; no emission of energetic neutron
or gamma radiation and no long-lived radioactive waste products. LENR systems would not
require massive, expensive radiation shielding or containment structures → much lower $$$
cost. Many fuel choices --- any element/isotope that can capture neutrons. Process involves
neutron-catalyzed transmutation of fuel into heavier stable elements; produces clean IR heat
Ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs):
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 12
13. Image credit: TeraScale Supernova Initiative
W-L theory: many-body collective quantum effects allow en+ pn to occur on Earth
Simple two-body reaction requires 10 billion degrees Kelvin inside stars
Before 2006 e + p thought to occur only in stellar explosions
Crab nebula: expanding gas cloud
of huge supernova explosion of a
star that was observed by many
Chinese astronomers in 1054 A.D.
“Ultra low momentum neutron
catalyzed nuclear reactions on
metallic hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen EPJC (2006)
LENRs resemble enzymes in that temperature for en+ pn reaction is radically decreased
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 13
14. Many-body collective quantum effects are crucial to LENRs
Diagram is two-body e- + p+ reaction but what happens is many-body
Many-body collective effects involve mutual quantum entanglement
What actually occurs is a many-body reaction between entangled particles
LENR reaction is more accurately written as: en + pn g nule + νe
What really happens is many-body process
νe
benign ‘ghostly’
uncharged particle
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 14
15. Electroweak en + pn reaction per Widom-Larsen theory
Protons or deuterons react directly with electrons to make neutrons
W-L explains how many-body e + p reactions can occur in condensed matter
EnergyE-field + e-
sp g e-*sp + p+ g n0 + νe
Collective many-body quantum effects:
many electrons each transfer little bits
of energy to a much smaller number of
electrons also bathed in the very same
extremely high local electric field
Quantum electrodynamics (QED): smaller number of
electrons that absorb energy directly from local electric
field will increase their effective masses (m = E/c2)
above key thresholds β0 where they can react directly
with a proton (or deuteron) neutron and neutrino
νe neutrinos: ghostly unreactive particles that fly-off into space; n0 neutrons capture on nearby atoms
Neutrons + atomic nuclei heavier elements + decay products
Induces safe hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation
Draw energy from electric fields > 1011 V/m Heavy-mass e-* electrons react directly with protons
n n n
n + (Z, A) g (Z, A+1)
(Z, A+1) g (Z + 1, A+1) + eβ
- + νeBeta decay
Neutron capture Neutron capture-
driven transmutation
of isotopes and
elements
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 15
16. Application of input energy is required to produce neutrons
Electron or ion currents; E-M photon fluxes; or organized magnetic fields
Input energy required to produce neutrons: to create non-equilibrium conditions
that enable nuclear-strength local E-fields which produce populations of heavy-
mass e-* electrons that react with many-body surface patches of p+, d+, or t+ to
produce neutrons via e-* + p+ g 1 n or e-* + d+ g 2 n, e-* + t+ g 3 n (energy cost =
0.78 MeV/neutron for H; 0.39 for D; 0.26 for T); includes (can combine sources):
▪ Electrical currents - i.e., an electron ‘beam’ of one sort or another can serve as a
source of input energy for producing neutrons via e + p electroweak reaction
▪ Ion currents - passing across a surface or an interface where SP electrons reside
(i.e., an ion beam that can be comprised of protons, deuterons, tritons, and/or
other types of charged ions); one method used for inputting energy is a d+ ion flux
caused by imposing a modest 1 atm pressure gradient (Iwamura et al. 2002)
▪ Incoherent and coherent electromagnetic (E-M) photon fluxes - incoherent E-M
radiation inside resonant electromagnetic cavities, e.g. NEDO project reactors;
with proper momentum coupling, SP electrons can also be directly energized with
coherent laser beams comprised of E-M photons at resonant wavelengths
▪ Organized magnetic fields with cylindrical geometries - many-body collective
magnetic LENR regime with direct acceleration of particles operates at very high
electron/proton currents; includes organized and so-called dusty plasmas;
scales-up to stellar flux tubes on stars with dimensions measured in kilometers
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 16
17. Nanoparticles function as antennae that absorb E-M energy
Surface plasmons (SP) intensify local electric fields on nanoparticles
Nanostructures can be designed to create pulsed E-fields > 2.5 x 1011 V/m
E-M
input
photons
Sharp tips can exhibit
“lightning rod effect” with
huge increases in
strength of local electric
fields
Regions of
increased
electric
fields
http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~uli/res_optics.htm
Source of above image is Wiesner Group at Cornell
University: “Plasmonic dye-sensitized solar cells
using core-shell metal-insulator nanoparticles" M.
Brown et al., Nano Letters 11 pp. 438 - 445 (2011)
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl1031106
Shows absorption of input E-M photons and energy transfer to
LENR active sites via surface plasmon (SP) electrons
Plasmonic light harvesting antennae
TiO2
NP
Metal
NP
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 17
18. Nanoparticle shapes/positioning can vastly increase E-fields
Fang & Huang’s Figs.: input energy is concentrated in high electric fields
Figure 1. Figure 3.
Tiny red arrows show E-M energy
flows across nanoparticle’s surface
http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/178593/local_178593.pdf
Properties can be predicted, modeled, and used to design active site precursors
E-M
energy
flows
E-M
energy
flows
Inject input
energy
High E-M
fields
High E-M fields
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 18
19. Chemical and LENR processes actively coexist on surfaces
LENRs: complex interplay among E-M, chemical, and nuclear processes
Resonant E-M cavities can transfer E-M energy into LENR active surface sites
▪ Well-known that metallic and metal-oxide nanostructure surfaces and
associated surface plasmon electrons can have configurations that
will absorb electromagnetic (E-M) energy over a wide area, transport
and greatly localize that energy, and --- in conjunction with contiguous
surface ‘patches’ of Q-M entangled, collectively oscillating protons ---
create nuclear-strength local electric fields > 2.5 x 1011 V/m that are
required to produce ultralow energy neutrons in LENR active sites
▪ For device working surfaces on which LENR active sites have already
formed, there are a myriad of different, nanometer-to micron-scale
electromagnetic (E-M), chemical, and nuclear processes that are
operating simultaneously. Operation of LENR active sites involves
extremely complex interplays between surface plasmon electrons,
E-M fields, and many different types of nanostructures with various
geometries, surface locations relative to each other, different-strength
local E-M fields, and varied chemical and/or isotopic compositions
▪ Key take-away: electromagnetic, chemical, and nuclear processes can
coexist and interact on small length-scales on many types of surfaces
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 19
20. LENRs occur in microscopic active sites found on surfaces
Many-body collections of protons and SP electrons form spontaneously
High electric fields > 2.5 x 1011 V/m occur where Born-Oppenheimer breaks down
IDEALIZED AND NOT TO SCALE
Many-body SP electron + proton subsystems shown above form one
Widom-Larsen active site on a planar surface; active sites can also
form on surfaces of nanoparticles or at various types of interfaces
Single nascent LENR active site; sizes range from ~ 2 nm up to 100 - 200 microns
en
-* > 1011 V/m
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 20
en
-* > 1011 V/m
21. Summary of key steps in Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
5-step process occurs in active sites over est. ~ 300 - 400 nanoseconds
1. Collectively oscillating, quantum mechanically entangled, many-body ‘patches’
of Hydrogen (+-charged protons or deuterons) will form spontaneously on fully
loaded hydride surfaces & at certain interfaces: e.g. metal/oxide, gas/oxide, etc.
2. Born-Oppenheimer approximation spontaneously breaks down, allows E-M
coupling between local surface plasmon electrons and protons within patches;
application of input energy creates nuclear-strength local electric fields >2.5 x
1011 V/m - increases effective masses of surface plasmon electrons in patches
3. Heavy-mass surface plasmon electrons formed in many-body patches can then
react directly with electromagnetically interacting protons; process creates
neutrons and neutrinos via a many-body collective electroweak en + pn reaction
4. Neutrons collectively created in patches have ultralow kinetic energies and are
all absorbed locally by nearby atoms – fluxes of energetic neutrons will not be
emitted externally. Any locally produced or incident gammas will get converted
directly into safe infrared photons (IR heat) by unreacted heavy electrons (Lattice
patent US# 7,893,414 B2) - no deadly energetic gamma radiation will be emitted
5. Transmutation of elements and reworking of surfaces by active sites then begins
W-L theory can explain why energetic neutron & gamma radiation are not emitted
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 21
22. Protons form Q-M entangled patches on many types of surfaces
“Water-mediated proton hopping on an Iron oxide surface” Merte et al.
Fig. 1. (A) Fig. 1. (B)
Fig. 1. (A) “Atomically resolved STM image of
bare FeO film, showing moiré structure and
protrusions due to individual Fe and O atoms.”
Fig. 1. (B) “STM image of hydrogenated FeO film
on Pt(111) at 105 K … hydrogen atoms (bright
spots) diffuse rapidly [due to] water molecule.”
“Our use of both STM and DFT methods revealed that mobility of hydrogen on
FeO(111) thin film grown on Pt(111) is completely dominated by water-
mediated hopping mechanism. This mechanism, revealed for H atoms on fcc
domains, consists of transfer of a surface proton to a water molecule, leading
to short-lived hydronium ion species [H3O+] at the transition state. No bonding
occurs between water molecule[s] and metal cations of FeO thin film.”
“Water-mediated proton hopping on an Iron oxide surface”
L. Merte et al., Science 336 pp. 889 - 893 (2012)
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/336/6083/889.full
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 22
23. Protons form Q-M entangled patches on many types of surfaces
Merte et al: organized many-body clusters of protons on an FeO surface
Fig. 2. (A)
Fig. 2. (A) “Time-resolved STM measurements of hydrogen atoms on
FeO(111)/Pt(111) at room temperature … frame [A - above] shows a single
180 Å × 180 Å STM image of FeO film; H atoms visible as bright protrusions.”
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 23
24. Patches of p+ protons form spontaneously on many surfaces
Physical sizes of LENR active sites ranges from 2 nm to 100+ microns
In metal hydrides bulk lattice loading H/metal must be > 0.80 for sites to form
STM image of H on Pd(111) adapted from
Fig. 1 in Mitsui et al. (2003)
Pd
H
H
H
H
H
▪ Lattice comment: image shows small many-body
patches of protons on Pd surface. Visual inspection
of STM image in adapted version of Fig. 1 reveals
that under Mitsui et al.’s experimental conditions,
PdHx ratios at many surface sites would appear to be
comfortably above the minimal critical value of H/Pd
> 0.80 known to be necessary for LENR triggering;
PdHx H/Pd ratios seen at some surface sites can
apparently range as high as x = 5.0 (see Figure 1)
▪ Therefore: similarly high PdHx ratios would seem to
be plausible in the case of high % surface coverage
of Hydrogen atoms (protons) on fully loaded Pd(111)
surfaces at room temperature of 273 K and beyond.
Consequently, high PdHx ratios could reasonably be
expected to occur within nm to micron-sized, many-
body, entangled hydrogenous active sites that are
conjectured in the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
“Hydrogen absorption and diffusion
on Pd (111)” T. Mitsui et al.
Surface Science 540 pp. 5 - 11 (2003)
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/2
29342506_Hydrogen_adsorption_and_dif
fusion_on_Pd(111)
Example shows formation of hydrogenous patches on loaded metallic hydride surface
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 24
25. Credit: MARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images
Many-body collective quantum effects are crucial for LENRs
Enable LENR transmutation reactions at moderate temps & pressures
“Quantum entanglement in physics - What it
means when two particles are entangled”
Andrew Z. Jones for ThoughtCo July 10, 2017
LENRs do not involve any 2-body
fission or hot fusion reactions --- key
step that produces ULE neutrons is
many-body collective en+ pn reaction
between quantum mechanically
entangled electrons and protons on
solid-state surfaces or at interfaces
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-
quantum-entanglement-2699355
e*n
- + pn
+ g 1 nule + νe
nule + (Z, A) g (Z, A+1)
(Z, A+1) g (Z + 1, A+1) + eβ
- + νe
quantum effects
Many-body collective
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 25
26. Many-body collective quantum effects are crucial for LENRs
Surface plasmons in LENR active sites quantum mechanically entangled
SPs comprise up to ~1010 electrons and ‘macroscopic’ but are still Q-M entangled
http://home.physics.leidenuniv.nl/~exter/articles/nature.pdf
“Plasmon-assisted transmission of entangled photons”
E. Altewischer et al., Nature 418 pp. 304 - 306 (2002)
▪ “Here we investigate the effects of nanostructured metal optical elements on
the properties of entangled photons. To this end, we place optically thick metal
films perforated with a periodic array of subwavelength holes in the paths of
the two entangled photons. Such arrays convert photons into surface-plasmon
waves --- optically excited compressive charge density waves --- which tunnel
through the holes before reradiating as photons at the far side. We address the
question of whether the entanglement survives such a conversion process.
Our coincidence counting measurements show that it does, so demonstrating
that the surface plasmons have a true quantum nature.”
▪ “From a general perspective, the observed conservation of quantum
entanglement for the conversion from photon g surface plasmon g photon is a
demonstration of the true quantum nature of SPs.”
▪ “ … a simple estimate shows that SPs are very macroscopic, in the sense that
they involve some 1010 electrons. Our experiment proves that this macroscopic
nature does not impede the quantum behaviour of SPs …”
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 26
27. Many-body collective quantum effects are crucial for LENRs
Protons in LENR active sites are also quantum mechanically entangled
Quantum entanglement of protons is relatively widespread throughout Nature
▪ Protons found within a wide variety of many-body condensed matter molecular
systems spontaneously oscillate coherently and collectively: their quantum
mechanical (Q-M) wave functions are thus effectively entangled with each other
and also with nearby collectively oscillating electrons. Amazingly, this behavior
occurs even in comparatively smaller, much simpler molecular systems such as
(NH4)2PdCl6, ammonium hexaclorometallate; see Krzystyniak et al. (2007) and
Abdul-Redah & Dreismann (2006)
▪ Quoting from Krzystyniak et al.(2007): “… different behaviors of the observed
anomaly were found for LaH2 and LaH3 … As recognized by Chatzidimitriou-
Dreismann et al. … Coulombic interaction between electrons and protons may
build up entanglement between electrons and protons. Such many body
entangled states are subject to decoherence mechanisms due to the
interaction of the relevant scattering systems with its environment … one can
conclude that the vibrational dynamics of NH4
+ protons as fairly well decoupled
from the dynamics of the [attached] heavier nuclei.”
▪ Quoting further from Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann (2005): “Further NCS
experiments confirmed the existence of this effect in quite different condensed
matter systems, e.g., urea dissolved in D2O, metallic hydrides, polymers, ‘soft’
condensed matter, liquid benzene, and even in liquid H2-D2 and HD.”
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 27
28. Many-body collective quantum effects are crucial for LENRs
Protons go in-and-out of entanglement in 100 - 500 x 10-18 s time-frames
LENRs can take advantage of this because they work on even faster time-scales
▪ Quoting: “Several neutron Compton scattering (NCS) experiments on
liquid and solid samples containing protons or deuterons show a striking
anomaly, i.e. a shortfall in the intensity of energetic neutrons scattered by
the protons; cf. [1, 2, 3, 4]. E.g., neutrons colliding with water for just 100
- 500 attoseconds (1 as = 10−18 s) will see a ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen
of roughly 1.5 to 1, instead of 2 to 1 corresponding to the chemical
formula H2O. … Recently this new effect has been independently
confirmed by electron-proton Compton scattering (ECS) from a solid
polymer [3, 4, 5]. The similarity of ECS and NCS results is striking
because the two projectiles interact with protons via fundamentally
different forces, i.e. the electromagnetic and strong forces.”
▪ Also: “Entangled mechanical oscillators” J. Jost et al., Nature 459 pp. 683
- 685 (2009) where they state “... mechanical vibration of two ion pairs
separated by a few hundred micrometres is entangled in a quantum way.”
“Attosecond quantum entanglement in neutron Compton scattering from
water in the keV range” C.A. Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann
Physica B: Condensed Matter 385 - 386 pp. 1 - 6 (2006)
https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0702180
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 28
29. Many-body collective quantum effects are crucial for LENRs
Protons in LENR active sites are also quantum mechanically entangled
“No other nucleus can manifest such an increase of its coherent cross-section”
“Evidence of macroscopically entangled protons in a mixed isotope
crystal of KHpD1 - pCO3” F. Fillaux, A. Cousson, and M. Gutmann
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 22 pp. 045402 (2010)
http://iopscience.iop.org/0953-8984/22/4/045402/pdf/0953-8984_22_4_045402.pdf
▪ Quoting: “Proposed theory is based on fundamental laws of quantum mechanics
applied to crystal in question … It leads to macroscopically entangled states … This
theory is consistent with a large set of experimental data (neutron diffraction, QENS,
INS, infrared and Raman) and, to the best of our knowledge, there is no conflict with
any observation. There is … every reason to conclude that the crystal is a
macroscopic quantum system for which only nonlocal observables are relevant.”
▪ “Protons are unique to demonstrating quantum entanglement, because they are
fermions and because the very large incoherent cross-section can merge into the
total coherent cross-section. No other nucleus can manifest such an increase of its
coherent cross-section … They are evidences of macroscopic quantum correlations
which have no counterpart in classical physics … This work presents one … case of
macroscopically entangled states on the scale of Avogadro's constant in a mixed
isotope crystal at room temperature … quantum theory suggests that macroscopic
quantum effects should be of significance for many hydrogen bonded crystals.”
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 29
30. LENRs occur in tiny active sites on surfaces or at interfaces
Many-body collections of protons and electrons form spontaneously
Shows nascent LENR active sites on surface; one of them has gone nuclear
n + (Z, A) g (Z, A+1) [neutrons capture on nearby target NPs]
(Z, A+1) g (Z + 1, A+1) + eβ
- + νe [beta- decay]
Often followed by β- decays of neutron-rich intermediate isotopic products
ULE neutrons are captured locally on atoms located very close to active sites
= Metallic fuel nanoparticle (NP) ‘targets’; e.g., bimetallic NixPdx NPs
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 30
31. October 18, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 31
LENR active sites create distinctive surface nanostructures
Size of LENR active sites varies from 2 nanometers to 100 - 200 microns
Infrared video: microscopic LENR hotspots
are formed spontaneously then die-out on
Pd cathode surface in electrochemical cell
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUVmOQXBS68
Credit: P. Boss, U.S. Navy SPAWAR
Post-experiment SEM images of Pd surface; infrared video of working Pd cathode
50 μ LENR active site crater on Pd cathode Navy video shows sites flickering rapidly
Credit: P. Boss, U.S. Navy SPAWAR
LENR active site crater
Aqueous electrochemical cell
50 μ dia.
Credit: P. Boss et al U.S. Navy SPAWAR (1994)
Pd cathode surface
Boiling point of Palladium = 2,963°C
Aqueous electrochemical cell
Pd cathode surface
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 31
32. Excerpted and quoted from: “Multiplicity and contiguity of ablation mechanisms in
laser-assisted analytical micro-sampling” D. Bleiner and A. Bogaerts
Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 61 pp. 421 - 432 (2006)
Fig. 1. Phase stability diagram of a
liquid metal near the critical point.
For fast heating, as obtained during
ns laser ablation, the melt can be
pushed close to critical conditions
(superheating), which favors the
realization of explosive boiling
Fig. 2. Schematic visualization of
the hydrodynamic evolution of a
fluid system under and impulse
stress (here milk). Note the non-
deterministic formation of jets at
the sides and their break-up into
droplets. From Ref. [58].
Pd surface post-
experiment SEM
P. Boss et al.
U.S. Navy - SPAWAR
LENR crater on
Palladium
cathode surface
after electrolysis
Hydrodynamic analogue of boiling
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0584854706000437
LENR active sites can create flash-melted craters on surfaces
SIMS and NanoSIMS detect isotopic shifts and transmutation products
Boiling point of
Palladium = 2,963°C
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 32
33. Neutrons + target fuel atoms heavier elements + decay products + heat
+
Catalytic
neutron ‘match’
Neutrons are readily captured by
LENR target fuels such as Nickel
(Ni), Titanium (Ti), Lithium (Li), or
aromatic Carbon (C) atoms
Direct conversion of neutron
capture and decay-related
gammas to IR plus local β or α
particle scattering create heat
n0
Target
‘fuels’
Widom-Larsen theory explains hard radiation-free LENR transmutation of target fuels
LENR transmutation of fuel targets proceeds along rows of the Periodic Table
capture produces
BTUs
Absorbed
by fuel
atoms
Neutrons are captured by target fuels which transmutes them and produces heat
LENRs do not involve few-body fission or fusion processes
Safe ultralow energy neutrons created via many-body collective process
Transmutation
neutron
Ni, Ti, Li, C, etc.
Stable elements
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 33
34. Neutron captures & β– decays go from left-to-right along rows
Alpha decays triggered by neutron captures move in opposite direction
Ni
C
Pd
Li
K Ti
Zr
W
Any element/isotope in Periodic Table
able to capture neutrons can serve as
an LENR target fuel; some perform
better and release more excess heat
versus others, e.g. Li, Ni, Ti, C, W, etc.
Li = Lithium
Ni = Nickel
C = Carbon
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 34
35. Nickel (Ni) and Palladium (Pd) LENR transmutation networks
ULE neutron captures on Ni and Pd fuel produce substantial excess heat
Legend:
ULE neutron captures go from left to right; Q-value of capture
reaction (MeV) is shown above horizontal green arrow; thermal
neutron capture cross-section (barns, if known) shown below:
Beta-minus decays go from top to bottom; indicated with blue
vertical arrow with Q-value (MeV) to right of arrow:
Electron capture (e.c.) and beta-plus decays go from bottom to
top and indicated by orange vertical arrow; Q-value is to right:
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 35
36. Energetics for LENR transmutation of Nickel (Ni) target fuel
Estimated net gain ratio (total energy output/total energy input) = 12.14
Assume Hydrogen (H2) used
for proton (p+) source
Specific energy (MJ/kg) of Ni target fuel > 3 million x larger vs. H2 combustion
Gain
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 36
37. Widom-Larsen theory enables commercialization of LENRs
Microscopic reproducibility of active sites is the key to commercialization
▪ Main goal should be to first get key LENR effects --- especially excess heat and
transmutations --- working reliably on nanoscopic length scales. One must be
able to reproducibly create rationally designed nanoparticulate structures with
dimensions ranging from nm to microns that are fabricated using selected, off-
the-shelf nanotechnology techniques and methods. Such nanostructures are
then emplaced, along with chosen fuel atoms (e.g., Lithium, Carbon, Nickel, etc.)
very close to what will become LENR active sites on device working surfaces
▪ Once microscopic reproducibility of active sites is achieved, output of LENR heat
sources could be readily scaled-up, either by (1 – higher area-density) fabricating
larger area-densities of affixed nanostructures that facilitate formation of LENR
active ‘hot spot’ sites on device surfaces; or by (2 – higher volumetric density)
injecting larger quantities of specially designed target fuel nanoparticles into
volumetrically larger reaction chambers containing dusty Hydrogen plasmas that
may have spatially organized magnetic fields present inside reaction chambers
Stage of LENR technology is presently TRL-4; existing nanotech can be leveraged
(3) Select and integrate energy conversion subsystems suitable for specific applications
(2) Scale-up the device heat output by increasing # of active sites per unit area/volume
(1) Reproducible fabrication of nanostructures for well-performing LENR active sites
Lattice’s LENR thermal device engineering program has three key stages:
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 37
38. Guided by physics of the Widom-Larsen theory,
an opportunity to commercialize LENRs as truly
green CO2-free nuclear energy source has been
enabled by a unique juxtaposition of very recent
parallel advances in certain very vibrant areas
of nanotechnology (esp. plasmonics), quantum
entanglement, new innovations in nanoparticle
fabrication techniques, as well as an array of
new discoveries in advanced materials science.
Widom-Larsen theory enables commercialization of LENRs
Applied nanotechnology and LENRs are mutually joined at the hip
Development risks can be reasonable thanks to Widom-Larsen and nanotech
Visualization of surface plasmon electric field strength gradients on substrate surface
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 38
39. NEDO project advanced stage of LENR technology to TRL-4
Mainly engineering is required to go from “ugly” TRL-4 devices to TRL-9
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 39
40. LENR technology had stagnated at TRL-3 for at least 15 years
NEDO project utilized Widom-Larsen theory & nanotech to achieve TRL-4
▪ For over 15 years prior to NEDO project, LENR technology stagnated at ~ TRL-3.
During that time, vast majority of best-practices LENR experimental systems
were DC current-driven aqueous H2O or D2O electrochemical cells with bulk
metal ~ cm2 99% pure Pd metal cathodes, 99% pure Pt anodes, and various salts
dissolved in electrolytes. Calorimetrically measured excess heat production in
such systems typically ranged from several milliwatts up to 0.5 Watts (average
was only tens of milliwatts; values > 1 Watt were quite rare). Repeatability and
duration of significant excess heat production varied widely. During successful
experiments, heat was sporadic at milliwatt levels and typically only lasted for
several days. In labs with best experimental results, excess heat production of
100s of milliwatts for several days and 10 - 20% repeatability for certain batches
of electrodes were heretofore considered best practices, state-of-the-art results
▪ 2015 - 2018: Japanese government-funded NEDO group-project advanced LENR
thermal device technology from TRL-3 to solid TRL-4. By wittingly or unwittingly
utilizing device engineering precepts of Widom-Larsen theory and application of
nanotech, project scientists successfully increased average LENR device excess
heat production by ~ 1,000x (typical device excess heat output increased from
milliwatts up to 5 Watts) relative to prior best-practices experimental results; this
advanced LENR technology from TRL-3 to TRL-4. This major gain in LENR device
performance was achieved in 2.5 years with expenditures under US$54 million
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 40
41. NEDO project achieved reproducible Watt-level excess heat
Watt-level heating produced without emitting any deadly hard radiation
▪ Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of experiments; whenever excess heat is
created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at operating temperatures of
200 - 400o C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is
non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for
complex early-stage technology; are best-ever results reported to date in field
▪ Watt-level excess heat is produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded
systems. This is consistent with & predicted by Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
▪ No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected
during Watt-level excess heat production during any project experimental runs.
Observations are consistent with & predicted by Widom-Larsen LENR theory
▪ Substantial variation in heat production between duplicate samples under
otherwise similar conditions is likely due to subtle nanoscale heterogeneities
▪ In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results changed
LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European
Commission definitions). This is important step for commercialization efforts
▪ Lattice recently discovered surprisingly deep causal similarities between
condensed matter electroweak nuclear catalysis (e + p reaction), enzymatic
catalysis, and chemical catalysis --- LENRs are not as exotic as some may think
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 41
42. NEDO LENR device experiments use unshielded apparatus
Schematic diagram at left describes details of the experimental apparatus
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 42
43. ▪ NEDO project designed and fabricated nanoparticulate LENR devices
that produced 3 to 24 Watts (average ~ 5 Watts) of excess heat for
periods ranging from several days up to 45 days with excellent overall
experimental repeatability of > 70 - 80% on standardized apparatus
▪ LENR devices consisted of ~ 90 - 120 grams of specially fabricated,
purpose-engineered ~ 2 nm metallic LENR ‘fuel’ nanoparticles hosting
nascent LENR active sites that were mixed with ~ 1 kilogram of much
larger 1 mm ZrO2 (most experiments) or SiO2 metal-oxide “filler beads”
▪ Mixtures of metallic nanoparticles and filler beads were poured into
cylindrical stainless-steel 500 cc reaction chambers that were then
sealed and filled with 99% pure Hydrogen (H2) or Deuterium (D2) gas
▪ After being filled with H2 or D2 + ‘fuel’ NPs + fillers and sealed, reactors
heated to device working temperatures of 200 - 400o C, after which
excess heat production above total input power was measured over
duration of experiments with a sensitive integrated calorimetry system
~ 100 grams ‘fuel’ NPs produced avg. 5 Watts excess heat for 2 - 45 days
H2 (D2) provide protons (deuterons); surface plasmons provide electrons for e + p
NEDO LENR device nanofabrication and testing project
en
-*sp + pn
+ g n0 + νe
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 43
44. NEDO project: rigorous standardized experimental methods
LENR test devices: engineered nanoparticles with varied compositions
Overview of NEDO project LENR device materials composition and fabrication
▪ Designed 2 nm mono- and bi-metallic nanoparticle
LENR test devices comprised of metallic Ni, Pd,
and Cu along and 1 mm ZrO2 or SiO2 oxide filler
beads; fabricated via standard nanotech methods
▪ Solid-state LENR devices were amorphous. Had
nanometer-scale domains consisting of alloyed
metals with various molar ratios; Ni, Pd, Zr will
form good hydrides when exposed to Hydrogen
▪ LENR device types tested [metal nanoparticles;
oxide filler beads]: PS (Pd; SiO2), CNS (Cux/Nix;
SiO2), PNZ (PdxNix; ZrO2), or CNZ (Cux/Nix; ZrO2)
▪ LENR test devices analyzed and characterized
before-and-after experimental runs with some or
all of following techniques: XRD, SOR-XRD, SOR-
XAFS, TEM, STEM/EDS, ERDA, and ICP-MS, and
others – are not publicly reporting ANY pre/post-
experiment mass spectroscopy data on devices
NEDO project reactor
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 44
45. NEDO PNZ7k Ni7 /Pd1 'fuel’ nanoparticle loaded with D(d+)
D(H)/metal-atom ratio > 0.80 for many-body d + patches to form on surfaces
Widom-Larsen: LENR active sites form spontaneously on nanoparticle surfaces
near regions of direct contact between Ni7 / Pd1 nanoparticles & ZrO2 filler beads
PNZ7k
continuously
produced
steady 4 Watts
of excess heat
for ~ 8 days
Loading
NP with D
4 Watts4 Watts
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 45
46. Example of LENR reactor used in NEDO project experiments
Metallic LENR ‘fuel’ NPs and metal-oxide filler beads loaded into reactor
~100+ grams of Nix/Pdx fuel NPs + 1,300 grams of 1 mm Zirconia (ZrO2) filler beads
Reactor
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 46
47. NEDO project utilizes standardized apparatus and methods
Integrated calorimetry accurately measures excess heat production in RC
Generic overview of experimental run after LENR device nanomaterials fabrication
1. Non-destructively characterize nanoparticulate materials
2. Pour ‘fuel’ NPs + filler beads into reaction chamber (RC)
3. Close RC and open valve: admit either 99+%-pure D2 or H2
gas into reaction chamber at ~1 atm pressure and room
temp; then close valve (RC sealed); measure excess heat
production via calorimetry (should be negligible at STP)
4. Use external source of power to heat reaction chamber to
working temperatures of 150 - 450o C (avg. 200 - 300o C)
5. Conduct experimental run for planned period of time:
continuously measure excess heat production inside RC
via calorimetry (excess heat ≈ measured total thermal
output from RC minus total thermal input into RC) for
remaining duration of given experimental runs
6. Stop experiment; remove all sample materials from RC
7. Post-experiment: analyze LENR device nanomaterials
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 47
48. ▪ Input energy is required to trigger LENRs: injection of input energy initiates far-
from-equilibrium conditions that enable formation of nuclear-strength local E-
fields which create populations of heavy-mass e-* electrons in nascent LENR
active sites. Heavy-enough e-* are able to react directly with Q-M entangled p+ or
d+ particles located in many-body active sites to produce catalytic ULE neutrons
▪ NEDO project LENR reactor vessels are resonant electromagnetic (E-M) cavities:
energy input occurs by using external power source to heat-up reaction chambers
(RC); this causes emission of broad-spectrum blackbody E-M radiation from inner
walls of RC that irradiates nanoparticles found inside reactors. Surface plasmon
electrons associated with surface nanostructures on “antenna” NPs will absorb
incident E-M photon energy (e.g., at nanostructure IR resonant frequencies) and
transport it to LENR active sites where ultralow energy neutrons are produced
▪ Relatively transparent to MeV gamma radiation, metal reactor walls are opaque to
infrared (IR) radiation. When gamma conversion to IR occurs in LENR active sites,
IR from down-converted gammas will be retained inside reactor cavity and be
available to heat it up further. If energetic gain ratio in an LENR reactor is high
enough, once it reaches required operating temperature range, external power
could be turned-off; in theory, such reactors could continue to produce excess
heat until key reactants are exhausted; in 1990s, poorly reproducible Italian Ni/H2
gas experiments ran for up to 85 days and produced up to 900 MJ of excess heat
Widom-Larsen: input energy is required to produce neutrons
NEDO experiments: input energy mainly in form of blackbody IR photons
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 48
49. Input energy from blackbody infrared radiation inside reactor
Power density of spectral peak for blackbody radiation changes with temp
NEDO reactor
NEDO reactor
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 49
50. Zirconia (ZrO2) absorbs photons in infrared parts of spectrum
1 mm ZrO2 particles interact with 2 nm metallic NPs at/near contact points
“Solution phase synthesis of t-ZrO2 nanoparticles in ZrO2 - SiO2 mixed oxide”
https://iom3.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17458081003762813
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 50
51. Certain Nickel nanostructures can absorb infrared photons
Some metallic nanoparticle arrays have surface enhanced IR absorption
Large local electric field enhancements occur in close proximity to nanoparticles
“Surface-enhanced infrared absorption on elongated Nickel nanostructures”
D. Perry et al. Journal of Physical Chemical Letters 4 pp. 3945 - 3949 (2013)
Abstract: “There is a need for increasing the number of
transition metals that can be used as substrates for
surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA). We
present here microscopy and infrared experiments that
show oblique-angle deposition of Ni onto CaF2 or BaF2,
which result in elongated Ni nanostructures (ENiNSs)
that are partially aggregated and exhibit surface
plasmon resonances in the mid-infrared. SEIRA
enhancement factors in the range of 10–20-fold were
observed for a monolayer of the p-nitrobenzoate ion
adsorbed onto the ENiNS. Extending SEIRA to a metal
such as Ni would yield different ways of studying Ni
thin film and catalysis chemistry. This work also
suggests that oblique-angle deposition might be used
to create new SEIRA substrates from other metals.”
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jz402092y
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 51
52. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323600178_Present_Status_of_Cold_Fusion_Research
NEDO LENR project experiments report Watts of excess heat
~77% of this experimental series produced an avg. ~ 5 Watts excess heat
PNZ6: 120 gms. of nanoparticles produced peak instantaneous power of 24 Watts
Average instantaneous peak excess
heat = ~ 5 Watts; value calculated
across collection of 23 experiments
(shown on selected Technova slide
#43) that did produce excess heat
5 W
PNZ6 = Ni10/Pd1; ZrO2 --- sample had high ratio of Ni to Pd
5 W
PNZ6
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 52
53. NEDO observed no emissions of neutron or gamma radiation
Unlike fission and fusion: no deadly radiation accompanies excess heat
Absence of energetic neutron or gamma radiation predicted by Widom-Larsen
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317339283_Effect_of_Supporter_Material_on_Heat_Evolution
_from_Ni-based_Nano-Composite_Samples_under_Exposure_to_Hydrogen_Isotope_Gas
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 53
54. NEDO results: PdxNix & CuxNix ‘fuel’ nanoparticles with ZrO2
Monometallic nanoparticles did not produce excess heat; only bimetallic
ZrO2 better metal-oxide vs. SiO2: produces > excess heat per unit of fuel NP mass
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317339283_Effect_of_Supporter_Material_on_Heat_Evolution
_from_Ni-based_Nano-Composite_Samples_under_Exposure_to_Hydrogen_Isotope_Gas
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 54
55. 2017 NEDO results: PNZ PdxNix ‘fuel’ nanoparticles with ZrO2
Fuel nanoparticles with higher Ni/Pd ratios produced greater excess heat
Quoting directly: “Pd/Ni ratio is one of the keys to increase the excess power”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321295906_Comparison_of_excess_heat_evolution_from_zirconia-
supported_Pd-Ni_nanocomposite_samples_with_different_PdNi_ratio_under_exposure_to_hydrogen_isotope_gases
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 55
56. Quite similar to results with NEDO NixPdx bimetallic catalysts
Pd or Ni NPs had little activity; activity increased with higher Ni/Pd ratios
Tested compositions for nanoparticles: Ni, Ni0.99Pd0.01 , Ni0.95Pd0.05 , Ni0.90Pd0.10 , Pd
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/cy/c6cy00037a#!divAbstract
“Access to highly active Ni-Pd bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts for
[Suzuki-Miyaura] C–C coupling reactions”
R. Rai et al. Catalysis Science & Technology 6 pp. 5567-5579 (2016)
“In contrast to their
monometallic counterparts,
significantly enhanced
catalytic activity was
achieved with the studied
Ni-Pd nanoparticle catalysts
for the C–C coupling
reactions, and products
were obtained in moderate
to high yields. The turnover
number (TON) increases
with the increase in the Ni to
Pd atomic ratio for Ni-Pd
nanoparticle catalysts.”
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 56
57. Reiterated conclusion that ZrO2 was better than SiO2 as support material
2018 NEDO experiment with Cu7/Ni1 sample CNZ7 showed spectacular excess heat
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317339283_Effect_of_Supporter_Material_on_Heat_Evolution
_from_Ni-based_Nano-Composite_Samples_under_Exposure_to_Hydrogen_Isotope_Gas
2017 NEDO results: CuxNix MJ/mol-H was larger than PdxNix
CuxNix
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 57
58. 2018 NEDO result: instantaneous peak power was 130 Watts
High Ni to Cu ratio CNZ7 = Ni7/Cu1; ZrO2 made 3 kilowatts for 100 seconds
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328547673_Anomalous_Heat_Burst_by_CNZ7_Sample_and_H-Gas
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 58
59. Plasmonic antenna-reactor concept and NEDO CNZ7 result
Pd = catalytic reactor + proton reservoir; Cu = good plasmonic antenna
CNZ7 may have functioned as antenna-reactor complex per Swearer et al. (2016)
“Heterometallic antenna-reactor complexes for photocatalysis”
D. Swearer et al. PNAS 113 pp. 8916 - 8920 (2016)
Significance (quoting): “Plasmon-enhanced photocatalysis holds
significant promise for controlling chemical reaction rates and
outcomes. Unfortunately, traditional plasmonic metals have
limited surface chemistry, while conventional catalysts are poor
optical absorbers. By placing a catalytic reactor particle
adjacent to a plasmonic antenna, the highly efficient and tunable
light-harvesting capacities of plasmonic nanoparticles can be
exploited to drastically increase absorption and hot-carrier
generation in the reactor nanoparticles. We demonstrate this
antenna−reactor concept by showing that plasmonic aluminum
nanocrystal antennas decorated with small catalytic palladium
reactor particles exhibit dramatically increased photocatalytic
activity over their individual components. The modularity of this
approach provides for independent control of chemical and light-
harvesting properties and paves the way for the rational,
predictive design of efficient plasmonic photocatalysts.”
http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/113/32/8916.full.pdf
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 59
60. Plasmonic antenna-reactor concept & 2018 NEDO CNZ7 NPs
Are CNZ7 Ni7/Cu1; ZrO2 NPs functioning like plasmonic antenna-reactors?
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 60
▪ Au, Ag, Cu, recently Al are generally considered to be
superior plasmonic metals (good optical absorbers; a
plasmonic “antenna”); whereas Pd, Ni, Pt, Rh, Ru, etc.
are known to possess excellent catalytic performance
but poorer plasmonic properties (nanotechnologists
refer to this group of elements as catalytic “reactors”)
▪ In plasmon-enhanced photocatalysis, new concept is
to locate plasmonic antenna NPs in close proximity to
catalytic reactor NPs; creates extremely synergistic
“antenna-reactor” NP systems with greatly enhanced
photocatalytic activity vs. well-separated components
▪ In NEDO experiments, Ni/Cu NPs, including 130 Watt
2018 CNZ7 result, were clearly observed to produce
significantly greater excess heat than same-sized 2
nm Ni/Pd NPs. Assuming antenna-reactor concept is
applicable to NEDO experiments, is very tempting to
speculate that better performance of 2 nm Ni/Cu NP
compositions might be attributed to fact that Cu/Ni
effectively form an (antenna + reactor) system, while
Pd/Ni does not conform to concept (reactor + reactor)
61. Plasmonic catalysis’ hot electrons analogous to en
-* in LENRs
LENR active sites also require charge-carrier localization & high EM fields
“Plasmon hot electron transport drives nano-localized chemistry”
E. Cortes et al. Nature Communications article number #14880 (2017)
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14880.pdf
Quoting: “We have shown the ability to map a hot-electron reduction reaction
on Ag nanoantennas with 15 nm spatial resolution and corroborated the
spatially highly confined surface chemistry by first-principles calculations of
hot carrier generation and transport. Our results progressively traced the
reactivity in plasmonic antennas, highlighting strong dependence of the
reactivity on the EM field distribution within the metal. Our theoretical
treatment of plasmonic hot carrier generation and transport confirm
nanoscale localization of high-density carrier regions required to drive this
multi-electron chemical reaction and predict an inverse relation between
collected carrier density and transport distance. Polarization-resolved
experiments demonstrate that the high EM field intensities and the
absorption of the nanoantennas are necessary to drive the reaction.
Improved design of highly reactive and efficient antennas should benefit
from these results. As we have shown, local surface chemistry can be tuned
by employing this method, opening new possibilities for accessing regions
of highly concentrated photon and electron densities. Positioning of
nanomaterials or molecules in these regions is now possible and should
boost research and applications in plasmonic hot-carrier science.”
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 61
62. Bimetallic Ni-based catalysts for CO2 reforming of methane
“Presence of noble metal at surface with gas-induced surface reconstruction”
“A review on bimetallic Nickel-based catalysts for CO2 reforming of Methane”
Z. Bian et al. ChemPhysChem 18 pp. 3117- 3134 (2017)
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cphc.201700529
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 62
63. Chemical photocatalysis is actually closely related to LENRs
LENRs may have been triggered at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
“Toward a mechanistic understanding of plasmon-mediated photocatalysis”
Review article by J. Brooks et al. Nanophotonics 7 pp. 1697 - 1724 (2018)
https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/nanoph.ahead-of-print/nanoph-2018-0073/nanoph-2018-0073.xml
Abstract: "One of the most exciting new developments in the plasmonic
nanomaterials field is the discovery of their ability to mediate a number of
photocatalytic reactions. Since the initial prediction of driving chemical
reactions with plasmons in the 1980s, the field has rapidly expanded in
recent years, demonstrating the ability of plasmons to drive chemical
reactions, such as water splitting, ammonia generation, and CO2 reduction,
among many other examples. Unfortunately, the efficiencies of these
processes are currently suboptimal for practical widespread applications.
The limitations in recorded outputs can be linked to the current lack of a
knowledge pertaining to mechanisms of the partitioning of plasmonic energy
after photoexcitation. Providing a descriptive and quantitative mechanism of
the processes involved in driving plasmon-induced photochemical reactions,
starting at the initial plasmon excitation, followed by hot carrier generation,
energy transfer, and thermal effects, is critical for the advancement of the
field as a whole. Here, we provide a mechanistic perspective on plasmonic
photocatalysis by reviewing select experimental approaches … To conclude,
we evaluate several promising techniques for future applications in
elucidating the mechanism of plasmon-mediated photocatalysis.”
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 63
64. Chinese chemists claimed photocatalytic triggering of LENRs
Produced Deuterium & Helium and transmuted Potassium into Calcium
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-chinese-chemists-report-photochemical-
triggering-of-lenrs-at-ntp-in-aqueous-cells-by-irradiation-with-visible-light-june-30-2018
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 64
65. U.S. Navy has been quietly interested in LENRs since 1990s
Much more experience with U-235 fission technology than private sector
Proceedings of U.S. Naval Institute (USNI) published positive article about LENRs
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-sept-2018-issue-proceedings-of-us-naval-insititute-
published-9page-article-re-lenrs-as-disruptive-new-energy-technology-for-military-sept-3-2018
pdf copy of Proceedings article behind USNI website’s paywall will be provided upon request
Article begins by saying: “LENRs offer the first opportunity since the
advent of fission reactors to change fundamentally the way the Navy
powers its ships, systems, and weapons” and goes on to say:
“Once relevant LENR scientific and engineering parameters are more
broadly understood and harnessed, LENR energy sources … could
power underwater, surface, or airborne vehicles or stationary nodes.”
And notes, “Since the European Organization for Nuclear Research
(CERN) held a 2012 colloquium on LENRs, the prevailing explanation
of the phenomenon has been the Widom-Larsen theory. Peer-
reviewed experimental research reported in the Japanese Journal of
Applied Physics, for example, has given support to this theory.”
“This is not ‘cold fusion’ ”
Michael Ravnitzky (NAVSEA)
Proceedings 144 9/I,387 (Sept. 2018)
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 65
66. Three types of nuclear power: fission, fusion, and LENRs
Fission now used for propulsion in naval aircraft carriers & submarines
LENRs great improvement vs. fission & fusion: no deadly radiation or radwastes
Heat
producing
nuclear
process
Energetic
MeV
gamma γ
radiation?
Energetic
MeV
neutron
radiation?
Long-lived
radioactive
waste
products?
Basic description of
nuclear process which
creates heat that can be
harvested and converted
Energy release
in MeVs
Chemical only
produces eVs
Fission:
TRL 9+
Uranium235
Yes Yes Yes Unstable heavy nuclei
capture neutrons and
shatter into fragments
~ 200 MeV
complex mix of
end-products
Fusion:
TRL 4+ 2018
ITER D+T
reactor in
France2025
Yes
All fusion
Yes
For D+T
No
Induced
Gigantic temperatures
enable light ionized nuclei
to smash together and
then fuse into heavier
chemical elements
Depending on
specific fusion
reaction, value
ranges from
~ 3 to ~ 24 MeV
LENRs:
TRL 4
In 2017,
NEDO
project had
best-ever
excess
heat
No
Heavy
electrons
convert γ
into IR
No
~ All ULE
neutrons
captured
locally
No
Neutron-
rich LENR
products
decay fast
Input energy creates ultra
low energy neutrons (via
e + p reaction) that capture
on target fuels. Gammas
from neutron captures are
converted into infrared;
unstable products fast-
decay into stable elements
Depending on
fuels and
subsequent
reactions as
well as decays,
values range
from ~ 0.1 MeV
up to ~ 22 MeV
TRL = technology readiness level MeV = Megaelectron Volt = 1 million (106) eV
IR = infrared (heat)
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 66
67. ▪ Enrico Fermi's original Manhattan Project CP-1 Uranium fission reactor located
at the University of Chicago in Illinois weighed ~ 400 tons and only produced
0.5 Watt (thermal) for 28 minutes went it first went critical back in 1942
▪ In 1954, USS Nautilus submarine launched with a 93% enriched 235U pressurized
water reactor that produced power output of ~ 10 megawatts (13,400 hp
thermal); first fueling powered Nautilus until 1957, after voyaging 62,562 miles.
In 1954, USSR opened world’s first commercial nuclear power plant in Obinsk,
Russia with total power output of 5 MW (net electrical) produced from 30 MW
(thermal). Both of these early 235U reactors were operational 12 years after CP-1
▪ Compared to CP-1, NEDO project devices at TRL-4 presently average ~ 5 Watts
thermal and weigh about 100 grams; entire NEDO reactor system apparatus
weighs < 1,500 pounds. Altogether, these facts argue that future commercial
versions LENR power generation systems, which would not require any radiation
shielding or containment subsystems, might eventually achieve higher effective
system power densities than present-day commercial 235U fission reactors
▪ Given programmatic funding at level of ITER (US$125 million/yr.), there is no a
priori technical reason why thermal output of LENR power systems could not be
scaled-up as rapidly as fission technology advanced from 1942- 1955 (107 times);
μ-scale of discrete active sites suggests analogy to improvements in reducing
sizes of electronic transistors that occurred from 1947 until today (> 106 times)
Likely that LENR system power outputs can be scaled-up
1942 - 2018: power output of fission reactors increased by factor of ~ 1010
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 67
68. 1942: “ugly” prototype of fission reactor became operational
CP-1 was 400 tons; first produced 0.5 Watts of excess heat for 28 minutes
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 68
69. 1947: Bell Labs’ “ugly” prototype of semiconductor transistor
First prototype fit on palm of hand --- transistors today are ~ 106 x smaller
LENR active sites akin to transistors in that they amplify input energy (“net gain”)
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 69
70. 2018: NEDO project’s LENR reactors are “ugly” prototypes
Unshielded reactors produce Watts of excess heat without any radiation
2014 - 2018: NEDO researchers increased LENR device thermal output by > 103 x
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 70
71. NEDO LENR device energy densities now at 1,000x > gasoline
Device CNZ7 Ni7/Cu1 ; ZrO2 ; H2 heat burst energy density = 1.6 x 109 Wh/kg
Future LENR fuel nanoparticles could have energy densities 5,000x > vs. gasoline
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328547673_Anomalous_Heat_Burst_by_CNZ7_Sample_and_H-Gas
“Anomalous heat burst by CNZ7 sample and H-gas” Slide #37
T. Yokose et al. JCF-19 meeting Iwate Univ. (Nov. 2018 Japan)
NEDO
CNZ7
heat
burst
Pu-238Gasoline
Batteries
Range of values in
other NEDO project
LENR experiments
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 71
72. Nanoparticulate LENR fuels could be used in many systems
Possible LENR target fuels include: Nickel, Lithium & aromatic Carbon
Commercial LENR fuel energy densities could be > 5,000x larger vs. gasoline
▪ High energy density: motor vehicles, aircraft, or very small ships powered by
LENRs could travel around entire world on quantity of nanoparticulate fuel
that would fit into 2 large FedEx boxes. LENR fuels would be inert and benign
and could utilize overnight package delivery systems or UAVs for resupply
▪ Size of fuel logistics pipelines would collapse: typical gasoline or diesel
tanker trucks as shown below carry ~ 5,000 to 12,000 US Gallons of liquid
fuel. LENR fuels producing same # of BTUs could fit into 1 or 2 FedEx boxes
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 72
73. Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)
Absence of radiation and radwaste = game-changing energy technology
Greenness should make LENR power systems vastly less expensive than fission
▪ Unlike nuclear fission and fusion: heat-producing LENRs do
not emit any deadly energetic ‘hard’ gamma and neutron
radiation or make hazardous long-lived radioactive wastes
▪ Consequence: future LENR power generation systems
would not require heavy, expensive radiation shielding and
containment subsystems for safe long-duration operation
▪ Enables: LENR-based power systems to be vastly smaller
and less expensive than fission or fusion reactors as well as
light-enough to be safely utilized in unshielded propulsion
systems for vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft
▪ Enables: eventual development of small, portable LENR
power systems that would be safe, disposable after use in
direct competition with chemical batteries and fuel cells
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 73
74. LENR power & propulsion boost range/endurance 10x - 100x
Examples assume no speed increases: show impact on range/endurance
Systems
Present capabilities with today’s
battery and combustion-based
power & propulsion technologies
Range/endurance enhancement
with future LENR power systems
10x chemical 100x chemical
Insectoid recon bots
and “slaughterbots”
Science fiction today … but tomorrow ??? 24 - 48 hours ??? days to months ???
Yuneec Typhoon
H920 Plus (China)
State-of-the-art commercial hexacopter
12.4 miles: 24 minutes @ 31 mph cruise
124 m (4 hrs. @ 31
mph cruise)
1,240 m (40 hrs. @
31 mph cruise)
Predator MQ-1 drone
General Atomics (US)
24 hours @ max 135 mph (est. 84 cruise)
Discrepancy - mfgr. says range 770 miles
7,700 m (~ 3.8 days
@ 84 mph cruise)
77,000 m (~ 38 days
@ 84 mph cruise)
Super Heron drone
(Israeli Aircraft Ind.)
45 hours @ max 173 mph (est. 121 cruise)
Discrepancy - mfgr. says range 621 miles
6,210 m (~ 2.1 days
@ 121 mph cruise)
62,100 m (~ 21 days
@ 121 mph cruise)
Tesla Model S (2018) Typical ~ 335 miles: 4 - 5 hours @ 70 mph 3,350 m (50 hrs.) 33,500 m (500 hrs.)
Bluefin-21 drone (US) 75 nautical miles: 25 hours @ 3 knots (GD) 750 nm (10.4 days) 7,500 nm (104 days)
Mark- 48 torpedo (US) 31 nautical miles: 33 min. @ 56 knots 310 nm (5.5 hrs.) 3,100 nm (55 hrs.)
“Khishchnik” torpedo
(supercav. - Russia)
70 nautical miles: < 21 min. @ > 200 knots
“Elektropribor” (G. Savchenko est., 2017)
700 nm (3.5 hrs. @
200 knots cruise)
7,000 nm (35 hrs. @
200 knots cruise)
Exoskeletons and
combat “power suits”
Present batteries severely limit endurance
without access to external power sources
Duration of autonomous activity could be
increased up to a week or even months
Autonomous biomech
military robots
Present batteries severely limit endurance
without access to external power sources
Duration of autonomous activity could be
increased up to a week or even months
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 74
75. Military exoskeletons require 3 - 15 kW of onboard power for > 48 hours
Energy density of battery technology cannot provide militarily useful endurance
LENR power would enable autonomous robots/exoskeletons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3qi-L5GPSM
Video of BD “Atlas” robot jogging: March 2018:
https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&tab=core&id=9ba56
18073c7bfa2d4abd42e1f5c4ee4
http://www.newsweek.com/russia-has-made-titanium-exoskeleton-future-wars-it-has-one-problem-749569
“Russia has developed Titanium exoskeleton for future wars --- but
it has one problem” by Damien Sharkov Newsweek Dec. 15, 2017
Semyonov said: “However, the matter of creating such a battery is not solved
anywhere in the world. This is a shared problem.” [needs capable power source!]
2018: 3.7 kWh Li-ion battery lasts 1 hr. Future: LENR powered exoskeletons & combat suits
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 75
76. LENR fuel energy density: massive impact on aircraft design
FedEx box of fuel could power SR-71 mission; cut fuel fraction by 90%
50 - 100 MW LENR propulsion systems needed to power larger aircraft, cruise
missiles, and ships: energy densities of LENR fuels would be 5,000x > gasoline
SR-71 Blackbird carried ~12,000 gallons of JP-7
aviation fuel with full tanks; permitted unrefueled
range of 3,250 miles flying @ Mach 3 (2,284 mph)
Fuel fraction = onboard
fuel as % of an aircraft’s
total weight at takeoff:
Ford F-150 truck only 3%
Boeing 737-600 27%
F-22 Raptor 29%
Predator MQ-1 drone 30%
Eurofighter 31%
F-35 Lightning JSF 33%
Airbus A380 44%
Mig-31 Foxhound 45%
Concorde SST 50%
B2 Spirit bomber 50%
SR-71 Blackbird 65%
Rutan Voyager 72%
V.A. GlobalFlyer 83%
Missiles (typical) > 85%
Saturn-5 (moon) 96%
Fuel comprised 65% of takeoff weight
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 76
77. Large increases in R&D spending on LENRs are warranted
LENR technology at TRL-4; spend > $US 1 billion to hit TRL-9 reasonable
LENRs
ITER
2025
LENRs
when?
▪ Over 26 years prior to funding of NEDO’s LENR project, total
cumulative worldwide R&D spent on LENRs was at the most
~ US$250 million; LENRs nevertheless advanced up to TRL-3
▪ In three years since 2015, cumulative NEDO LENR project
spending probably was at most US$ 54 million; its reported
results have advanced LENR development to TRL-4. Today,
total number of scientists working full-time on R&D in LENR
technology is probably < 200 people worldwide. Total R&D
funding since 1989 thus likely < US$ 300 million worldwide
▪ Given that LENRs are now at TRL-4 and technology’s huge
intrinsic advantages vs. fission & fusion reactions for power
generation, large increases in R&D spending are warranted.
Present R&D is ridiculously underfunded given future potential
▪ By comparison, Sagara et al. (2015) believe that successful
operation of the ITER D+T fusion demonstration reactor in 2025
would only advance D+T fusion power technology to TRL-5/6
after cumulative spending of > US$ 22 billion on ITER alone
http://www-
naweb.iaea.org/napc/physics/meetings/TM49530/website/talk
s/May%2012%20Sessions/Sagara_A.pdf
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 77
78. Further info about Japanese NEDO project’s reported results
Purplish hyperlinks below are live as well as elsewhere in this PowerPoint
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-japanese-nedo-lenr-project-
reported-reasonably-reproducible-wattlevel-excess-heat-production-feb-4-2018
“Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent
experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become
major future energy source”
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-japanese-nedo-
industryacademiagovernment-project-nanocomposite-lenr-devices-produce-enough-
heat-to-boil-cup-of-tea-feb-7-2018
“Small, primitive nanocomposite LENR devices fabricated in NEDO project
produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil cup of tea for up to 45 days”
“Japan's NEDO LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved key
technological milestones – more data released in Technova seminar on March 2”
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-march-2-technova-seminar-in-tokyo-
released-more-info-re-nedo-lenr-device-project-march-12-2018
https://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-revolutionary-lenrs-for-power-
generation-accelerating-development-path-from-present-trl4-to-trl9-april-9-2018
“Commercialization of radiation-free LENRs for power generation could occur
with surprising speed: after stagnating at TRL-3 for 10+ years Japanese industry-
academic consortium including Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan
Motor Company, achieved TRL-4 in 2.5 years and spent less than US$54 million”
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 78
79. Key publications about Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
“Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic
hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen (author’s copy)
European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields 46 pp. 107 - 112 (2006)
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/widom-and-larsen-ulm-neutron-catalyzed-
lenrs-on-metallic-hydride-surfacesepjc-march-2006
“A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions”
Y. Srivastava, A. Widom, and L. Larsen (author’s copy)
Pramana - Journal of Physics 75 pp. 617 - 637 (March 2010)
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/srivastava-widom-and-larsenprimer-for-
electroweak-induced-low-energy-nuclear-reactionspramana-oct-2010
“Theoretical Standard Model rates of proton to neutron conversions near
metallic hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen
Cornell physics preprint arXiv:nucl-th/0608059v2 12 pages (2007)
http://arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-th/0608059v2.pdf
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0996886451
“Hacking the Atom” (Volume 1 - 484 pages) popular science book
Steven B. Krivit, Pacific Oaks Press, San Rafael, CA, September 11, 2016
Paperback US$16.00; hardcover US$48.00; Kindle US$3.99
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 79
80. Partnering on LENR commercialization and consulting on other subjects
Working with Lattice Energy LLC, Chicago, Illinois USA
▪ We believe Lattice is the world-leader in proprietary knowledge about
LENR device engineering required to develop high-performance, long
lived, scalable power sources. Our published peer-reviewed theoretical
papers rigorously explain the breakthrough device physics of LENR
processes, including the absence of dangerous energetic neutron or
gamma radiation and lack of long-lived radioactive waste production
▪ Lattice welcomes inquiries from large, established organizations that
have an interest in discussing the possibility of becoming Lattice’s
strategic capital and/or technology development partner
▪ Lewis Larsen also independently engages in consulting on variety of
subject areas that include: Lithium-ion battery safety issues; long-term
electricity grid reliability and resilience; and evaluating potential future
impact of LENRs from a long-term investment risk management
perspective for large CAPEX projects in the oil & gas, petrochemicals,
transportation, utility, and aerospace industries
1-312-861-0115 lewisglarsen@gmail.com
L. Larsen c.v.: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lewis-g-larsen-cv-june-2013
November 4, 2018 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2018 All rights reserved 80