This document discusses language learning strategies and their instruction. It covers the following key points: 1. Language learning strategies have certain features like being goal-directed and allowing learner autonomy. They include cognitive, metacognitive, compensatory, affective, and social strategies. 2. Research has assessed strategy use through various methods and found that strategy instruction can improve learner self-efficacy, motivation, and proficiency. 3. Factors like motivation, environment, and personality influence an individual's strategy choice. Effective strategy instruction is integrated into regular language lessons.

1. Language Learning Strategies M.Sajid us Salam M.Phil Linguistics The Islamia University Bahawalpur [email_address] TESOL Methodology

2. Abstract Features Types Research Assessing strategy use Good language learner Strategy instruction research Influences on strategy choice Practice Current & future

3. Features of LLS Goal-directed A strategy chain (consisting of subgoals ) Autonomy (Controlling learning process) Self-efficacy

4. Types of LLS Cognitive strategies Mnemonic strategies Metacognitive strategies Compensatory strategies Affective strategies Social strategies

5. Cognitive strategies Schema New input Tapestry approach Interaction (more capable other) Higher thinking skills Learning

6. Sth. Known( key words) New item An aid for remembering Comparison with Cognitive strategies: 1.Relating things in a simplistic manner. 2.Learning vocabs & grammar. Mnemonic strategies

7. Metacognitive strategies Self-directed language learning. Planning Monitoring Evaluating Choosing strategies based on learning styles . Encouraging students to be an active participant .

8. Compensatory strategies Making up for missing knowledge. Controversy: 1. Cohen: “ It’s for language use!” 2. Little & Oxford: “ Incidental learning is helpful.”

9. Affective strategies Identifying learners’ feelings. Methods: diary, emotional checklist…. Advantages: reducing anxiety, praising one’s performance….

10. Social strategies Facilitating learning with others. Communicative language learning. O’Malley & Chamot: “ Cognitive S & Metacognitive S downplay the social strategy.”

11. Research Assessing strategy use The good language learner Strategy instruction research Influences on strategy choice

12. Assessing strategy use Observation Verbal report Strategy diary Strategy questionnaires (Oxford: SILL )

13. Good language learner Guesser Strong drive Opportunities of practice Willing to make mistakes Monitoring speech Patterns & analysis Meaning-oriented Good use of strategies Communicating

14. Strategy use V.S. Language proficiency Greater strategy use = higher proficiency ? Oxford & Dreyer’s Predictive studies : “ Strategy use can’t predict proficiency!”

15. Strategy use instruction (SBI) Advantages: Greater LLS use, self-efficacy, anxiety ,motivation , attitude + . Related to: Culture,belief,content,presentation. Fully informed strategy-plus-control instruction: Authentic, relevant, affective, integrated into regular language classroom. One-time- only workshop Improvement

16. Factors affect strategy choice Motivation Environment Learning style & personalities Gender Culture & nation Career orientation Age Language task

17. Practice & Conclusion Assessing strategy use Attuning instruction to learners’ needs Formats for instruction Conducting instruction Evaluation of instruction Strategy use instruction

18. Discussion What language learning strategies you use when learning English? Please explain. Did your teacher coach strategy use in learning English? How? How do you as a teacher weave strategy instruction into English lessons? What’s your opinion about strategy instruction in the EFL environment in Taiwan? Feasible or not? Why? What are the differences of teaching strategy bet. younger and older learners?