LLS by Rosin Novaditya NW

1. Language Learning Strategies
Done by
Rosin Novaditya Nur Wahid

2. Points to highlight
• Introduction
• The Figure
• Investigating LLS
• The link between learning strategies and
learning styles.

3. Introduction
Research about language learning strategy
began in the 1960s, exactly when the
developments in cognitive psychology gave
influence to the studies on LLS.

4. 1975,Rubin: good language learners facilitate their
learning.
Good language learners:
-willing and accurate guessers who have a strong
desire to communicate, even appear fool.
-attend to both meaning and form of their
message.
-practice and monitor their own speech as well as
others.

5. The Figure
The first researcher about LLS is Aaron carton. It
was published in 1966.
The second researcher is Rubin in 1971. This was
followed by other researcher such as Wong-
Fillmore (1976), Tarone (1977), Naiman at all
(1978), Bialystok (1979), Cohen and Aphek
(1981), Wenden (1982), Chamot and O’Malley
(1987), Politzer and McGroarty (1985), Conti and
Kolsody (1997).

6. Rubin
LLS are the techniques or devices that learners
use to acquire a second language knowledge
(Rubin, 1975(
LLS are set of operations, steps, plans & routines
of what learners do to facilitate the obtaining,
storage, retrieval & use of information, and to
regulate learning (Rubin, 1987(

7. Rubin’s Taxonomy

8. O’Malley’s Taxonomy

11. Stern’s
LLS is dependent on the assumption that
learners consciously engage in activities to
achieve certain goals and learning
strategies can be regarded as broadly
conceived intentional directions and learning
techniques.“
)Stern, 1992:261(

12. Stern’s Taxonomy

13. Oxford
LLS are steps taken by the learner to aid the
acquisition, storage & retrieval of information
)Oxford, 1989(
LLS are specific actions taken by the learner to
make learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more
self-directed, more effective, & more transferable
to new situation )Oxford, 2002(

14. Oxford’s Taxonomy
•DIRECT STRATEGIES
•I. Memory
–A. Creating mental linkages
–B. Applying images and sounds
–C. Reviewing well
–D. Employing action
•II.Cognitive
–A. Practising
–B. Receiving and sending messages strategies
–C. Analysing and reasoning
–D. Creating structure for input and output
•III. Compensation strategies
–A. Guessing intelligently
–B. Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

15. •INDIRECT STRATEGIES
•Metacognitive Strategies
–A. Centering your learning
–B. Arranging and planning your learning
–C. Evaluating your learning
•Affective Strategies
–A. Lowering your anxiety
–B. Encouraging yourself
–C. Taking your emotional temperature
•Social Strategies
–A. Asking questions
–B. Cooperating with others
–C. Emphathising with others

16. Investigating LLS
There are several research tools which can
be used to collect data of learner’s learning
strategies. Researchers can ask language
learners to describe their learning processes
and strategies through several techniques,
namely; retrospective interviews, stimulated
recall interviews, questionnaires, written
diaries and journals, and think-aloud
protocols concurrent with a learning task.

17. The learning strategies and
learning style link
A learning style is a predisposition on the
part of some students to adopt a particular
learning strategy regardless of the specific
demands of the learning task.
)Schmeck in Schulz-Wender, 2001(