U.S. Education System
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Education in the United States is publicly funded at the local, state, and federal levels. Children can attend public schools, private schools, or be homeschooled. Education is divided into elementary school (ages 5-10), middle school (ages 10-14), and high school (ages 14-18). After high school, students may attend college, where they can earn associate's or bachelor's degrees. While college is expensive, financial aid is available. The U.S. education system faces challenges like inequality between low- and high-income areas and "teaching to the test." Organizations like Teach for America aim to address these issues.
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Financial Aid Presentation for ECHS
Tuition and fees charged by colleges help fund staff, facilities, libraries and more. Financial aid like grants and scholarships can help pay for education costs. The most common types of grants are Pell Grants and TAP provided by the federal and state governments. Student loans including subsidized and unsubsidized Stafford loans can also help cover expenses, but must be paid back with interest. The FAFSA application is required to qualify for financial aid.
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Bilingual education
Bilingual education refers to educational approaches that use two languages for classroom instruction. The goals of bilingual education include teaching English, fostering academic achievement, preserving cultural heritage, and enabling students to learn a second language. There are two main patterns of bilingual language development - simultaneous bilingualism, where a child learns two languages at once, and sequential bilingualism, where a child learns a second language after establishing proficiency in their first language. Common types of bilingual education programs in the US include transitional bilingual education, where some academic classes are initially taught in a student's native language to support English acquisition.
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Module Five focuses on two states, California and Minnesota, as the complexities of higher education policy are examined and the variety of political, social, economic, and environmental factors contributing to the ways in which policies are developed are discussed. These policies, in turn, deeply impact the higher education systems within both states, with a particularly strong influence on funding models for colleges and universities.
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The California Master Plan for Higher Education guided the development of three campus systems in California: the University of California (UC), California State University (CSU), and California Community Colleges systems (St. John, Daun-Barnett, & Moronski-Chapman, 2013). Nearly four out of five college students in California attend one of the three public education systems and three out of every four bachelor degrees awarded annually are from either the UC or CSU systems (Johnson, 2014). Yet, the state is facing somewhat of an education crisis and Johnson projects a shortfall of one million college graduates by 2025.
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Higher Education Policy in California
The California Master Plan for Higher Education guided the development of three campus systems in California: the University of California (UC), California State University (CSU), and California Community Colleges systems (St. John, Daun-Barnett, & Moronski-Chapman, 2013). Nearly four out of five college students in California attend one of the three public education systems and three out of every four bachelor degrees awarded annually are from either the UC or CSU systems (Johnson, 2014). Yet, the state is facing somewhat of an education crisis and Johnson projects a shortfall of one million college graduates by 2025.
In recent years, the historic California model has broken down as the systems have been negatively impacted by the state’s fiscal woes. While colleges and universities have responded to funding cuts by reducing expenses, including cutting administrative costs and hiring more non-tenure track faculty, declines in state support have forced the UC system to increase tuition fees by 50% in three years while CSU fees have increase by 47% in the same period (Johnson, Cook, Murphy, and Weston, 2014). Students are increasingly becoming indebted in order to accomplish their educational goals in California; the average loan amounts among students have risen 36% between 2005 and 2010 (a figure adjusted for inflation) (Johnson, 2014). Hoping to save expenses, many students begin their college educations at California community colleges, which have become so overcrowded that in 2012, 137,000 students could not enroll into at least one class that they needed and community colleges resorted to “rationing” courses (Dellner, 2012). This evidence suggests new changes are needed in the California state system to support students at all levels of enrollment.
In part, California’s steady decreases in higher education funding are a consequence of a need to fund other state services; for example, Johnson (2012) notes that from 2002 to 2012, state expenditures for higher education fell by close to 10% whereas expenditures for corrections and rehabilitation increased by 26%. Historical trends suggest that the state’s priorities began shifting from higher education toward corrections since the 1970s, even though the majority of Californians (68%) opposed spending cuts in higher education to reduce state budget deficits and 62% supported spending cuts in corrections to balance state budgets (Baldassare, Bonner, Pet.
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Proponents of free tuition, at least for the lower middle class, point to Germany, Finland, Norway and Sweden, all of which offer a free college education. It is “free” because fewer students attend college in these countries than in the United States and because citizens are willing to pay much higher income taxes. In the United States, with 50 different state educational systems, California’s public colleges were free until 50 years ago; and Tennessee, Oregon and the city of Chicago have recently provided or will soon provide free tuition for two-year colleges.
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U.S. Education System
- 1. Education in the United States Ashley Fisher
- 2. Funding for Education Education is provided by the public sector Funding from three levels: 1. local 2. state 3. federal
- 3. Education Options Compulsory education requirements can generally be satisfied by educating children in 1. public schools 2. state-certified private schools 3. an approved home school program.
- 4. Ages and Levels Education is divided into three levels: 1. elementary school (ages 5 to 10) 2. middle school (ages 10 to 14) 3. high school (ages 14 to 18)
- 5. Big High School Events Prom Graduation
- 6. High School Graduation Requirements Pass all required classes Service project
- 7. Post High School Options Students completing high school may choose to attend a college or university. Undergraduate degrees may be either associate's degrees or bachelor's degrees (baccalaureate)
- 8. Requirements for College High Grade Point Average (GPA) 4.0 means perfect score. SAT/ACT score Application
- 9. College Costs Ways to pay: scholarships, loans, financial aid Public Four-Year College (in-state students) $8,655 Nearly 20 million Americans attend college each year. Of that 20 million, close to 12 million – or 60% - borrow annually to help cover costs. As of October 2012, the average amount of student loan debt for the Class of 2011 was $26,600
- 10. Problems with U.S. Education System Educational inequality between low income vs. higher income communities. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 creativity and doesn´t help to broaden childrens views Many teachers practice "teaching to the test" Teach students what to think vs. how to think
- 11. Solutions Teach for America Teach For America is is an American non-profit organization who enlists college graduates as leaders who work to ensure that kids growing up in poverty get an excellent education. Eliminate Education inequity.
- 12. Teaching Requirements A passing score on the WEST-B (Basic Skills Test). Bachelors Degree or higher An approved teaching certificate from an approved teaching program The United States must improve the way it recruits, trains and pays teachers.