This document provides an overview of landslides, including their causes, types, and historical examples. It begins by defining a landslide as a geological phenomenon where gravity causes ground movement such as rock falls and slope failures. Landslides can be triggered naturally by factors like heavy rain, earthquakes, and erosion, or anthropogenically by deforestation, construction, and blasting. The document then describes several types of landslides including debris flows, earth flows, debris avalanches, sturzstroms, and shallow landslides. Historical examples from the 19th-21st centuries are also mentioned.
This document discusses landslides, including their causes, types, effects, indicators, prevention, and safety measures. It defines landslides as the downward movement of soil, rock, and vegetation under gravity. Key points include that landslides occur when resisting forces are less than driving forces, and can be triggered by heavy rainfall, earthquakes, erosion, deforestation, and human activities like excavation. The document outlines common landslide types and describes their impacts, such as damage to infrastructure, loss of life, and secondary hazards like flooding. It provides guidance on landslide hazard mapping, mitigation strategies, and safety precautions during landslide events.
This document defines and classifies different types of landslides. It discusses landslides as earth movements that can be earth flows, debris slides, rock falls, etc. depending on speed and material. The document outlines various causes of landslides including weathering, erosion, earthquakes, construction and explains signs of landslide occurrence. Prevention methods are discussed including drainage control, vegetation planting, and engineering structures.
A landslide occurs when the stability of a slope changes, making it unstable. This can be caused by natural factors like heavy rain, earthquakes, or erosion, as well as human activities like construction, deforestation, and blasting. Sand boils occur when water under pressure wells up through sand, looking like it is boiling. They can contribute to levee or dike failure during floods by creating pipes through the embankment that remove soil particles and weaken the structure. The most effective way to stop a sand boil is by creating a body of water above it using sandbags to balance the water pressure.
Flooding can be caused by both physical and human factors. Heavy rainfall, snowmelt, steep drainage basins, and coastal influences can increase flooding risk naturally. Human activities like urbanization, deforestation, and improper infrastructure development exacerbate flooding through reduced infiltration and faster runoff. Flooding can have severe social and economic impacts through property damage, transportation disruptions, and health issues, but may also provide benefits like fertile soils under some circumstances. Risk analysis aims to estimate the probability and potential impacts of flood events.
This document discusses landslides, including their classification, causes, and mitigation strategies. It defines a landslide as the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials along surfaces of separation. Landslides are classified based on depth, type of movement, and speed. Key causes of landslides include geological weaknesses, erosion, rainfall, excavation, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Main mitigation strategies involve hazard mapping, land use planning, retaining walls, drainage control, engineered structures, vegetation, and insurance. Increasing slope stability also requires preventing rising groundwater levels in landslide areas.
This document discusses landslides, including their causes, types, effects, indicators, prevention, and safety measures. It defines landslides as the downward movement of soil, rock, and vegetation under gravity. Key points include that landslides occur when resisting forces are less than driving forces, and can be triggered by heavy rainfall, earthquakes, erosion, deforestation, and human activities like excavation. The document outlines common landslide types and describes their impacts, such as damage to infrastructure, loss of life, and secondary hazards like flooding. It provides guidance on landslide hazard mapping, mitigation strategies, and safety precautions during landslide events.
This document defines and classifies different types of landslides. It discusses landslides as earth movements that can be earth flows, debris slides, rock falls, etc. depending on speed and material. The document outlines various causes of landslides including weathering, erosion, earthquakes, construction and explains signs of landslide occurrence. Prevention methods are discussed including drainage control, vegetation planting, and engineering structures.
A landslide occurs when the stability of a slope changes, making it unstable. This can be caused by natural factors like heavy rain, earthquakes, or erosion, as well as human activities like construction, deforestation, and blasting. Sand boils occur when water under pressure wells up through sand, looking like it is boiling. They can contribute to levee or dike failure during floods by creating pipes through the embankment that remove soil particles and weaken the structure. The most effective way to stop a sand boil is by creating a body of water above it using sandbags to balance the water pressure.
Flooding can be caused by both physical and human factors. Heavy rainfall, snowmelt, steep drainage basins, and coastal influences can increase flooding risk naturally. Human activities like urbanization, deforestation, and improper infrastructure development exacerbate flooding through reduced infiltration and faster runoff. Flooding can have severe social and economic impacts through property damage, transportation disruptions, and health issues, but may also provide benefits like fertile soils under some circumstances. Risk analysis aims to estimate the probability and potential impacts of flood events.
This document discusses landslides, including their classification, causes, and mitigation strategies. It defines a landslide as the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials along surfaces of separation. Landslides are classified based on depth, type of movement, and speed. Key causes of landslides include geological weaknesses, erosion, rainfall, excavation, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Main mitigation strategies involve hazard mapping, land use planning, retaining walls, drainage control, engineered structures, vegetation, and insurance. Increasing slope stability also requires preventing rising groundwater levels in landslide areas.
Landslides Represent Permanent Deformation Caused By The Downward And Outward Movements Of Large Volumes Of Soil And/Or Rock Under The Influence Of Gravity. Landslides Occur Naturally. Landslides Can Be Triggered And/Or Exacerbated By: 1) Water (From Precipitation During A Tropical Storm, Hurricane, Or Typhoon), Or 2) Vibrations (From Ground Shaking) During An Earthquake. Millions Of Communities Are Not Resilient To Landslide Disasters. One Of The Myths Of Disasters Is That Landslide Disasters, Which Occur Annually In Every Nation, Should Be Enough To Make All Nations Adopt And Implement Policies That Will Lead To Landslide Disaster Resilience. But The Fact Of The Matter Is, This Premise Is Wrong; It Usually Takes Multiple Disasters Before A Stricken Nation Will Adopt Policies To Move Towards Disaster Resilience. Lesson: The Timing Of Anticipatory Actions Is Vital. The People Who Know: 1) What To Expect (E.G., Rock Falls, “quake Lakes,” Mud Flows, Etc.), 2) Where And When It Will Happen, And 3) What They Should (And Should Not) Do To Prepare Will Survive. The People Who Have Timely Early Warning In Conjunction With A Modern Monitoring System, And A Community Evacuation Plan That Facilitates Getting Out Of Harm’s Way From The Risks Associated With Rock Falls, Mudflows, Etc. Will Survive. Engineering To Stabilize Slopes Will Reduce Damage To Buildings And Infrastructure And Help Sustain Their Functions And Save Lives. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction
A landslide, also known as a landslip or Mudslide, is a form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows. Landslides can occur underwater, called a submarine landslide, coastal and onshore environments.
This document discusses geological hazards caused by landslides. It defines landslides as the downward sliding of land mass along steep slopes due to gravity. Heavy rains, earthquakes, floods, terrain cutting and droughts are among the main causes. Different types of landslides are described such as rock falls, lahars, earthflows, slope failures, slumps and debris slides. Areas with steep slopes, volcanoes, coasts and river valleys are prone to landslides. Landslides can damage infrastructure and block traffic. Classification, prevention measures and examples of landslide disasters are also summarized.
Floods can occur when heavy rainfall or snowmelt causes river channels or low-lying areas to become submerged. They are the most common natural disaster worldwide and can be exacerbated by human activities like urbanization. Major river basins in India that experience frequent flooding include the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and rivers in peninsular and northwestern regions. Floods can damage property, infrastructure, and agriculture, while also increasing health risks. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce vulnerability through mapping of flood-prone areas, land use controls, engineered structures, and flood management programs.
1) A landslide is the downward or outward movement of soil, rock, or vegetation under the influence of gravity. It occurs when the resisting forces that prevent sliding are less than the driving forces that cause it.
2) Landslides can be caused by both natural factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and steep slopes, as well as human factors like deforestation and construction activities.
3) Landslides can have devastating direct effects like physical damage, casualties, and flooding, as well as indirect economic impacts. Proper drainage, retaining walls, reforestation, and land use planning can help minimize landslide hazards.
This document discusses landslides and disaster management. It covers types of disasters including natural disasters like landslides, earthquakes, floods, and man-made disasters. Causes of landslides include geological weaknesses, erosion, rainfall, excavation, and earthquakes. The disaster management cycle includes pre-disaster planning, response during the disaster, and post-disaster recovery. Major landslides in India are described and hazard mapping is discussed as a way to reduce landslide risks and prevent loss of life and property.
A landslide is the movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope, which can be caused by geological, morphological, physical, or anthropogenic factors. Major types of landslides include debris flows, earth flows, debris avalanches, rock falls, and topples. Landslides frequently occur in Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts, and northeastern Sylhet in Bangladesh due to the unstable soil structure. Mitigation approaches include restricting development in prone areas, monitoring systems, and engineering investigations to define hazard levels.
The document discusses landslide disaster management. It defines landslides and their causes such as changes in slope, load, water content, etc. It identifies landslide hazard areas as those with slopes over 15%, a history of landslides, or erosion. The document outlines the disaster management cycle and approaches to both pre-disaster studies like hazard mapping and post-disaster studies such as damage assessments and stabilization efforts. It recommends various risk reduction measures for land use planning, infrastructure development, and stabilization.
This document discusses landslides, including their types, causes, investigation methods, and mitigation techniques. It begins by defining landslides and identifying their socioeconomic significance, such as increased risk due to urbanization and climate change. The main landslide types are described based on material and movement. Investigation methods are then outlined, including mapping, aerial photo interpretation, subsurface exploration, monitoring, and stability analysis. Finally, various mitigation techniques are presented, such as retaining walls, soil nails, drainage improvements, and slope reinforcement.
Landslides are mass wasting processes that occur on steep slopes when layers of rock or soil become oversaturated and slide down the slope. They can be triggered by both natural causes like heavy rainfall as well as human activities like deforestation. Landslides have significant hazardous effects as they can destroy infrastructure like roads, railways, and buildings as well as agricultural land. They can also cause loss of life. Several parts of India, especially in the northern and northeastern regions, are susceptible to landslides. Prevention methods include controlling drainage, grading slopes, and using retaining walls and vegetation to increase slope stability.
This document provides information about earthquakes and earthquake disaster management. It defines what an earthquake is, discusses the causes of earthquakes including tectonic and volcanic causes. It describes earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, magnitude, intensity. It discusses the different types of faults and seismic waves generated by earthquakes. The document also provides safety tips during and after an earthquake and summarizes some historical earthquakes in India.
The document defines landslides as the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials such as rocks, soils, and artificial fills along separation surfaces by falling, sliding, or flowing. Landslides are influenced by factors like slope angle, climate, weathering, water content, vegetation, overloading, geology, and slope stability. Common triggers for landslides include heavy rainfall, earthquakes, forest fires, and volcanoes. Anthropogenic causes can be over-development, deforestation, inappropriate drainage systems, and changes to slope or land use patterns.
Mass movements are the downslope movement of material under the direct influence of gravity. They are classified based on their rate of motion and the material involved. Major types include falling, sliding, flowing, and heaving. Factors that influence slope stability and failure include steep slope angles, weathering, water content, vegetation loss, slope dip, and trigger mechanisms such as earthquakes or heavy rainfall.
Primarily all floods are due to the surface runoff. Actually the floods are the results of a favourable combination of precipitation and the characteristics of the water shed.
Riverbank erosion is a major natural hazard in Bangladesh that affects millions of people annually. The erosion destroys farmland, homes, and infrastructure as the major rivers like the Jamuna, Ganges, and Padma migrate and change course. Specific areas along these rivers experience erosion rates of up to 1,600 meters per year. The erosion displaces many families and has significant socioeconomic impacts, including loss of livelihoods, debt, unemployment, and the creation of impoverished refugee populations. Whole communities are sometimes forced to relocate multiple times due to the unpredictable shifting of the river channels.
Natural hazards and disaster,types,mitigation and managementkamal brar
This document provides an introduction to natural hazards and discusses several specific types of hazards including earthquakes, tsunamis, and tropical cyclones. It explains that a geohazard involves an earth process interacting with human activity to cause loss of life or property. Understanding the human element is critical because population growth is increasing the number of people living in hazard-prone areas. While the geological processes cannot be stopped, efforts can be made to mitigate hazards through scientific study, education, engineering practices, and emergency management. Specific natural hazards like earthquakes, tsunamis, and tropical cyclones are then examined in more detail including how they form and the damage they can cause.
An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the Earth's surface, which creates seismic waves. There are two main types of seismic waves: P-waves and S-waves. Earthquakes are caused by the buildup and sudden release of stress in the Earth's crust, which generates vibrations that travel through the Earth's interior and surface as seismic waves. Major earthquakes can cause significant damage through shaking, ground ruptures, landslides, fires, tsunamis, and floods.
Cyclones are areas of closed, circular winds rotating in the same direction as the Earth. They form over low pressure systems and can exist on scales from mesocyclones to extra tropical cyclones. Cyclones develop in tropical regions like northern Australia and Southeast Asia between the months of summer, requiring sea surface temperatures of at least 26°C. Cyclones are responsible for loss of life and property damage within 100km of their centers, mainly through strong winds, heavy rainfall, storm surges and tornadoes.
Landslides occur when several factors such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, or human activity cause gravity to dislodge earth and debris down slopes. They can destroy infrastructure, settlements, and cause loss of life. Some high risk areas include the Himalayas and Western Ghats. To reduce risk, hazard mapping and proper drainage are needed along with avoiding construction on steep slopes and preserving natural vegetation cover. Early warning systems use sensors to detect rising groundwater levels and predict potential landslides.
Landslides Represent Permanent Deformation Caused By The Downward And Outward Movements Of Large Volumes Of Soil And/Or Rock Under The Influence Of Gravity. Landslides Occur Naturally. Landslides Can Be Triggered And/Or Exacerbated By: 1) Water (From Precipitation During A Tropical Storm, Hurricane, Or Typhoon), Or 2) Vibrations (From Ground Shaking) During An Earthquake. Millions Of Communities Are Not Resilient To Landslide Disasters. One Of The Myths Of Disasters Is That Landslide Disasters, Which Occur Annually In Every Nation, Should Be Enough To Make All Nations Adopt And Implement Policies That Will Lead To Landslide Disaster Resilience. But The Fact Of The Matter Is, This Premise Is Wrong; It Usually Takes Multiple Disasters Before A Stricken Nation Will Adopt Policies To Move Towards Disaster Resilience. Lesson: The Timing Of Anticipatory Actions Is Vital. The People Who Know: 1) What To Expect (E.G., Rock Falls, “quake Lakes,” Mud Flows, Etc.), 2) Where And When It Will Happen, And 3) What They Should (And Should Not) Do To Prepare Will Survive. The People Who Have Timely Early Warning In Conjunction With A Modern Monitoring System, And A Community Evacuation Plan That Facilitates Getting Out Of Harm’s Way From The Risks Associated With Rock Falls, Mudflows, Etc. Will Survive. Engineering To Stabilize Slopes Will Reduce Damage To Buildings And Infrastructure And Help Sustain Their Functions And Save Lives. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction
A landslide, also known as a landslip or Mudslide, is a form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows. Landslides can occur underwater, called a submarine landslide, coastal and onshore environments.
This document discusses geological hazards caused by landslides. It defines landslides as the downward sliding of land mass along steep slopes due to gravity. Heavy rains, earthquakes, floods, terrain cutting and droughts are among the main causes. Different types of landslides are described such as rock falls, lahars, earthflows, slope failures, slumps and debris slides. Areas with steep slopes, volcanoes, coasts and river valleys are prone to landslides. Landslides can damage infrastructure and block traffic. Classification, prevention measures and examples of landslide disasters are also summarized.
Floods can occur when heavy rainfall or snowmelt causes river channels or low-lying areas to become submerged. They are the most common natural disaster worldwide and can be exacerbated by human activities like urbanization. Major river basins in India that experience frequent flooding include the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and rivers in peninsular and northwestern regions. Floods can damage property, infrastructure, and agriculture, while also increasing health risks. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce vulnerability through mapping of flood-prone areas, land use controls, engineered structures, and flood management programs.
1) A landslide is the downward or outward movement of soil, rock, or vegetation under the influence of gravity. It occurs when the resisting forces that prevent sliding are less than the driving forces that cause it.
2) Landslides can be caused by both natural factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and steep slopes, as well as human factors like deforestation and construction activities.
3) Landslides can have devastating direct effects like physical damage, casualties, and flooding, as well as indirect economic impacts. Proper drainage, retaining walls, reforestation, and land use planning can help minimize landslide hazards.
This document discusses landslides and disaster management. It covers types of disasters including natural disasters like landslides, earthquakes, floods, and man-made disasters. Causes of landslides include geological weaknesses, erosion, rainfall, excavation, and earthquakes. The disaster management cycle includes pre-disaster planning, response during the disaster, and post-disaster recovery. Major landslides in India are described and hazard mapping is discussed as a way to reduce landslide risks and prevent loss of life and property.
A landslide is the movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope, which can be caused by geological, morphological, physical, or anthropogenic factors. Major types of landslides include debris flows, earth flows, debris avalanches, rock falls, and topples. Landslides frequently occur in Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts, and northeastern Sylhet in Bangladesh due to the unstable soil structure. Mitigation approaches include restricting development in prone areas, monitoring systems, and engineering investigations to define hazard levels.
The document discusses landslide disaster management. It defines landslides and their causes such as changes in slope, load, water content, etc. It identifies landslide hazard areas as those with slopes over 15%, a history of landslides, or erosion. The document outlines the disaster management cycle and approaches to both pre-disaster studies like hazard mapping and post-disaster studies such as damage assessments and stabilization efforts. It recommends various risk reduction measures for land use planning, infrastructure development, and stabilization.
This document discusses landslides, including their types, causes, investigation methods, and mitigation techniques. It begins by defining landslides and identifying their socioeconomic significance, such as increased risk due to urbanization and climate change. The main landslide types are described based on material and movement. Investigation methods are then outlined, including mapping, aerial photo interpretation, subsurface exploration, monitoring, and stability analysis. Finally, various mitigation techniques are presented, such as retaining walls, soil nails, drainage improvements, and slope reinforcement.
Landslides are mass wasting processes that occur on steep slopes when layers of rock or soil become oversaturated and slide down the slope. They can be triggered by both natural causes like heavy rainfall as well as human activities like deforestation. Landslides have significant hazardous effects as they can destroy infrastructure like roads, railways, and buildings as well as agricultural land. They can also cause loss of life. Several parts of India, especially in the northern and northeastern regions, are susceptible to landslides. Prevention methods include controlling drainage, grading slopes, and using retaining walls and vegetation to increase slope stability.
This document provides information about earthquakes and earthquake disaster management. It defines what an earthquake is, discusses the causes of earthquakes including tectonic and volcanic causes. It describes earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, magnitude, intensity. It discusses the different types of faults and seismic waves generated by earthquakes. The document also provides safety tips during and after an earthquake and summarizes some historical earthquakes in India.
The document defines landslides as the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials such as rocks, soils, and artificial fills along separation surfaces by falling, sliding, or flowing. Landslides are influenced by factors like slope angle, climate, weathering, water content, vegetation, overloading, geology, and slope stability. Common triggers for landslides include heavy rainfall, earthquakes, forest fires, and volcanoes. Anthropogenic causes can be over-development, deforestation, inappropriate drainage systems, and changes to slope or land use patterns.
Mass movements are the downslope movement of material under the direct influence of gravity. They are classified based on their rate of motion and the material involved. Major types include falling, sliding, flowing, and heaving. Factors that influence slope stability and failure include steep slope angles, weathering, water content, vegetation loss, slope dip, and trigger mechanisms such as earthquakes or heavy rainfall.
Primarily all floods are due to the surface runoff. Actually the floods are the results of a favourable combination of precipitation and the characteristics of the water shed.
Riverbank erosion is a major natural hazard in Bangladesh that affects millions of people annually. The erosion destroys farmland, homes, and infrastructure as the major rivers like the Jamuna, Ganges, and Padma migrate and change course. Specific areas along these rivers experience erosion rates of up to 1,600 meters per year. The erosion displaces many families and has significant socioeconomic impacts, including loss of livelihoods, debt, unemployment, and the creation of impoverished refugee populations. Whole communities are sometimes forced to relocate multiple times due to the unpredictable shifting of the river channels.
Natural hazards and disaster,types,mitigation and managementkamal brar
This document provides an introduction to natural hazards and discusses several specific types of hazards including earthquakes, tsunamis, and tropical cyclones. It explains that a geohazard involves an earth process interacting with human activity to cause loss of life or property. Understanding the human element is critical because population growth is increasing the number of people living in hazard-prone areas. While the geological processes cannot be stopped, efforts can be made to mitigate hazards through scientific study, education, engineering practices, and emergency management. Specific natural hazards like earthquakes, tsunamis, and tropical cyclones are then examined in more detail including how they form and the damage they can cause.
An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the Earth's surface, which creates seismic waves. There are two main types of seismic waves: P-waves and S-waves. Earthquakes are caused by the buildup and sudden release of stress in the Earth's crust, which generates vibrations that travel through the Earth's interior and surface as seismic waves. Major earthquakes can cause significant damage through shaking, ground ruptures, landslides, fires, tsunamis, and floods.
Cyclones are areas of closed, circular winds rotating in the same direction as the Earth. They form over low pressure systems and can exist on scales from mesocyclones to extra tropical cyclones. Cyclones develop in tropical regions like northern Australia and Southeast Asia between the months of summer, requiring sea surface temperatures of at least 26°C. Cyclones are responsible for loss of life and property damage within 100km of their centers, mainly through strong winds, heavy rainfall, storm surges and tornadoes.
Landslides occur when several factors such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, or human activity cause gravity to dislodge earth and debris down slopes. They can destroy infrastructure, settlements, and cause loss of life. Some high risk areas include the Himalayas and Western Ghats. To reduce risk, hazard mapping and proper drainage are needed along with avoiding construction on steep slopes and preserving natural vegetation cover. Early warning systems use sensors to detect rising groundwater levels and predict potential landslides.
The document discusses the main factors that contribute to landslides: slope, precipitation, vegetation, and soil type. It then describes different types of landslides and provides videos showing landslides. The author is Joshua Breimayer, a student at Grand Valley State University studying mathematics and earth science.
Landslides occur when several factors converge, including heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, construction activities, and deforestation. They can cause significant damage by destroying infrastructure like roads, buildings, and bridges. Some high-risk areas include mountainous regions and coastal cliffs. To reduce landslide risk, proper drainage systems and replanting vegetation on slopes is recommended. During a landslide, it is important to seek high ground and avoid further endangering rescue workers.
Case Study - Landslide in Morretes/BrazilFabio Sato
This document analyzes landslides that occurred in Morretes, Brazil in March 2011 using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Several image processing techniques were applied to detect landslides, including image differencing, normalized difference scattering index, polarimetric decompositions, and amplitude analysis. Difference images and normalized difference scattering index images best identified landslide areas. While landslides could be detected, it was difficult to precisely threshold landslide regions from the SAR data alone. Future work involves integrating SAR data into weather monitoring systems and developing an operational landslide monitoring system using optical and SAR data.
My presentation at the Vajont 2013 conference in Padua. The presentation examines losses associated with large dams in the last few years, and shows in particular that there have been over 500 deaths in landslide-related accidents during dam projects
A case study on a massive landslide in Malin, near Pune on Oct. 2015. Presented in a Forensic Geo-technical Conference in Ludhiana with @shivaji Sarvade. It consists of Mitigation, precautionary measures and possible improvements.
This document outlines the objectives of a lesson on landslides. It aims to teach students to identify human activities that can trigger landslides and suggest ways to reduce landslide risk in their community. Some key human activities that accelerate landslides are mining, quarrying, pollution, excavation, and improper land use. Students will then work in groups to create a one-minute jingle proposing methods to lessen landslides.
A landslide occurred in Malin village in India's Pune district in July 2014, killing at least 151 people. The landslide was believed to be caused by heavy rainfall and hit while residents were sleeping. A government scheme to level hill slopes for cultivation had resulted in widespread deforestation, loosening the soil and making the area prone to landslides when rains came. Rescue efforts were hampered by continued rains and poor road access.
This text report summarizes information about landslides. It was written by M. Fakhri Muharram, a student in class XI MIA 4 at SMAN 1 BALEENDAH. Landslides commonly occur during rainy seasons, especially in mountainous and forested areas. Indonesia experiences frequent landslides, particularly in Sumedang, often due to loose soil from erosion and illegal logging which can cause soil to become less dense. Landslides can cause severe damage by destroying homes and killing people.
Landslide Skate Park is a 22,000 square foot skate training facility established in 2001 in Clinton Township, Michigan. It has over 632 lifetime members, 32,372 registered skaters, and gains 30 new registered skaters per week. To better communicate with its community, Landslide introduced various social media tools in 2008, including a social network site, Wordpress blog, and accounts on Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, and YouTube. Landslide's website and social media platforms now receive thousands of visits each month from members around the world.
The document summarizes a case study of floods and landslides in Makwanpur District, Nepal in July 2004. Heavy rainfall caused rivers to overflow, destroying homes, bridges and crops. 24 people died and over 1,400 households were affected. The disasters were caused by steep slopes, soil composition, deforestation and development in at-risk areas. Solutions proposed include reforestation, infrastructure like check dams, early warning systems and restricting development in flood-prone areas. Overall the document argues for a shift toward preventative approaches rather than reactive responses to natural disasters in Nepal.
The document summarizes the 2013 Uttarakhand disaster in India. It describes how heavy rainfall and cloudbursts in June 2013 caused devastating floods and landslides in the mountainous state. The melting of glaciers and flooding of rivers like the Mandakini destroyed many areas. While officials called it a natural calamity, uncontrolled development projects, deforestation, and construction in fragile areas likely exacerbated the damage. A massive rescue operation followed, with thousands of soldiers, helicopters, and aircraft mobilized to evacuate over 18,000 people. The disaster resulted in over 800 deaths and widespread infrastructure destruction.
The Kedarnath temple in Uttarakhand, a sacred site for Hindu pilgrims, was devastated by floods in June 2013 that killed over 1,000 people. The floods were caused by heavy rains, but exacerbated by issues like rampant construction, mining, and lack of environmental protections in the area. The Indian Armed Forces led massive rescue and relief efforts, while politicians focused more on taking credit than aiding victims. Questions remain about the government's preparedness and response to the natural disaster.
The document discusses landslides, including different types (rotational, translational, lateral spreading, debris flow, rock fall, rock toppling), main causes (gravity, geology, rainfall, earthquakes, forest fires, volcanoes, development, deforestation, drainage), and safety measures. It also describes a specific landslide lake that formed in Pakistan in 2010 due to a large landslide that blocked the Hunza River, causing flooding and secondary landslides. Prevention methods include passive intervention, active prevention, proper land use, and structural and non-structural safety measures.
The uttarakhand tragedy.2013.....By- Pratiksha YadavPratiksha
The disaster that shook the Indian state of Uttarakhand.....the file consists of the full case study of that tragedy... showing the roles of each and every person...i hope that this presentation will make u understand that disaster more closely.,,,,,,which took so many lives.
Landslides are rock, earth, and debris flowing down slopes due to gravity. They are caused by heavy rains, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and other factors. Landslides can travel over 260 feet per second and cause damage by burying villages, closing roads, and breaking infrastructure. They commonly occur in areas with steep slopes, such as mountain ranges, river valleys, and coastal areas. On average, landslides cause 25 casualties per year in the U.S. and have resulted in disasters like the 1994 Nevado del Ruiz eruption that killed over 2,000 people in Colombia.
The document discusses landslide disaster management in the Philippines. Landslides regularly occur in mountainous regions near cities like Baguio City, caused by prolonged rainfall and earthquakes. Several major disasters have occurred, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and typhoons, which have destroyed property and killed many Filipinos. As a result, the Philippines has developed a disaster management plan focused on mitigation, preparedness, rehabilitation, and response.
This presentation is about landslide and i prepared this to know about the knowledge of landslide and how to do during landslide for safe. I hope to see your comments.
Physical Causes And Consequences Of Mass Movementtudorgeog
Mass movement refers to the downhill movement of weathered rock and soil material under the influence of gravity. Different types of mass movement include fast movements like landslides and mudflows, and slow movements like soil creep and solifluction. The amount, rate, and type of mass movement on a slope depends on factors that influence slope stability such as the slope angle, rock type, climate, vegetation, and human activities.
This document discusses mass wasting, which refers to the downslope movement of earth materials under the influence of gravity. It describes the various controls on mass wasting like gravity, water, and vegetation. Several types of mass wasting are classified and explained, including slides, flows, creeps, and falls. The document also covers causes of instability, prevention methods, and examples of destructive mass wasting events. The conclusion reiterates that mass wasting shapes landscapes and endangers human life.
Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth's surface by natural forces like wind and water. While erosion is natural, human activities have increased erosion rates globally by 10-40 times, causing problems like land degradation. The main types of erosion are water erosion from rainfall, rivers, coastal areas, glaciers and floods; wind erosion; and gravitational erosion.
This document discusses exogenic processes, which are external processes that occur near Earth's surface and are part of the rock cycle. It describes various types of weathering including mechanical and chemical weathering. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their mineral composition through processes like frost wedging, insolation, and unloading. Chemical weathering decomposes rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation, and biological processes. The document also discusses mass wasting, which transports weathered materials down slopes through various types of movements like rock falls, landslides, and flows that are influenced by gravity, water, and earthquakes. Erosion by agents like water, glaciers, and wind further transports materials by processes like solution
Mass wasting refers to the downslope movement of soil, rock debris, and bedrock under the force of gravity. It is a form of erosion and transportation that can occur slowly over geologic time or suddenly during catastrophic events. The main types of mass wasting are slides, flows, falls, and creep. Factors that influence mass wasting include slope angle, rock/soil type, water content, climate, earthquakes/volcanic activity, and pre-existing weaknesses in bedrock. Common landslide types are slumps, debris flows, rock slides, and debris slides/slumps. Creep is a very slow form of downslope movement caused by processes like wetting/drying, freezing/thawing, and
The document discusses various aspects of slopes and badlands in desert geomorphology. It defines slopes as the angle of the earth's surface relative to horizontal, and describes the key slope processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition driven by geological agents like water, ice, and wind. It outlines different slope types including gentle vs steep, convex, concave, depositional, and tectonic. Badlands are defined as dry terrain with softer sedimentary rocks and clay-rich soils eroded by wind and water, forming steep slopes with minimal vegetation. Mass movement is explained as the gravity-driven movement of surface material, with water playing an important role. Different types of mass movement are also defined such as soil creep, sol
The document discusses the causes of landslides and sinkholes. It identifies several natural causes of landslides including climate, earthquakes, weathering, erosion, volcanic eruptions, and forest fires. It also discusses human causes such as mining and clear cutting. For sinkholes, natural causes include dissolution of sedimentary rocks, while human causes involve underground water pumping. The document provides examples of different types of landslides and sinkholes.
Landslides refer to the downward movement of land masses along steep slopes. They are classified based on speed and type of movement. Slow movements include solifluction, creep, and soil creep. Rapid movements are rapid flows. Landslides occur due to internal causes like steep slopes and water pressure, and external causes like earthquakes. Preventive measures include terracing slopes, installing drainage systems, and covering weak geological structures.
Landslides refer to the downward movement of land masses along steep slopes under the influence of gravity. They are classified based on speed and type of movement. Slow movements include solifluction, creep, and soil creep. Rapid movements include debris slides, rock slides, and rock falls. Landslides are caused by both internal factors like slope angle, groundwater, lithology, and geological structures, as well as external factors like earthquakes. Preventive measures include controlling slope angles, installing drainage systems, reinforcing weak zones, and controlling deforestation.
Landslides refer to the downward movement of land masses along steep slopes under the influence of gravity. They are classified based on speed and type of movement. Slow movements include solifluction, creep, and soil creep. Rapid movements are rapid flows. Landslides occur due to internal causes like steep slopes, groundwater, and lithology as well as external causes like earthquakes. Preventive measures include controlling slope angles, installing drainage systems, and stabilizing weak geological structures.
Landslides refer to the downward movement of land masses along steep slopes. They are classified based on speed and type of movement. Slow movements include solifluction, creep, and soil creep. Rapid movements are rapid flows. Landslides occur due to internal causes like steep slopes and water pressure, and external causes like earthquakes. Preventive measures include terracing slopes, installing drainage systems, and covering weak geological structures.
Landslides refer to the downward movement of land masses along steep slopes under the influence of gravity. They are classified based on speed and type of movement. Slow movements include solifluction, creep, and soil creep. Rapid movements include debris slides, rock slides, and rock falls. Landslides are caused by both internal factors like slope angle, groundwater, lithology, and geological structures, as well as external factors like earthquakes. Preventive measures include controlling slope angles, installing drainage systems, reinforcing weak zones, and controlling deforestation.
Landslides occur when masses of rock, earth, or debris move down a slope. They are caused by geological, physical, morphological, and anthropogenic factors that contribute to slope instability. Common types of landslides include debris flows, earth flows, debris avalanches, falls, and slumps. Landslides can be triggered by heavy rainfall, earthquakes, erosion, deforestation, and more. They often damage property and infrastructure and can threaten human life. Mitigation approaches include restricting development in high-risk areas, engineering structures to stabilize slopes, monitoring systems, and managing drainage.
Exogenous hazards originate above the earth's surface and include atmospheric, hydrospheric, and lithospheric disasters. Atmospheric disasters occur in the atmosphere and include droughts, rainfall, snowfall, winds, and hailstorms. Hydrospheric disasters are related to water and include wave currents, tsunamis, and floods. Lithospheric hazards occur near the earth's surface and are made up of landslides, weathering, erosion, avalanches, and sinkholes.
Sanskriti Kumari presented on the topic of soil erosion and its causes. She discussed the different types of soil erosion including water erosion, wind erosion, and mass movement. Water erosion can occur through splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, ravine erosion, and more. Wind erosion moves soil particles through surface creep, saltation, and suspension. Mass movement includes processes like creep, landslides, debris flows, and mudflows. The causes of soil erosion include soil erodibility, slope, climate, rainfall, deforestation, farming practices, and more. Long-term soil erosion degrades soil fertility and productivity by reducing topsoil thickness, rooting depth, and soil nutrient levels.
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials into the atmosphere that can harm humans or the environment. It occurs both outdoors and indoors. Major outdoor air pollutants include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter from sources such as fossil fuel combustion, industrial processes, vehicle emissions, and natural sources. Indoor air pollutants include those emitted from building materials, products, combustion sources, and biological sources. Air pollution has been shown to increase cardiopulmonary disease and cancer rates and cause premature death.
Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality caused by any process that changes ambient water temperature. Power plants and industrial manufacturers commonly use water as a coolant, which is then discharged at a higher temperature, decreasing oxygen levels and affecting ecosystems. Urban runoff from hot roads and parking lots can also thermally pollute streams. Control methods include cooling ponds, towers, and recycling waste heat, but some facilities like the Potrero Generating Station still significantly increase water temperature before discharge.
Erosion is the process of weathering and transport of solids in the natural environment or their source and deposits them elsewhere, usually occurring due to transport by wind, water, or ice. Erosion has been increased dramatically by human land use such as industrial agriculture, deforestation, and urban sprawl. Excessive erosion causes serious problems like sedimentation in receiving waters and ecosystem damage. The main causes of erosion include climatic factors like rainfall amounts, biological factors like ground cover, and human activities that remove vegetation.
Soil contamination is caused by chemicals from industrial activities such as underground storage tank ruptures, pesticide application, and landfill leaching. Common contaminants include petroleum, solvents, heavy metals, and pesticides. Mapping and cleaning contaminated sites is expensive and time-consuming. Health risks from contaminated soil include direct contact, vapor inhalation, and groundwater contamination. Ecosystems are also negatively impacted through changes to soil chemistry and the food chain. Cleanup options involve excavating soil, treating it on-site through aeration, heating, or bioremediation, extracting groundwater or vapors, containment, or phytoremediation using plants.
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances affect water quality in rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater. It has significant negative impacts on human health and ecosystems. The main causes are untreated sewage, industrial and agricultural waste, urban and stormwater runoff containing pathogens, chemicals, excess nutrients and other contaminants. Effective control requires treatment of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater before discharge, as well as management approaches to reduce non-point pollution from sources such as agriculture and construction sites.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm. It can take the form of chemical substances or energy in various forms. Major forms of pollution include air, water, soil, noise, light, and radioactive contamination. Pollution has negative effects on human health like respiratory diseases and cancer, and environmental effects like acid rain and climate change. Many nations have laws regulating pollution to protect the environment and human health. Pollution control methods aim to reduce emissions and effluents through practices like recycling and devices like scrubbers and sewage treatment.
Noise pollution is unwanted sound that disrupts human or animal activity and health. Common sources of noise pollution include transportation systems like vehicles, aircraft and trains. Poor urban planning can also result in noise pollution when industrial and residential areas are located side by side. Noise pollution negatively impacts human health by causing hearing loss, cardiovascular effects, sleep disturbances and more. It also harms animal communication and habitat usage. While regulations and technologies aim to reduce noise, enforcement remains inconsistent and many conflicts are resolved through negotiation between emitters and receivers.
Ozone depletion describes a decline in stratospheric ozone levels since the 1970s, with a seasonal ozone hole forming over Antarctica each spring. The primary cause is chlorine and bromine atoms released from man-made chemicals like CFCs. In polar regions, ozone depletion is greatly enhanced by reactions on surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds that convert stable reservoir compounds into reactive radicals, catalytically destroying ozone. The Antarctic ozone hole forms each spring when sunlight drives these reactions after polar stratospheric clouds form over the winter.
Flash floods occur when heavy rain or melting snow causes a rapid rise in water levels along a streambed or low-lying area. They can happen within six hours of precipitation and are distinguished from regular floods by their shorter timescales. Flash floods are dangerous because they develop quickly and can carry debris that causes injuries. More than half of flash flood deaths are people swept away in vehicles while attempting to cross flooded intersections.
Extinction refers to the end of a species or group of organisms. A species goes extinct when no living individuals remain. Extinction can occur through natural causes like climate change or competition, or through human activities like habitat destruction and overhunting. Mass extinctions where many species die out simultaneously have occurred throughout history, including five major events in Earth's past. Scientists estimate that human activities are currently driving extinction rates 100 to 1000 times higher than the natural background rate, and up to half of all species could be extinct by 2100 if trends continue.
Eutrophication is a process where excessive nutrients enter an ecosystem, usually due to human activities like agricultural runoff and sewage. This causes algal blooms that reduce water quality, kill fish, and harm biodiversity. The main sources of excess nutrients are point sources like wastewater pipes and nonpoint sources like agricultural and urban runoff. Prevention requires reducing nutrient inputs from these sources through regulations, riparian buffer zones, and policies that curb fertilizer and livestock waste runoff into waterways. Cleanup has been partially successful through phosphorus removal, but reducing nonpoint pollution remains a challenge.
Deforestation is the removal of forests through logging and burning trees. It occurs for various reasons like using trees for fuel, making charcoal, clearing land for agriculture, livestock grazing or settlements. Deforestation damages habitats, reduces biodiversity, and adversely impacts the carbon and water cycles. It contributes to climate change, soil erosion, desertification and displacement of indigenous people. The main direct causes of deforestation are agriculture (subsistence and commercial), logging, and fuel wood removals. Deforestation reduces environmental services provided by forests and degrades ecosystems.
Global warming refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth since the 1950s due to greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. The global surface temperature has increased by about 0.74°C over the past century and is projected to rise another 1.1-6.4°C by 2100 if emissions continue at a high rate. This warming is causing sea level rise and changes in weather patterns, and is expected to have widespread effects on natural and human systems. However, there is ongoing political debate around efforts to reduce greenhouse gases and mitigate global warming.
Solar prominences are huge loops of solar material that extend outward from the sun's surface. They can be several miles wide and tall. Prominences form over timescales of about a day and contain cooler plasma than the corona, appearing as bright features against the dark sky. The largest prominence observed was over 350,000 km long. Prominences are anchored in the photosphere by magnetic fields and supported against gravity, existing at boundaries between magnetic polarities. They can persist in the corona for several months before erupting.
Solar flares are violent eruptions on the Sun's surface that can release energy equivalent to millions of hydrogen bombs and last a few minutes. During flares, material is ejected into space at up to 1000 km/s in coronal mass ejections, which produce bursts in the solar wind that influence the solar system, including Earth by causing increased auroras and activity days later. Flares are associated with the Sun's magnetic field and occur more frequently near solar maximum when interactions between opposing magnetic fields are more common due to increased solar activity and sunspots.
Sunspots are cooler areas on the sun's surface with strong magnetic fields, sometimes as large as Earth. They occur in pairs and can be up to 6,400 K cooler than the surrounding photosphere. Sunspots follow an 11-year cycle of increasing and decreasing activity, with the last peak in 2001. When sunspots are most active, the sun is actually brighter due to surrounding brighter magnetic areas compensating for the dimmer spots. There are also much longer cycles of very low or high sunspot activity lasting around a century.
The document provides information about space stations. It discusses that space stations are artificial structures designed for humans to live in outer space in low earth orbit. The International Space Station is currently the only space station in use, while previous ones included Salyut, Skylab, and Mir. Space stations are used to study the effects of long-term space flight on humans and provide platforms for scientific studies. The longest single spaceflight is over 14 months aboard Mir.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
1. Landslide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to:navigation, search
This article is about the geological phenomenon. For Ruddslide (disambiguation), see
Landslide (disambiguation).
"Rockslide" redirects here. For the comic book character, see Rockslide (comics).
This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. See the talk page
for details. WikiProject Geology or the Geology Portal may be able to help
recruit an expert. (November 2007)
A "slump" landslide in San Mateo County, California in January 1997
A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of
ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows,
which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments. Although the action of
gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing
factors affecting the original slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up
specific sub-surface conditions that make the area/slope prone to failure, whereas the
actual landslide often requires a trigger before being released.
Contents
[hide]
2. • 1 Causes of landslides
• 2 Types of landslide
o 2.1 Debris flow
o 2.2 Earth flow
o 2.3 Debris avalanche
o 2.4 Sturzstrom
o 2.5 Shallow landslide
o 2.6 Deep-seated landslide
• 3 Causing tsunami
• 4 Related phenomena
• 5 Landslide prediction mapping
• 6 Prehistoric landslides
• 7 Historical landslides
o 7.1 19th Century
o 7.2 20th Century
o 7.3 21st Century
• 8 Extraterrestrial landslides
• 9 See also
• 10 References
• 11 External links
[edit] Causes of landslides
Main article: Causes of landslides
[[Image:Mameyes.jpg|thumb|right|The Mameyes Landslide, in barrio Tibes, Ponce,
Puerto Rico, which buried more than 100 homes, was caused by extensive accumulation
of rains and, according to some sources, lightning.] Landslides occur when the [slope
stability|stability of a slopes] changes from a stable to an unstable condition. A change in
the stability of a slope can be caused by a number of factors, acting together or alone.
Natural causes of landslides include:
• groundwater (porewater) pressure acting to destabilize the slope
• Loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure, soil nutrients, and soil structure
(e.g. after a wildfire)
• erosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean waves
• weakening of a slope through saturation by snowmelt, glaciers melting, or heavy
rains
• earthquakes adding loads to barely-stable slope
• earthquake-caused liquefaction destabilizing slopes
• volcanic eruptions
landslides are aggravated by human activities, Human causes include:deforestation,
cultivation and construction, which destabilize the already fragile slopes
3. • vibrations from machinery or traffic
• blasting
• earthwork which alters the shape of a slope, or which imposes new loads on an
existing slope
• in shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted vegetation that binds colluvium to
bedrock
• Construction, agricultural or forestry activities (logging) which change the
amount of water which infiltrates the soil.
[[File:Landslide in Sweden (Surte) 1950, 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2| The landslide at Surte
in Sweden, 1950. It was a quick clay slide killing one person.]]
[edit] Types of landslide
The following text needs to be harmonized with text in Landslide classification.
Main article: Landslide classification
[edit] Debris flow
Amboori debris flow, occurred on 9 November 2001 in Kerala, India. The event killed 39
people.[1]
Slope material that becomes saturated with water may develop into a debris flow or mud
flow. The resulting slurry of rock and mud may pick up trees, houses and cars, thus
blocking bridges and tributaries causing flooding along its path.
4. Debris flow is often mistaken for flash flood, but they are entirely different processes.
Muddy-debris flows in alpine areas cause severe damage to structures and infrastructure
and often claim human lives. Muddy-debris flows can start as a result of slope-related
factors and shallow landslides can dam stream beds, resulting in temporary water
blockage. As the impoundments fail, a "domino effect" may be created, with a
remarkable growth in the volume of the flowing mass, which takes up the debris in the
stream channel. The solid-liquid mixture can reach densities of up to 2 tons/m³ and
velocities of up to 14 m/s (Chiarle and Luino, 1998; Arattano, 2003). These processes
normally cause the first severe road interruptions, due not only to deposits accumulated
on the road (from several cubic metres to hundreds of cubic metres), but in some cases to
the complete removal of bridges or roadways or railways crossing the stream channel.
Damage usually derives from a common underestimation of mud-debris flows: in the
alpine valleys, for example, bridges are frequently destroyed by the impact force of the
flow because their span is usually calculated only for a water discharge. For a small basin
in the Italian Alps (area = 1.76 km²) affected by a debris flow, Chiarle and Luino (1998)
[citation needed]
estimated a peak discharge of 750 m3
/s for a section located in the middle
stretch of the main channel. At the same cross section, the maximum foreseeable water
discharge (by HEC-1), was 19 m³/s, a value about 40 times lower than that calculated for
the debris flow that occurred.
[edit] Earth flow
A rock slide in Guerrero, Mexico
Earthflows are downslope, viscous flows of saturated, fine-grained materials, which
move at any speed from slow to fast. Typically, they can move at speeds from 0.17 to
20 km/h. Though these are a lot like mudflows, overall they are slower moving and are
covered with solid material carried along by flow from within. They are different from
5. fluid flows in that they are more rapid. Clay, fine sand and silt, and fine-grained,
pyroclastic material are all susceptible to earthflows. The velocity of the earthflow is all
dependent on how much water content is in the flow itself: if there is more water content
in the flow, the higher the velocity will be.
These flows usually begin when the pore pressures in a fine-grained mass increase until
enough of the weight of the material is supported by pore water to significantly decrease
the internal shearing strength of the material. This thereby creates a bulging lobe which
advances with a slow, rolling motion. As these lobes spread out, drainage of the mass
increases and the margins dry out, thereby lowering the overall velocity of the flow. This
process causes the flow to thicken. The bulbous variety of earthflows are not that
spectacular, but they are much more common than their rapid counterparts. They develop
a sag at their heads and are usually derived from the slumping at the source.
Earthflows occur much more during periods of high precipitation, which saturates the
ground and adds water to the slope content. Fissures develop during the movement of
clay-like material creates the intrusion of water into the earthflows. Water then increases
the pore-water pressure and reduces the shearing strength of the material.[2]
[edit] Debris avalanche
Goodell Creek Debris Avalanche, Washington
A debris avalanche is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of rocks soil
and debris mixed with water or ice (or both). They are usually triggered by the saturation
of thickly vegetated slopes which results in an incoherent mixture of broken timber,
smaller vegetation and other debris.[3]
Debris avalanches differ from debris slides because
their movement is much more rapid. This is usually a result of lower cohesion or higher
water content and commonly steeper slopes.
Movement
Debris slides generally begin with large blocks that slump at the head of the slide and
then break apart as they move towards the toe. This process is much slower than that of a
debris avalanche. In a debris avalanche this progressive failure is very rapid and the
entire mass seems to somewhat liquefy as it moves down the slope. This is caused by the
combination of the excessive saturation of the material, and very steep slopes. As the
mass moves down the slope it generally follows stream channels leaving behind a V-
6. shaped scar that spreads out downhill. This differs from the more U-shaped scar of a
slump. Debris avalanches can also travel well past the foot of the slope due to their
tremendous speed.[4]
[edit] Sturzstrom
A sturzstrom is a rare, poorly understood type of landslide, typically with a long run-out.
Often very large, these slides are unusually mobile, flowing very far over a low angle,
flat, or even slightly uphill terrain.
See also: Slump (Geology)
[edit] Shallow landslide
Hotel Limone at the Garda Lake. Part of a hill of Devonian shale was removed to make
the road, forming a dip-slope. The upper block detached along a bedding plane and is
sliding down the hill, forming a jumbled pile of rock at the toe of the slide.
Landslide in which the sliding surface is located within the soil mantle or weathered
bedrock (typically to a depth from few decimetres to some metres). They usually include
debris slides, debris flow, and failures of road cut-slopes. Landslides occurring as single
large blocks of rock moving slowly down slope are sometimes called block glides.
Shallow landslides can often happen in areas that have slopes with high permeable soils
on top of low permeable bottom soils. The low permeable, bottom soils trap the water in
the shallower, high permeable soils creating high water pressure in the top soils. As the
top soils are filled with water and become heavy, slopes can become very unstable and
slide over the low permeable bottom soils. Say there is a slope with silt and sand as its
top soil and bedrock as its bottom soil. During an intense rainstorm, the bedrock will
keep the rain trapped in the top soils of silt and sand. As the topsoil becomes saturated
and heavy, it can start to slide over the bedrock and become a shallow landslide. R. H.
Campbell did a study on shallow landslides on Santa Cruz Island California. He notes
that if permeability decreases with depth, a perched water table may develop in soils at
intense precipitation. When pore water pressures are sufficient to reduce effective normal
stress to a critical level, failure occurs.[5]
7. [edit] Deep-seated landslide
Landslide of soil and regolith in Pakistan
Landslides in which the sliding surface is mostly deeply located below the maximum
rooting depth of trees (typically to depths greater than ten meters). Deep-seated landslides
usually involve deep regolith, weathered rock, and/or bedrock and include large slope
failure associated with translational, rotational, or complex movement. These typically
move slowly, only several meters per year, but occasionally move faster. They tend to be
larger than shallow landslides and form along a plane of weakness such as a fault or
bedding plane. They can be visually identified by concave scarps at the top and steep
areas at the toe. [6]
[edit] Causing tsunami
Landslides that occur undersea, or have impact into water, can generate tsunamis.
Massive landslides can also generate megatsunamis, which are usually hundreds of
metres high. In 1958, one such tsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in Alaska.
[edit] Related phenomena
• An avalanche, similar in mechanism to a landslide, involves a large amount of ice,
snow and rock falling quickly down the side of a mountain.
• A pyroclastic flow is caused by a collapsing cloud of hot ash, gas and rocks from
a volcanic explosion that moves rapidly down an erupting volcano.
[edit] Landslide prediction mapping
8. Global landslide risks
Ferguson Slide on California State Route 140 in June 2006
Landslide hazard analysis and mapping can provide useful information for catastrophic
loss reduction, and assist in the development of guidelines for sustainable land use
planning. The analysis is used to identify the factors that are related to landslides,
estimate the relative contribution of factors causing slope failures, establish a relation
between the factors and landslides, and to predict the landslide hazard in the future based
on such a relationship [7]
. The factors that have been used for landslide hazard analysis
can usually be grouped into geomorphology, geology, land use/land cover, and
hydrogeology [8]
. Since many factors are considered for landslide hazard mapping, GIS is
an appropriate tool because it has functions of collection, storage, manipulation, display,
and analysis of large amounts of spatially referenced data which can be handled fast and
effectively [9]
. Remote sensing techniques are also highly employed for landslide hazard
assessment and analysis. Before and after aerial photographs and satellite imagery are
used to gather landslide characteristics, like distribution and classification, and factors
like slope, lithology, and land use/land cover to be used to help predict future events [10]
.
Before and after imagery also helps to reveal how the landscape changed after an event,
what may have triggered the landslide, and shows the process of regeneration and
recovery [11]
.
Using satellite imagery in combination with GIS and on-the-ground studies, it is possible
to generate maps of likely occurrences of future landslides [12]
. Such maps should show
the locations of previous events as well as clearly indicate the probable locations of future
events. In general, to predict landslides, one must assume that their occurrence is
determined by certain geologic factors, and that future landslides will occur under the
same conditions as past events [13]
. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a relationship
between the geomorphologic conditions in which the past events took place and the
expected future conditions [14]
.
Natural disasters are a dramatic example of people living in conflict with the
environment. Early predictions and warnings are essential for the reduction of property
damage and loss of life. Because landslides occur frequently and can represent some of
the most destructive forces on earth, it is imperative to have a good understanding as to
what causes them and how people can either help prevent them from occurring or simply
avoid them when they do occur. Sustainable land management and development is an
essential key to reducing the negative impacts felt by landslides.
9. GIS offers a superior method for landslide analysis because it allows one to capture,
store, manipulate, analyze, and display large amounts of data quickly and effectively.
Because so many variables are involved, it is important to be able to overlay the many
layers of data to develop a full and accurate portrayal of what is taking place on the
Earth's surface. Researchers need to know which variables are the most important factors
that trigger landslides in any given location. Using GIS, extremely detailed maps can be
generated to show past events and likely future events which have the potential to save
lives, property, and money.
[edit] Prehistoric landslides
The Hope Slide in British Columbia, Canada
• The Agulhas slide, ca. 20,000 km3
(1.2×1010
mi), off South Africa, post-Pliocene
in age, the largest so far described[15]
• The Storegga Slide, Norway, ca. 3,500 km3
(840 cu mi), ca. 8,000 years ago
• The Ruatoria debris avalanche, off North Island New Zealand, ca. 3,000 km³ in
volume, 170,000 years ago [1].
• The landslide around 200BC which formed Lake Waikaremoana on the North
Island of New Zealand, where a large block of the Ngamoko Range slid and
dammed a gorge of Waikaretaheke River between the Ngamoko and Panekiri
ranges, forming a natural reservior up to 248 metres deep.
• Landslide which moved Heart Mountain to its current location, Park County,
Wyoming, the largest ever discovered on land.
• Cheekye Fan, British Columbia, Canada, ca. 25 km2
(9.7 sq mi), Late Pleistocene
in age.
[edit] Historical landslides
[edit] 19th Century
• Cliff landslip of the Undercliff near Lyme Regis, Dorset, England, on 24
December 1839
• Face collapse of The Barrier in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, 1855–
1856
• The Cap Diamant Québec rockslide on September 19, 1889
10. [edit] 20th Century
• Frank Slide, Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada, on 29 April 1903
• Tokigawa landslide in Saitama, Japan on August 1910.[citation needed]
• Amali landslide in Salerno, Italy on March 1924.[citation needed]
• Gros Ventre landslide in Wyoming, United States, on June 23, 1925
• Mount Serrat landslide in Santos, Brazil on March 1928.[citation needed]
• Dalseong landslide in suburb of Daegu, South Korea on July 1930.[citation needed]
• Ricardo Calma landslide in Peru on February 1932[citation needed]
• Tantaday landslide in Peru on March 1933[citation needed]
• Lokchang (present day of Lechang) landslide in Shaoguan, Guangdong, China on
May 1934[citation needed]
• Tsumagoi mudslide with Kogushi sulphur mine damage in Gunma, Japan on
November 1937.[citation needed]
• Mount Rokko mudslide by heavy rain in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan on July 1938.[citation
needed]
• Mongui village landslide in Boyacá, Colombia on November 1941.[citation needed]
• Rio Santa and Cordillera Blanca avalanche in Ancash Region, Peru on December
1941.[citation needed]
• Alcalá del Jucar landslide in Albacete, Spain on December 1945.[citation needed]
• Guwahati Landslide in Assam, India on September 1948.[citation needed]
• Khait landslide, Khait, Tajikistan, Soviet Union, on July 10, 1949
• Condor Hill landslide in Ancash, Peru on January 1951.[citation needed]
• Santa Elena landslide in Antioquia Department, Colombia on July 1954.[citation needed]
• Mapou landslide by Hurricane Hazel in Haiti on October 1954.[citation needed]
• Ibaque and Chapeton landslide in Tolima Department, Colombia on November
1954.[citation needed]
• Molina di Vietri and Ponte Romano landslide in Salerno, Italy on October 1954.
[citation needed]
• Sasebo mudslide with Abe coal mine and dormitory site in Nagasaki, Kyūshū on
April 1955.[citation needed]
• Shillong landslide in Meghalaya, India on June 1958[citation needed]
• The Riñihuazo landslide in Chile after the Great Chilean Earthquake, on 22 May
1960
• Babi Yar landslide in Kurenivka, Ukraine on April 1961.[citation needed]
• Ranrahirca landslide in Peru on January 1962.[citation needed]
• Tara landslide in Kyūshū, Japan, on July 1962[citation needed]
• Tampayacta landslide in Peru on March 1963.[citation needed]
• Changsungpo village landslide in Koje Island, South Korea on June 1963.[citation
needed]
• Chepe Ghat landslide in Gorkha District, Nepal on August 1963.[citation needed]
• Monte Toc landslide (260 millions cubic metres) falling into the Vajont Dam
basin in Italy, causing a megatsunami and about 2000 casualties, on October 9,
1963
• Hope Slide landslide (46 million cubic metres) near Hope, British Columbia on
January 9, 1965.[16]
11. • El Cobre landslide with El Soldado cooper mine damage in Atacama, Chile on
February 1965.[citation needed]
• The 1966 Aberfan disaster
• Santa Teresa landslide in Rio State, Brazil on February 1967.[citation needed]
• Caraguatatuba landslide in State of São Paulo, Brazil on March 1967.[citation needed]
• Kure mudslide by Typhoon Billie in Hiroshima, Japan on July 1967.[citation needed]
• Hida River landslide with two charter buses plunge in Gero, Gifu, Japan on
August 1968.[citation needed]
• Darjeeling landslide in West Bengal on October 1968.[citation needed]
• Amherst and Nelson landslide by Hurricane Camille in Virginia on August 1969.
[citation needed]
• the May 31, 1970 slide from Cerro Huascaran that buried the town of Yungay.
• Cauca River valley landslide in Caldas, Colombia, on December 1970[citation needed]
• Chungar landslide by avalanche in Peru, on March 1971.[citation needed]
• Saint-Jean-Vianney, Quebec, Canada. Small village near Saguenay river
destroyed in May 1971.[17]
• Khinjan Pass landslide in Baghian, Afghanistan on July 1971.[citation needed]
• Tosayamada landslide in Shikoku, Japan on July 1972.[citation needed]
• Amakusa mudslide in Kumamoto, Kyūshū, Japan on July 1972.[citation needed]
• Moyomarca hill mudslide in Huancayo, Peru on April 1974.[citation needed]
• Quebradablanca avalanche with swept 33 vehicle in Boyacá, Colombia on June
1974.[citation needed]
• Zona de Armenta and Omoa landslide by Hurricane Fifi in Cortes Department,
Honduras, on September 1974.[citation needed]
• Pahire Phedi landslide in Nepal on June 1976.[citation needed]
• Baliem Valley landslide by 1976 Papua earthquake in Irian Jaya, Indonesia on
July 1976.[citation needed]
• Siheung and Anyang landslide in Gyeonggi, South Korea on July 1977.[citation needed]
• Tuve landslide in Gothenburg, Sweden on November 30, 1977.
• Nilgiri Hills landslide in Tamil Nadu, India on November 1978[citation needed]
• The 1979 Abbotsford landslip, Dunedin, New Zealand on August 8, 1979.
• Ayvazhaci avalanche in Kayseri Province, Turkey, on March 1980.[citation needed]
• Landslides associated with the Mount St. Helens eruption on May 18, 1980.
• Mount Semeru landslide by heavy rain in East Java, Indonesia on August
1981[citation needed]
• Nakajima landslide in Nagasaki, Kyūshū, Japan on July 1982[citation needed]
• Ataco mudslide in El Salvador on September 1982[citation needed]
• Dongxing landslide in Gansu, China, on March 1983[citation needed]
• Thistle, Utah on 14 April 1983
• Chunchi mudslide in Chimborazo, Ecuador on April 1983[citation needed]
• Almora landslide in Uttar Pradesh, India on July 1983[citation needed]
• Dongchuan landslide in Yunnan, China on May 1984[citation needed]
• The Mameyes Disaster - Ponce, Puerto Rico on October 7, 1985
• Buyeo and Seocheon landslide by Typhoon Thelma in Chungchongnam-do, South
Korea, on July 1987.[citation needed]
• Val Pola landslide during Valtellina disaster (1987) Italy
12. • El Limon mudslide in Aragua, Venezuela on September 1987.[citation needed]
• Villatina mudslide in Colombia on September 1987.[citation needed]
• Wuxi County landslide in Sichuan, China on September 1987.[citation needed]
• Macka landslide in Trabzon, Turkey on June 1988[citation needed]
• Darwang and Niskot landslide in Myagdi, Nepal on September 1988.[citation needed]
• Sharora landslide by 1989 Tajikistan earthquale in Hisor District, Tajikistan on
January 1989.[citation needed]
• Tsablanca landslide in Georgia on April 1989.[citation needed]
• Bhaji landslide in Maharashtra, India on July 1989[citation needed]
• Calama mudslide in Atacama, Chile on June 1991.[citation needed]
• Zhaotong landslide by torrential rain, in Yunnan, China on September 1991[citation
needed]
• Ninghai mudslide in Zhejiang, China on September 1992.[citation needed]
• Llipi Limitada landslide in Larecaja Province, Bolivia, on December 1992.[citation
needed]
• Nambija Bajo mudslide in Zamora, Ecuador on May 1993.[citation needed]
• The Pantai Remis landslide in 1993 in an abandoned coastal tin mine in Malaysia,
forming a new cove
• Kagoshima mudslide in Kyūshū, Japan on August 1993.[citation needed]
• Yuangyang mudslide in Yunnan, China on July 1994[citation needed]
• Khooni Nallah and Banihal tunnel avalanche in Jammu and Kashimir region,
India on January 1995.[citation needed]
• Wakhan landslide in Badakhshan, Afghanistan on April 1995.[citation needed]
• Cheorwon landslide in Gangwon, South Korea on July 1996.[citation needed]
• Tamburco mudslide by torrential rain in Apurímac Region, Peru on February
1997.[citation needed]
• Thredbo landslide, Australia on 30 July 1997, destroyed hostel.
• Pithoragarh mudslide in Uttar Pradesh, India on August 1998[citation needed]
• Lishui landslide in Zhejiang, China on September 1999[citation needed]
• The Vargas tragedy, due to heavy rains in Vargas State, Venezuela, on December,
1999, causing tens of thousands of casualties.
• Aldercrest-Banyon landslide in Kelso, Washington, in 1998-1999, one of the
worst urban landslides in U.S. history destroying 127 homes and causing $40
million in damages.[18]
[edit] 21st Century
• Payatas, Manila garbage slide on 11 July 2000.[citation needed]
• Mianning landslide by torrential rain in Liangshan, Sichuan, China on July
2000[citation needed]
• Amboori landslide, in Kerala, 2001
• Danba mudslide in Sichuan, China on July 2003[citation needed]
• Zuojiaying landslide in Nayong, Guizhou, China on December 2004[citation needed]
• La Conchita mudslide in California, United States on January 10, 2005, killed 10
people and destroyed 18 homes
13. • Jaigaon mudslide in Maharashtra, India on July 2005[citation needed]
• Southern Leyte landslide in the Philippines on 17 February 2006
• Devil's Slide, an ongoing landslide in San Mateo County, California
• Landslide in Sulawesi, Indonesia, June 2006.[19]
• Liangshan mudslide in Sichuan, China on May 2007[citation needed]
• 2007 Chittagong mudslide, in Chittagong, Bangladesh, on June 11, 2007.
• 2008 Cairo landslide on September 6, 2008.
• Xiangfen County mudslide with unlicensed Tashan coal mine collapse in Shanxi,
China on September 2008.[citation needed]
• Lincang mudslide in Yunnan, China on November 2008[citation needed]
• Wulong mudslide in Chongqing, China on July 2009[citation needed]
• Hofu mudslide in Yamaguchi, Japan on July 2009.[citation needed]
• Liuzhou, Guangxi Region, China - derailed train, killing 4 [20]
• Shiaolin landslide by Typhoon Morakot in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan on August
2009[citation needed]
• Nile Valley Landslide, no injuries but destroyed some houses, obliterated a
quarter mile of Washington State Route 410 and redirecting the Naches River 10
miles west of Naches, Washington on 11 October 2009.
• Bayambang and Alcalá landslide in Benguet, Philippines on October 2009.[citation
needed]
• San Vicente and San Salvador mudslide by Hurricane Ida in El Salvador on
November 2009.[citation needed]
• Angra dos Reis mudslide in Ilha Grande Island, Rio State, Brazil on January
2010.[citation needed]
• The Hunza Valley landslide in northern Pakistan destroyed 26 homes and killed
20 people on January 4, 2010.[21]
The landslide also blocked the Hunza River,
creating an 26-kilometre long lake that inundated several villages and submerged
30 kilometres of the Karakoram Highway.[21]
• The 2010 Uganda landslide caused over 100 deaths following heavy rain in
Bududa region.
• Morro Bumba mudslide in Rio State, Brazil on April 2010.[citation needed]
• Ruptured irrigation system caused over 11 deaths in Italy on April 12, 2010
• Landslide in Saint-Jude, Québec killing a family of four on May 10, 2010.[22]
• Number K859 Shanghai-Gulin express train derail by landslide in Jiang Zhidong
Jiangxi, China on May 2010.[citation needed]
[edit] Extraterrestrial landslides
14. Before and after radar images of a landslide on Venus. In the center of the image on the
right, the new landslide, a bright, flow-like area, can be seen extending to the left of a
bright fracture. 1990 image.
Landslide in progress on Mars, 2008-02-19
Evidence of past landslides has been detected on many bodies in the solar system, but
since most observations are made by probes that only observe for a limited time and most
bodies in the solar system appear to be geologically inactive not many landslides are
known to have happened in recent times. Both Venus and Mars have been subject to
long-term mapping by orbiting satellites, and examples of landslides have been observed
on both.
[edit] See also
An infra-red view of a landslide in the Valley of the Geysers
15. • Automatic Deformation Monitoring System
• Deformation monitoring
• Earthquake engineering
• Geotechnics
• Geotechnical engineering
• Landslide dam
• Landslide mitigation
• Mass wasting
• Slope stability
• Sturzstrom
• Submarine landslide
• Washaway
• Mudslide
• California landslides
[edit] References
1. ^ History of landslide susceptibility and a chorology of landslide prone areas in the
Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Environmental Geology. 2008. doi:10.1007/s00254-008-
1431-9..
2. ^ Easterbrook, Don J. (1999). Surface Processes and Landforms. Upper Saddle River:
Prentice-Hall.
3. ^ Easterbrook, Don J. Surface Processes and Landforms. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1999.
4. ^ Schuster, R.L. & Krizek, R.J. (1978). Landslides: Analysis and Control. Washington,
D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.
5. ^ Renwick,W., Brumbaugh,R. & Loeher,L. 1982. Landslide Morphology and Processes
on Santa Cruz Island California. Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography,
Vol. 64, No. 3/4, pp. 149-159
6. ^ Johnson, B.F. Slippery slopes. Earth magazine. June 2010. pgs 48-55.
7. ^ Chen,Z. and J. Wang. 2007. Landslide hazard mapping using logistic regression model
in Mackenzie Valley, Canada. Natural Hazards 42:75-89.
8. ^ Clerici, A.; S. Perego; C. Tellini; P.Vescavi. 2002. A procedure for landslide
susceptibility zonation by the conditional analysis method. Geomorphology 48(4):349-
364.
9. ^ 8
10. ^ Metternicht, G.; L. Hurni; R. Gogu. 2005. Remote sensing of landslides: An analysis of
the potential contribution to geo-spatial systems for hazard assessment in mountainous
environments. Remote Sensing of Environment 98: 284-303.
11. ^ De La Ville, N.; A.C. Diaz; D. Ramirez. 2002. Remote sensing and GIS technologies
as tools to support sustainable management of areas devastated by landslides.
Environment, Development, and Sustainability 4: 221-229.
12. ^ Fabbri, A.; C. Chung; A. Cendrero; J. Remondo. 2003. Is prediction of future
landslides possible with a GIS? Natural Hazards 30: 487-499.
13. ^ Lee, S. and J.A. Talib. 2005. Probabilistic landslide susceptibility and factor effect
analysis. Environmental Geology 47: 982-990.
16. 14. ^ Olmacher, G.C. and J.C. Davis. 2003. Using multiple logistic regression and GIS
technology to predict landslide hazard in northeast Kansas, USA. Engineering Geology
69(3-4): 331-343.
15. ^ Dingle,R.V. 1977. The anatomy of a large submarine slump on a sheared continental
margin (SE Africa). Journal of Geological Society London, 134, 293-310.
16. ^ "Hope Slide". BC Geographical Names Information System.
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcgn-bin/bcg10?name=53154.
17. ^ Glissement de terrain à Saint-Jean-Vianney | Les Archives de Radio-Canada
18. ^ Aldercrest-Banyon Landslide Kelso, Washington (1998-99)
19. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan: Emergency Assistance to Indonesia for Flood and
Landslide Disaster in South Sulawesi Province
20. ^ Illawarra Mercury 30 July 2009
21. ^ a b
"Landslide Lake in Northwest Pakistan". NASA Earth Observatory. 2010-03-18.
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=43175. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
22. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2010/05/11/quebec-landslide.html
• Pudasaini, Shiva P., Hutter, Kolumban, Avalanche Dynamics: Dynamics of Rapid
Flows of Dense Granular Avalanches. Springer, Berlin, New York, 2007, ISBN
3-540-32686-3
• Pradhan, B., Lee, S. Use of geospatial data for the development of fuzzy algebraic
operators to landslide hazard mapping: a case study in Malaysia. Applied
Geomatics, Springer, Berlin, 2009, DOI 10.1007/s12518-009-0001-5
• Chen,Z. and J. Wang. 2007. Landslide hazard mapping using logistic regression
model in Mackenzie Valley, Canada. Natural Hazards 42:75-89.
• Lee, S. Pradhan, B. Probabilistic Landslide Risk Mapping at Penang Island,
Malaysia. Earth System Science, 2006, vol. 115, No. 6, December, pp. 1–12.
(Springer publication)
• Pradhan, B., Singh, R.P., Buchroithner, M.F. Estimation of Stress and Its Use in
Evaluation of Landslide Prone Regions Using Remote Sensing Data". Advance in
Space Research, 2005, vol. 37, pp: 698 – 709, Elsevier publication,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.137
• Pradhan, B., Lee, S. Utilization of optical remote sensing data and geographic
information system tools for regional landslide hazard analysis by using binomial
logistic regression model. Applied Remote Sensing, 2008, SPIE, Vol. 2: pp:1-11
• Clerici, A.; S. Perego; C. Tellini; P.Vescavi. 2002. A procedure for landslide
susceptibility zonation by the conditional analysis method. Geomorphology
48(4):349-364.
• Metternicht, G.; L. Hurni; R. Gogu. 2005. Remote sensing of landslides: An
analysis of the potential contribution to geo-spatial systems for hazard assessment
in mountainous environments. Remote Sensing of Environment 98: 284-303.
• De La Ville, N.; A.C. Diaz; D. Ramirez. 2002. Remote sensing and GIS
technologies as tools to support sustainable management of areas devastated by
landslides. Environment, Development, and Sustainability 4: 221-229.
• Fabbri, A.; C. Chung; A. Cendrero; J. Remondo. 2003. Is prediction of future
landslides possible with a GIS? Natural Hazards 30: 487-499.
• Lee, S. and J.A. Talib. 2005. Probabilistic landslide susceptibility and factor
effect analysis. Environmental Geology 47: 982-990.
17. • Olmacher, G.C. and J.C. Davis. 2003. Using multiple logistic regression and GIS
technology to predict landslide hazard in northeast Kansas, USA. Engineering
Geology 69(3-4): 331-343.