Exogenous hazards originate above the earth's surface and include atmospheric, hydrospheric, and lithospheric disasters. Atmospheric disasters occur in the atmosphere and include droughts, rainfall, snowfall, winds, and hailstorms. Hydrospheric disasters are related to water and include wave currents, tsunamis, and floods. Lithospheric hazards occur near the earth's surface and are made up of landslides, weathering, erosion, avalanches, and sinkholes.
The disasters that are existing or occurring in outer space beyond a planet, especially away from the planet Earth are called as extra terrestrial or extra planetary disasters.
The disasters that are existing or occurring in outer space beyond a planet, especially away from the planet Earth are called as extra terrestrial or extra planetary disasters.
Study of earthquake hazards or disaster Jahangir Alam
Earthquake Hazards
Definition of Hazard
Liquefaction
Ground Shaking
Ground Displacement
Flooding
Tsunami
Fire
Types of Hazard
Natural Hazards as Earthquakes
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Ground Shaking:
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples include floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes.
Introduction to natural hazard and disaster management Jahangir Alam
The earth indeed a hazardous planet
There are 516 active volcanoes with an eruption every 15 days (on average)
Global monitors record approximately 2000 earth tremors everyday
There are approximately 2 earthquakes per day of sufficient strength to cause damage to homes and buildings, with severe damage occurring 15 to 20 times per year.
There are 1800 thunderstorms at any given time across the earth surface; lightening strikes 100 times every second.
On average there 4 to 5 tornadoes per day or 600 1000 per year.
NATURAL HAZARDS: SOME FACTS & STATISTICS
Environmental or Natural Hazards/Disasters generally refers to geophysical events such as earthquakes, volcanoes, drought, flooding, cyclone, lightening etc., that can potentially cause large scale economic damage and physical injury or death. Environmental hazards are sometimes known as ‘Act of God.’
The Philippines is prone to geological events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. These natural events bring about different hazards that may cause damage to infrastructures and endanger human lives.
Vulnerability describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors.
The probability that a community’s structure or geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction, and proximity to a hazardous area.
Coping Capacity is the ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to face and manage adverse conditions, emergencies or disasters.
A key concept on the subject DRRR. This entails the definition of vulnerability, types of vulnerability and the key concepts of vulnerability. A summary definition of risk and hazard are also observable.
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
The term landslide or less frequently, landslip, refers to several forms of mass wasting that include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failure
A landslide is the movement of rock, earth, or debris down a sloped section of land. Landslides are caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors that make the slope unstable. s, mudflows and debris flows
Study of earthquake hazards or disaster Jahangir Alam
Earthquake Hazards
Definition of Hazard
Liquefaction
Ground Shaking
Ground Displacement
Flooding
Tsunami
Fire
Types of Hazard
Natural Hazards as Earthquakes
What Are Earthquake Hazards?
Ground Shaking:
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples include floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes.
Introduction to natural hazard and disaster management Jahangir Alam
The earth indeed a hazardous planet
There are 516 active volcanoes with an eruption every 15 days (on average)
Global monitors record approximately 2000 earth tremors everyday
There are approximately 2 earthquakes per day of sufficient strength to cause damage to homes and buildings, with severe damage occurring 15 to 20 times per year.
There are 1800 thunderstorms at any given time across the earth surface; lightening strikes 100 times every second.
On average there 4 to 5 tornadoes per day or 600 1000 per year.
NATURAL HAZARDS: SOME FACTS & STATISTICS
Environmental or Natural Hazards/Disasters generally refers to geophysical events such as earthquakes, volcanoes, drought, flooding, cyclone, lightening etc., that can potentially cause large scale economic damage and physical injury or death. Environmental hazards are sometimes known as ‘Act of God.’
The Philippines is prone to geological events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. These natural events bring about different hazards that may cause damage to infrastructures and endanger human lives.
Vulnerability describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors.
The probability that a community’s structure or geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction, and proximity to a hazardous area.
Coping Capacity is the ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to face and manage adverse conditions, emergencies or disasters.
A key concept on the subject DRRR. This entails the definition of vulnerability, types of vulnerability and the key concepts of vulnerability. A summary definition of risk and hazard are also observable.
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
The term landslide or less frequently, landslip, refers to several forms of mass wasting that include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failure
A landslide is the movement of rock, earth, or debris down a sloped section of land. Landslides are caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors that make the slope unstable. s, mudflows and debris flows
Landslide ,cause, impact as natural hazards and control.pptxSatyapriyaSahoo12
A landslide is a geological phenomenon where a mass of rock, earth, or debris moves downhill due to gravity. Landslides can occur on steep slopes, cliffs, and mountains, and can be triggered by a variety of factors such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and human activities like excavation or construction.
Landslides can take different forms depending on the type of material involved and the speed of movement. They can be slow-moving or rapid, and can travel short distances or cover vast areas. Some common types of landslides include rockfalls, debris flows, mudslides, and rockslides.
Landslides can have serious consequences for people and the environment. They can cause property damage, loss of life, and disrupt transportation and communication networks. In addition, landslides can alter the landscape, affect ecosystems, and create new hazards such as damming of rivers and formation of new lakes.
This ppt explained what is disaster and what are the common types of disaster. Then it explains the natural disasters like Flood, earthquake, tsunami, drought, landslides, heat & cold waves, thunderstorm etc....
Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration, or electromagnetism.
A nuclear explosion is an explosion that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction. The driving reaction may be nuclear fission, nuclear fusion or a multistage cascading combination of the two, though to date all fusion-based weapons have used a fission device to initiate fusion, and a pure fusion weapon remains a hypothetical device.
Rare events are events that occur with low or high frequency, and the term is often used in particular reference to infrequent or hypothetical events that have potentially widespread impact and which might destabilize society. Rare events encompass natural phenomena (major earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, asteroid impacts, solar flares, etc.).
A chemical accident is the unintentional release of one or more hazardous substances which could harm human health or the environment. Chemical hazards are systems where chemical accidents could occur under certain circumstances. Such events include fires, explosions, leakages or releases of toxic or hazardous materials that can cause people illness, injury, disability or death.
A disaster is a serious disruption, occurring over a relatively short time, of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
A landslide, also known as a landslip or Mudslide, is a form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows. Landslides can occur underwater, called a submarine landslide, coastal and onshore environments.
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to the people around and destroy whole cities.
Man made disasters are hazards caused by human action or inaction. They are contrasted with natural hazards. Man made disasters may adversely affect humans, other organisms and ecosystems. The frequency and severity of hazards are key elements in some risk analysis methodologies.
Foam concrete has become most trending material in construction industry. People from construction field were come
out with the mix design of foam concrete to meet the specifications and the requirement needs. This is because foam concrete
has the possibility as alternative of lightweight concrete for producing intermediate strength capabilities with excellent thermal
insulation, freeze-thaw resistance, high impact resistance and good shock absorption. Fibres are generally used in concrete to
reduce the crackings due to plastic and drying shrinkages. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce
bleeding of water. The inclusion of fibre reinforcement in concrete can enhance many more engineering properties of the basic
materials, Such as fracture toughness, flexural toughness, flexural strength and resistance to fatigue, impact, thermal shock and
spalling. From the practical observations on addition of 2% of fibre gives the effective distribution of fibre in the concrete. The
strain value of the concrete is decreases with increase in fibre content.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. EXOGENOUS HAZARDS
• Hazards which originate above the surface of the
earth (in the atmosphere) are called exogenous
hazards.
• E.g. Drought, Rainfall, Snowfall, Winds, Hailstorm
4. ATMOSPHERIC DISASTERS
• Atmospheric Disasters that originate in the
atmosphere of the earth are called atmospheric
hazards. These include cyclones, tornadoes,
droughts, thunderstorms etc. Drought, Rainfall,
Snowfall, Winds, Hailstorm
5. DROUGHTS
• A drought is a period of below-average
precipitation in a region; resulting in prolonged
shortages in the water supply, whether
atmospheric, surface water or ground water. A
drought can last for months or years, or may be
declared after as few as 15 days.
6. Cont..
• It can have a substantial impact on the
ecosystem and agriculture of the affected
region and harm to the local economy.
• Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly
increase the chances of a drought developing and
subsequent bush fires. Periods of heat can
significantly worsen drought conditions by
hastening evaporation of water vapour.
7.
8.
9. RAINFALL
• Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that
have condensed from atmospheric water vapour
and then becomes heavy enough to fall under
gravity. Rain is a major component of the water
cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the
fresh water on the Earth. It provides suitable
conditions for many types of ecosystems, as well as
water for hydroelectric power plants and crop
irrigation.
10.
11.
12. SNOWFALL
• Snow refers to forms of ice crystals that precipitate
from the atmosphere (usually from clouds) and
undergo changes on the Earth's surface. It pertains to
frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle,
starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice
crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimetre
size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then
metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or
sublimate away. Snowstorms organize and develop by
feeding on sources of atmospheric moisture and cold
air.
13.
14. WINDS
• Wind disasters (WDs) contribute to tremendous
physical destruction, injury, loss of life, and
economic damage. The effects of WDs may not be
limited to wind damage, as concurrent heavy rains
and flooding often wreak additional havoc. While
there is some evidence pointing towards increasing
number of destructive wind phenomena over the
last few decades, these findings are at least partly
due to the fact that our observational capabilities
and recording of such events have improved
markedly, leading to greater public awareness of
severe weather events worldwide.
15.
16.
17. HAILSTROMS
• A hailstorm is precipitation in the form of balls or
lumps of clear ice and compact snow. It is not
known for sure how hailstones form and grow. We
do know that they are spherical or irregularly
spherical and usually vary in diameter up to 1/2 in.
(1.3 cm); in rare cases hailstones having diameters
up to 5 in. (12.7 cm) have been observed. Hail
causes much damage and injury to crops, livestock,
property, and airplanes.
18.
19.
20.
21. HYDROSPHERIC DISASTERS
• Those natural hazards that are related to water
in the atmosphere are termed as Hydrospheric
hazards. These include Wave Currents,
Tsunamis, Floods.
22. WAVE CURRENT
• An wave current is a seasonal directed movement
of seawater generated by forces acting upon this
mean flow, such as breaking waves, wind, the
Coriolis effect, cabbeling, temperature and salinity
differences, while tides are caused by the
gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon. Depth
contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions
with other currents influence a current's direction
and strength. Therefore, ocean currents are
primarily horizontal water movements.
23.
24.
25.
26. TSUNAMI
• A Tsunami, also known as a seismic sea
wave or as a tidal wave, is a series of waves
in a water body caused by the displacement
of a large volume of water, generally in an
ocean or a large lake. Tsunamis can be
caused by undersea earth quakes.
27.
28.
29.
30. FLOODS
• A flood is an overflow of water that
submerges land. Flood as a temporary
covering by water of land which is usually
not covered by water. Flooding may result
from the volume of water within a body of
water, such as a river or lake, which
overflows causing the result that some of the
water escapes its usual boundaries.
31. FLOODS
• While the size of a lake or other body of
water will vary with seasonal changes in
precipitation and snow melt, it is not a
significant flood unless the water covers land
used by man like a village, city or other
inhabited area, roads, expanses of farmland,
etc.
32.
33.
34. LITHOSPHERIC HAZARDS
• Lithospheric hazards are those natural hazards that
occur near to the surface of the earth. It includes the
following hazards: Landslides, weathering, erosion,
avalanches, sinkholes.
36. LANDSLIDES
• A landslide, also known as
a landslip or Mudslide, is a form of mass
wasting that includes a wide range of ground
movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure
of slopes, and shallow debris flows. Landslides can
occur underwater, called a submarine
landslide, coastal and onshore environments.
37. Contd..
• Factor of Safety(F) :
F = Resisting Force(R) / Driving Force(D)
• When, F< 1 = landslide occur
• Resisting forces (R) preventing the mass from sliding
down the slope are inversely proportional to the same hill
slope angle and directly proportional to the frictional angle
of the material.
• Although the action of gravity is the primary driving
force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing
factors affecting the original slope stability.
38. CAUSES
• Landslides occur when the slope changes from a
stable to an unstable condition. A change in the
stability of a slope can be caused by a number of
factors, acting together or alone. Natural causes of
landslides include:
• Groundwater (pore water) pressure acting to
destabilize the slope
• weakening of a slope through saturation by snow
melting, glaciers melting, or heavy rain.
39. CAUSES
• Landslides that are caused by human activities,
such as
• deforestation, cultivation and construction, which
destabilize the already fragile slopes.
• vibrations from machinery or traffic
• blasting
• earthwork which alters the shape of a slope, or
which imposes new loads on an existing slope
40. COMMON TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
• Rotational slides
• Translational slides
• Rock Fall
• Rock toppling
• Lateral spreading
• Debris flow
41. ROTATIONAL SLIDES
• A slide type landslide is a down-slope movement of
material that occurs along a distinctive surface. If
this slip surface is curved the slide said to
be rotational. The slip surface of
a rotational landslide tends to be deep.
• Rotational slides move along a surface of rupture
that is curved and concave.
42.
43.
44. TRANSLATIONAL SLIDES
• A slide-type landslide is a down-slope
movement of material that occurs along a
distinctive surface of weakness such as a
fault, joint or bedding plane. If the slip
surface is straight then it is
termed translational or planar.
45.
46. ROCK FALL
• A rock fall is the natural downward motion
of a detached block or series of blocks with a
small volume involving free falling,
bouncing, rolling, and sliding. The mode of
failure differs from that of a rockslide.
47.
48.
49. ROCK TOPPLING
• Rock toppling occurs when one or more rock
units rotate about their base and Collapse.
50. LATERAL SPREADING
• Lateral spread or flow are terms referring to
landslides that commonly form on gentle
slopes and that have rapid fluid-like flow
movement, like water. Lateral spreading
occurs when the soil mass spreads laterally and
this spreading comes with tensional cracks in
the soil mass.
51.
52. DEBRIS FLOWS
• Debris flows are geological phenomena in
which water-laden masses of soil and
fragmented rock rush down mountainsides,
funnel into stream channels, entrain objects
in their paths, and form thick, muddy
deposits on valley floors.
55. WEATHERING
• Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soil,
and minerals as well as wood and artificial materials
through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, water,
and biological organisms.
56. TYPES OF WEATHERING
• Weathering is of two types:
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
57. PHYSICAL WEATHERING
• Physical weathering, also called mechanical
weathering or disaggregation, is the class of
processes that causes the disintegration of rocks
without chemical change.
58.
59. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
• Chemical weathering changes the
composition of rocks, often transforming
them when water interacts with minerals to
create various chemical reactions. Chemical
weathering is a gradual and ongoing process
as the mineralogy of the rock adjusts to the
near surface environment.
60.
61. AVALANCHES
• An avalanche (also called a snowslide) is a
rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface.
Avalanches are typically triggered in a
starting zone from a mechanical failure in
the snowpack (slab avalanche) when the
forces on the snow exceed its strength but
sometimes only with gradually widening
(loose snow avalanche).
62.
63. EROSION
• In earth science, erosion is the action of
surface processes (such as water
flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or
dissolved material from one location on
the Earth's crust, and then transport it away
to another location.
64.
65. SINKHOLES
• A sinkhole, also known as a cenote, swallow hole,
or doline , is a depression or hole in the ground
caused by some form of collapse of the surface
layer.
