The document discusses different types of land surveys: - Boundary surveys determine property boundaries for transactions like buying/selling property. - Closing surveys are used to secure mortgage loans on residences or property. - Topographic surveys map natural and artificial land features to prepare maps. - Construction surveys provide layout and elevation controls for construction projects. - Different types of specialized surveys include mining, hydrographic, geodetic, and easement surveys. Land surveys are important for defining legal property boundaries and supporting land development.

1. By, Ar. SushilKumar
S.Y.B.Arch 16
P.I.H.C.A.

2. The Earth as a System Earth’s Spheres
• Atmosphere :
The gaseous sphere that covers the Earth. Consists of a mixture of gases
composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
• Hydrosphere :
All of the water on Earth .71% of the earth is covered by water and only 29%
is terra firma .
• Lithosphere :
The Earth's solid surface, often called the crust of the earth. It includes
continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of the Earth's
interior.
• Biosphere :
All life on earth, including man, and all organisms.The life zone on our
planet distinguishes our planet from the others in the solar system.

5. Cryosphere :The portion of the Earth's surface where water is in a solid
form .Snow or ice: includes glaciers, ice shelves, snow, icebergs, and
arctic climatology .
Anthroposphere :Man and his direct ancestors, hominids.The human
population, its buildings, dams, and other constructions.
Interconnected Spheres :Spheres are closely connected .

6. • Land, by definition, is the solid part of the earth’s surface.
• Also termed as Lithosphere And Geosphere
• This includes all of the mountains on the surface, as well as
all of the liquid rock in the mantle below us and the minerals
and metals of the outer and inner cores.
• The continents, the ocean floor, all of the rocks on the
surface, and all of the sand in the deserts are all considered
part of the geosphere.
• Of all our resources, land is the most tangible one.
• It is a finite resource, so great care should be taken to
preserve it.
• Land has been put to many new uses, apart from traditional
ones.

7. India has a total land area of approximately 329 million hectares.
• Uncultivated Land :The uncultivated lands are subsidiary lands and are
kept so to re-establish their richness.
• Pastures and other Grazing Lands :Used for cattle grazing.
• Forested land: in India it is far less in scientific norm.For a self-sufficient
economy and accurate ecological steadiness, at least one third of the total
land area must be kept under forests and natural vegetation.
• Forest Lands : It is important for the populace to ensure that they increase
the area under forests for reasons more than one.A bigger area under
forests is an obligation, to maintain the ecological balance and for
absorption of carbon dioxide.Forests safeguard not only water but soil as
well.They, thus, help in plunging the volume of floodwaters and their
ferocity.
• Wasteland : A part of the land that is not utilised for the moment is
classified as wasteland.This embraces the baked and rocky deserts. High
mountainous and uneven lands also fall into this category.
• Fallow land : under crop rotation period .
• Barren and Unculturable land .

8. • Agriculture and horticulture
• Recreational land :is used for human pleasure. This mostly includes
parks, museums, sports grounds, and the sites of other activities
that aren't essential to life but are pleasurable. Cities often
specifically plan these things to make sure their cities are attractive
to people - both visitors and residents.
• Housing
• Laying of roads and railway lines
• Industries
• Mining of mineral resources
• A container for holding water
• For fodder, cattle grazing, forest wealth for timber, fuel, etc. The
above flow gives an over-view of India’s land classification.
The total area of the country is 329 million hectares. Of these 266
million hectares are available for potential use. But in reality, the land
has been subjected to varying degrees of degradation.

9. In an architectural sense :
• Recreational
• Transport
• Agricultural
• Residential & Commercial

10. • Land surveying. ...
• Engineering surveying. ...
• Mining surveying. ...
• Hydrographic surveying. ...
• Geodetic surveying. ...
• Photogrammetry and remote
sensing.

11. Land surveying involves measuring and
determining property boundaries, which are used
as the basis for all property transactions including
buying, selling, mortgaging and leasing. Due to
the importance of having a secure and strong
property market, in NSW a land surveyor needs to
be registered to be able to carry out a land survey.

12. • Boundary, Land, Lot or Property Survey:
A "Boundary Survey" also known as "Land Survey", "Lot Survey" or "Property Survey"
is a survey to locate and determine the property line or perimeter and establish or re-
establish corners, monuments and boundary lines for the purpose of describing and
locating fixed improvements, platting or subdividing a parcel of land and preparing a
description of land or parcels.
• Closing, Loan, Mortgage Survey:
A "Closing Survey" also known as "Loan Survey" or "Mortgage Survey" is a survey used
to secure a mortgage loan on a residence, building or property.
• Control Survey:
A survey that provides either horizontal , vertical position, or both with
monumentation and data to control or support a subordinate survey, for mapping or a
reference for other surveys.

13. • As Built Survey, or Record Survey:
A survey that obtains, or documents horizontal and vertical dimensional data as
required to locate and delineate construction improvements.
• Topographical Survey:
A survey of the natural,artificial, or selected man-made features and elevations of a
portion of the earth`s surface by using sensing, ground measurements or both used in
perparing a map.
• Construction Staking or Layout Survey:
Measurements made prior or during construction to provide line, grade, horizontal
position, elevation control, dimensions, and configuration for construction purposes.
• Hydrographical Survey:
A survey defining shorelines and depth of lakes, streams, reservoirs, oceans or any
body of water and, may also contain the configuration of bottom, directions and
forces of currents, height, times and water stages, it may also show location of fixed
objects used for surveying and navigation purposes.

14. • Mining Survey:
A survey performed above and below the earth surface for the exploration of mineral
and energy resources, along with the guiding of tunnels and other mining associated
operations.
• Geodetic Survey:
A survey of areas and points affected by and taking into account the curvature of the
earth and astronomic observations.
• Quantity Survey:
A survey intended for the purpose of obtaining measurements of quantity.
• Easement, Right-of-Way Survey:
A survey in which the purpose is to obtain specific rights into property for private or
public use.