This document provides a training report on thematic mapping through remote sensing and GIS techniques in Siwani area, Bhiwani, Haryana, India. It acknowledges the support received from Haryana Space Applications Centre (HARSAC) in providing facilities and guidance for the summer training project. The project aimed to prepare base maps, land use/land cover maps, and geomorphology maps of the study area. It also aimed to familiarize the author with GIS techniques for map preparation and with using global positioning systems. The report includes chapters on the study area description, data and methodology used, and results and discussion of the project.

1. TRAINING REPORT
THEMATIC MAPPING THROUGH REMOTE
SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES IN SIWANI
AREA, BHIWANI
A
PROJECT REPORT TOWARDS THE PARCTICAL FULFILLMENT
OF
SUMMER TRAINING PROGRAMME 2013
Submitted to:
Haryana Space Applications Centre (HARSAC)
(Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of Haryana)
CCS HAU Campus, Hisar – 125004
July, 2013
Submitted by:
Charu kamra
(M.tech Geophysics,KUK)
Supervised by:
Dr. V.S. Arya
Senior Scientist ‘SG’
(Soil Survey& Land Evaluation)

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Gratitude is the hardest of emotions to express as one does not find adequate words to
convey what one feels". With due respect and humble submission of Almighty, we would like to
express a scorching gratitude to some example of personalities to whom we interact for their
valuable suggestion and methodological approach during our project work.
We are indebted to Dr. R.S. Hooda, Chief Scientist, Haryana Space Applications
Centre (HARSAC), and Hisar for accepting our candidature for the training and providing all the
facilities required within the period of summer training 2011.
We are overwhelmed with rejoice to avail this rare opportunity to thank Dr. V.S. Arya,
Senior Scientist 'SG' (Soil Survey and Land Evaluation), HARSAC, Hisar, under whose generous
guidance, affectionate encouragement and supervision, the project initiated and successfully
completed.
We express our profound heartfelt thanks to Dr. Manoj Yadav, and Mr. M.P.
Sharma, Mr. Ajeet Singh, Mr. Ankur Sharma and Mr. Hardev Singh HARSAC,
Hisar, for their helpful suggestions and kind help during field survey and in overall project tenure.
Charu

3. ABOUT HARYANA SPACE APPLICATIONS CENTRE
(HARSAC)
Haryana Space Applications Centre (HARSAC), a nodal agency of the Government of Haryana State
for remote sensing and GIS applications has been established in the year 1986 under Department of
Science and Technology, (Govt. of Haryana) at C.C.S.H.A.U. campus, Hisar, with active support
from Dept. of space (Govt. of India) and has become operational in the year 1989.
HARSAC is actively involved in many national and state level projects, sponsored by different
departments of Central and State Government which are related to mapping and management of
natural resources. Some of the important projects are as; Integrated Studies for Sustainable
Development, Soil Survey Mapping, Mapping and Monitoring of flood affected areas, Land use/Land
cover studies, Urban Surveys, Cropping system analysis, Crop acreage and production estimation
(CAPE) for different crops every year, Geological and Geomorphological studies, Digital land use
mapping, etc. The Center is fully equipped with most sophisticated instruments related to Remote
Sensing, Computer systems, Image processing and GIS work stations.
HARSAC provides specialized services and solutions for implementing geospatial/GIS systems.
These include technical consultancy, GIS database design and development, map creation/updating
and finishing, data migration/conversion and format translation and system integration.
The center has well qualified and experienced resource scientists in different fields viz. Agriculture,
Soil survey and land evaluation, Land use/Land cover, Forest, Ecology/Environment, Mineral
exploration, Geology/Geophysics, Computer software, Data processing and analysis, Digital
cartography, who are also extending their help to the different government departments/agencies in
formulating action plans for the sustainable development of the natural resources of Haryana. Acts as
nodal agency in the state in the field Remote Sensing (RS) & Geographical Information System (GIS)
with the following objectives:
1. Mapping, monitoring and management of natural resources, environment and
infrastructure in the state.
2. GIS database generation of development planning.
3. Undertake, promote, guide, coordinate and research and development in the field of RS &
GIS.
4. Impart Training and Education in RS & GIS.

4. CONTENTS
Sr. No. CHAPTER
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
CHAPTER-3 REMOTES SENSING AND GIS
CHAPTER-4 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
CHAPTER-5 DATA BASA AND METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER-6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
References

5. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Land use refers to man’s activities on earth, which are directly related to land, whereas land cover
denotes the natural features and artificial constructions covering the land surface. Land use practices
of a region are influenced by a number of parameters namely physical and chemical environments,
socio-economic factors and needs of the masses. Ever increasing demand due to rapid growth of
population has put heavy pressure on natural resources of the country. The removal of poverty and
unemployment through judicious planning and use of available resources is the hallmark of the
development process. Since the adoption of the policy of planned economic development, efforts are
being continually made to achieve sustainable rates of growth in all key sectors with a view to attain
economic self-sufficiency and resource sustainability. To achieve such a major goal, it is imperative
to have information on existing natural resource scenario, their physical/ terrain features, climate
parameters, ecological conditions, socio-economic profile of the area, current practices of planning
and management, and the contemporary technologies to be used for the sustainability of natural
resources. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques have capability to
provide reliable information for spatial modeling so as to arrive at an alternative sustainable
developmental scenario. Information on land and water resources and their proper management are
the most important components, for planning of area-specific developmental activities. For this
purpose, it is essential to integrate the data on various natural resources for scientific management and
optimal utilization of these natural resources (Verma et al., 1999). The desired information could be
obtained more accurately and reliably by using remotely sensed data and GIS (Delaney e.t al., 1995,
Joseph et al., 2003, Navalgund et al., 2007).
The terms "land use" and "land cover" (LULC) are often used simultaneously to describe maps that
provide information about the types of features found on the earth's surface (land cover) and the
human activity that is associated with them (land use). Land cover is an important input parameter for
a number of agricultural, hydrological, and ecological models, which constitute necessary tools for
development, planning and management of natural resources in the territory. In order to use the land
optimally, and to provide as input data in modeling studies, it is not only necessary to have
information on existing land use/land cover but also the capability to monitor the dynamics of land
use resulting out of changing demands. If the site is small, and easily accessible, a suitable land cover
may be based on ground observations and surveys. However, such methods quickly become less
feasible, if the site is large or difficult to access. Toposheets may be useful for reference, but are
generally outdated and too coarse for detailed analysis. With improvements in software and hardware
and decrease in the cost of imagery, satellite remote sensing is being used for more and more studies
particularly at the landscape level. The characterization of land cover from satellite data has
conventionally provided a means of assessing a large geographical area with limited time, and

6. resources. However, satellite images do not record land cover directly; rather they measure the nature,
and strength of solar energy being reflected from each small area, or pixel of the scene. The amount of
multispectral energy in multi wavelengths depends on the type of material at the earth's surface. And
the objective is to associate particular land cover with each of these reflected energies. This is
generally achieved using either visual or digital interpretation methods (Shetty et al., 2005).
In the view of the pressure exerted by increasing population, need for mitigating increasing demand
for land resources, appropriate scientific land use planning and land management strategies could
provide the alternate for sustainable development of any region (Saxena et al.1990). Land use and
land management practices have a major impact on natural resources including water, soil, plants and
animals. Land use mapping helps:
 Assess the suitability of land use in relation to land capability (climate, soil slope and water
constraints).
 Assess environmental impacts and land at risk from land degradation such as flood, drought
and soil loss.
 Assess agricultural productivity and opportunities for diversification.
 Facilitate national, state and regional reporting on natural resource condition and trends.
Thus knowledge about land use and land cover has become very important to overcome the
problems of uncontrolled development, deteriorating environmental quality, loss of prime agricultural
lands & destruction of wetlands, etc.The study of land use/cover provides information about present
status of the natural resources and is helpful in monitoring, modeling and environmental change
detection (Krishna et al., 2001). Remote sensing and Geographical Information System have the
potential to serve as accurate tools for environmental monitoring (Malaviya et al., 2009). Remotely
sensed data can be collected at multiple scales and at multiple times, thereby offering the opportunity
for analysis of previous phenomenon synoptically from local to global scales throughout the time
(Reddy, 2004).
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To prepare base map, land use/ land cover & geomorphology map of the study area
2. To accustom with GIS techniques for preparing maps.
3. To acquaint with global positioning system(GPS) and its application

7. CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Land-use and land-cover mapping
Land use refers to, "man's activities on land which are directly related to the land" (Clawson and
Stewart, 1965). Land cover, on the other hand, describes, "The vegetation and artificial constructions
covering the land surface" (Burley, 1961).
Land is one of the prime natural resources. Urban population growth and urban-sprawl induced land
use changes coupled with industrial development are resulting in unplanned use as well as misuse of
land leading to conversion of usable land into wastelands. The changes of land-use/land-cover pattern
over a time period control the pressure on land (Sengupta and Venkatachalam, 2001). The complexity
of urban development is so dynamic that it calls for an immediate perspective planning of cities and
towns (Sokhi and Rashid, 1999).
For a sustainable use of the land it is essential that proper planning and monitoring have been done.
Timely and accurate information on the existing land-use/land-cover pattern and its spatial
distribution and changes is a prerequisite for planning, utilization and formulation of policies and
programmes for making any micro and macro-level developmental plan. Accurate, reliable and
comprehensive spatio-temporal information on land use practices in a city is prerequisite for
sustainable land management. Remote sensing offers cost-effective solutions to city planners data
needs for both macro and micro level analysis of the land use planning leading to urban environment
management. The better management and rationale use of land calls for accurate and timely changes
in the dimension, nature, and spatial balance between exploitation and regeneration. GIS is best
utilized for integration of various data sets to obtain a homogeneous composite land development
units which helps in identifying the problem areas and suggest conservation measures.
Land use can be defined as the human use of land. Settlement, cultivation, rangeland, and recreation
are examples. Land use involves both the manner in which the biophysical attributes of the land are
manipulated and the purpose for which the land is used (Turner et al., 1995).
Arya et. al. (2008) highlighted the importance of satellite data on generation of cadastral level land
sue/ land cover maps of Dera and Kurali villages of Haryana. The study shows that the high resolution
(LISS- IV) satellite data can be registered with the cadastral maps and a remarkable accuracy has been
achieved. It reveals that the cadastral information in the form of maps and records can be updated
using LISS- IV high resolution data of appropriate time or cropping season.
Arya et.al. (2010) evaluated various micro-watersheds in Siwaliks of Haryana by using IRS- P6 LISS-
VI and IRS P6-PAN+LISS III data for the years 2004 and 2007. They concluded that land without
scrub and sparse vegetation decreased whereas dense forest on the hills and piedmont was increased.
The locations of soil and water harvesting structures were also recorded in the form of latitudes and
longitudes by using Global Positioning System. The remote sensing technology along with GIS is an

8. ideal tool to identify, locate and map various types of lands associated with different landform units
(Dhinwa, 1992; Palaniyandi and Nagarathinam, 1997; Murthy and Venkateswara, 1997; Khan et al.,
1999). Arya et.al. (2006) have studied the wasteland mapping of Haryana state using satellite data.
The study shows the importance of satellite data in mapping of wastelands. The timely information
about the changing pattern of land use plays significant role in land use planning and sustainable land
development. The mapping and monitoring of the land use/land cover requires a land use
classification system. One of the most widely used data format for information extraction about the
land-use and land-cover is the infrared False Colour Composite (FCC) image. The extraction of
information from such images about ground reality is done by image interpretation for which
generally three methods namely photo interpretation, spectral analysis and data integration are used.
Prasad and Sinha (2002) describe the image characteristics and visual interpretation techniques of
various land-cover and land-use categories, which is summarized in the Table 1.
Table 1: Different land-use/ Land-cover and their image characteristics
Land-cover/land- use Image characteristics
1. Settlements Light grey clustering with particular patterns for the urban
area. There may be brownish maroon patches for in between
vegetation. For the rural settlement there occur no particular
patterns of such image characteristics.
2. Agriculture Identify Rabi if the month of data acquisition is January or
February or March and colour is brown red.
(a) For the kharif crops same characteristics in image occur if
the image data are acquired in the month of September,
October or November.
(b) Fallow land is identified by light grey colour within
cropped area (red colour).
(c) Plantation occurs as brownish maroon patches.
3. Forest
(a) Dense forests
(b) Degraded forest
(c) Forest blank
(d) Forest plantation
Dense forests are identified by dark red colour patterns. In the
case of degraded forest the dark red colour patterns contain
small brown or white patches. The blanks in the forest show
creamy patches in the dark red/background. Forest plantations
are identified by dark red colour sign of particular pattern.
4. Waste Land
(a) Muddy water logging
(b) Clear water logging
(c) Temporary water logging
(d) Permanent water logging
(e) Marshy area water logging
(f) Gullied land
(g) Land with scrub
(h) Land without scrub
(i) Sandy area
Muddy water logging occurs as blackish or deep blue spots
while clear water logging area is identified by dark/bright blue
patches. Comparing the images of rainy season and out of
rainy season identifies temporary and permanent water
logging.
Marshy area is recognized as a sign of vegetation (red/pink
spots) in the water logged (blackish blue/bright blue) area.
Gullied land occurs as white/grey spot. The image of land
with scrub contains white patches in the land area.
Sandy area is classified as bright white coloration along the
course of river.

9. 5. Water bodies
(a) River/stream
(b) Canal
(c) Lake/ reservoirs
(d) Embankments
River/stream is identified as long non-linear path coloured
with dark blue/bright blue line in white background. Canals
are identified as line segments sign of water bodies.
Lake/reservoirs are identified as patterns along the river.
Embankment occurs as light grey structure along the river.
6. Others Grasslands are identified as uneven appearance characterized
by red (light to medium grey tones) Snow is identified as
white patches on the hills.
Source: Prasad and Sinha (2002)
CHAPTER -3
REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
Remote Sensing is the Science and art of acquiring information (spectra, spatial and temporal) about
material objects, area or phenomena, without coming into physical contact with the objects, or area or
phenomena under investigation. EMR is a form of energy that reveals its presence by the observable
effects it produces when it strikes the matter. EMR is considered to span the spectrum of wavelengths
from 10-10 mm to cosmic rays up to 1010rnm, the broadcast wavelengths, which extend from 0.30-
15mm.
Major Components of Remote Sensing Technology:
A. Energy Source
B. Passive System: Sun, irradiance from earth's material.
C. Active System: Irradiance from artificially generated energy sources such as radar.
D. Platforms: (Vehicle to carry the sensor) (Aircraft, Space Shuttle, satellite etc)
E. Sensors (Device to detect electromagnetic radiation) (Camera, Scanner etc.)
F. Detectors (Handling signal data) ( Photographic, Digital)
G. Institutionalization:(Organization for execution at all stages of remote' sensing
technology: International and national organizations, centers Universities etc)
H. Processing: (handling signal data) (Photographic, Digital)
The Remote Sensing techniques can also be classified based upon the ranges of wavelength regions
are as follows:

10. Name Wavelength (µm)
A Optical region 0.3-15
Reflected 0.38-3.0
Visible 0.38-0.72
Near IR 0.72-1.30
Middle IR 1.30-3.00
Far IR 7.0-15.0
B. Microwave region 1mm-1meter
Classification of Remote Sensing Data:
• Aerial photographs
• Satellite data
Aerial photographs:
Aerial photographs are taken from low altitude aero planes and provide very useful information about
the drainage pattern, density, slop aspects, land use, vegetation cover, and erosion level Of the area
under consideration.
Satellites Data
Satellites are kept at high altitude in geostationary orbit or sun synchronous orbit for collecting
information about earth's resources. Satellite 'provides a synoptic view of larger area, repetitively,
time and cost effective monitoring dynamic phenomena like floods, cloud evolution, vegetation cover,
forest fires, snow cover depletion, landslides etc. it provides comprehensive, multispectral and reliable
coverage of a wide area for mapping, monitoring and, managing resources. Information can also

11. generated about flood inundated areas, crop damage estimates by insects or drought, forest fires river
structure and deposition .silt in vive valleys, watershed information and land use in command areas.
Geographic Information System
Geographic Information System (GIS), also known as a geographical information system, is an
information System for capturing, storing, analyzing, managing and presenting data which are
spatially referenced. GIS technology can be used for scientific investigations, resource management,
environmental impact assessment, urban planning, cartography, criminology, geographic history,
marketing etc.
Techniques used in GIS:
• Data creation
• Relating information from different sources
• Data representation
Raster: A raster data type is, in essence, any type of digital image. Anyone who is familiar with
digital photography will recognize the pixel as the smallest individual unit of image.
Vector: A simple vector map, using each of vector elements points for wells, lines for rivers, and a
polygon for lake.
Advantages of GIS:
• It is act as computerized so all advantages of computer are to give GIS also.
• It is powerful as comparison to maps and Toposheet.
Limitations of GIS:
• Data are expensive.
• Learning curve on GIS software can be long.
• Shows spatial relationship but does not provide absolute solutions.
Components of GIS:

12. • Hardware
• Software
• Data
• Method
• People
Application of GIS:
• Delineate valuable natural resource areas.
• Select site for potential development and presentation
• Established an environmental monitoring system
• Plan major facilities and services
CHAPTER 4
DISCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
LOCATION AND EXTENT
The study area constitutes a part of Siwani block of Bhiwani district, Haryana. The area lies between
28° 55’ N to 29° 10’ latitudes and 75° 30’ to 75° 45E’ longitudes. It is bounded in the north by Hisar
district, in the west by Churu district of Rajasthan and the east and south by parts of Siwani block
shown in (Fig.1).

13. Fig. 1 Study area
TOPOGRAPHY
In general the topography of the study area is uneven. However, a close examination of the relief
reveals that north part of the study area is almost flat with occasional variations but southern half
comprises of sand dunes and interdunal sandy area.
CLIMATE
The climate of the study area is characterized by extreme climatic conditions with hot summer and
cold winter with scanty rainfall. The year may be broadly divided into four namely, summer from
April to June, monsoon extending from July to mid September, from middle September to October
may be considered as transition period. Winter season extends from November to March (Gazetteer,
Bhiwani district, 1988).
The nearest meteorological observatory is situated at Hisar. The temperature ranges from 5° C to
45°C. Maximum temperature often touches 45°C by the end of June. Temperature starts falling with
the onset of pre-monsoon showers. After the monsoon season, the day temperature remains same but
nights. Cooler up to October. Day and night temperature starts decreasing rapidly in November.
January is the coldest month with average monthly minimum temperature of 1.50°C and average
monthly maximum temperature of 25.54°C.the average annual rainfall of the study area is 284mm.
about 74% of the annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon period i.e. July to September more than
half to rainfall occurs in July and August within 7 to 11 days.

14. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
The study area enjoys good transport facilities, national highway No.65 surges through the study area
connecting it with Hisar city and other parts of the state. All the villages are interlinked with metalled
roads. The study area is well connected with other cities, towns and villages of Haryana and Rajasthan

15. CHAPTER 5
DATA BASE AND METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY
The present study entitled “Land use/land cover Geomorphology Map of Siwani area of Bhiwani
District Haryana Using Remote Sensing and GIS" has been conducted at HARSAC, Hisar. In the
present study image processing and visual interpretation technique were employed to carry out Land
use/Land cover classification using digital data and standard False Colour Composite (FCC) paper
print of Indian Remote Sensing satellite. The methodology adopted in the present study to carry out
the details of the land use/ land cover mapping is given in the flow chart (Fig. 2). Main phases of
classification procedure used in the present study, to create land use/land cover & geomorphological
maps were:
Fig. 2: Methodology Flow Diagram

16. Pre- field work
 Literature study
 Satellite data selection
 Understanding different land use/ land cover classes
 Preparation of base map from SOI Toposheet.
 Interpretation
 Visual interpretation of the remote sensing data by using the usual clues such as shape, size,
pattern, texture, tone and associated features as well as local knowledge
Field work:
 Survey to get a general idea of the features environment and accessibility
 Ground truth verification
 Checking the sample points
 Checking of unresolved cases.
Post-field work:
 Finalization of land use map is done after incorporating necessary corrections and
modifications after field check
 Scanning/digitization of maps which are undated during the field survey
 Area calculation
 Land use/ land cover analysis
 Preparation of final land use/land cover & geomorphologic map and tables.
 Finalization of report
DATA USED
Satellite Data
i. Geocoded standard False Colour Composite (FCC) paper print of IRS – 1D, LISS-III
acquired on March 2011 (Fig. 3).
ii.Digital data of IRS – 1D, LISS-III of path 90 and Row 50 acquired on March 2011
Auxiliary Data
i. Geocoded standard False Colour Composite (FCC) paper print of IRS – 1D, LISS-III
acquired on March 2011 (Fig. 3).
ii. Survey of India toposheet No. 44P/9 on 1:50,000 scale (Surveyed on 1967-68).
iii. Reports and other related material.

17. Fig 3: FCC of study area

18. USED SOFTWARE:
ERDAS IMAGINE 9.3
ERDAS IMAGINE is a raster graphics editor and remote sensing application designed by ERDAS,
Inc. Moreover this software was used for preparation of final images to facilitate the study. The latest
version is 9.3. It is aimed primarily at geospatial raster data processing and allows the user to prepare,
display and enhance digital images for use in GIS or in CADD software. It is a toolbox allowing the
user to perform numerous operations on an image and generate an answer to specific geographical
questions. This software was used for layer stacking, cropping, Georeferencing and Mosaicing of
satellite data.
ARC/MAP 9.3
Arc Map is the premier application for desktop Geographic Information System (GIS) and
mapping. This software is easy to create maps to convey message. Arc Map provides all tools of need
to put the data on a map and display it in an effective manner. The software was used to prepare land
use/land cover maps of the study area.
MS – OFFICE: MS - Office was used for report writing, making tables and graphs.
i. Microsoft word – was used basically for the presentation of the research work i.e. for
preparing the manuscript and power point presentations.
ii. Microsoft Excel – was used in computation of various statistics, preparation of graphs and
excels sheets.
iii. Microsoft Access – was used to prepare dbf file of GPS points while loading and transferring
GPS points to computer.
Preparation of Base Map:
To transfer the land use details, a base map was prepared on 1:125,000 scale using survey of India
topographic sheets of study area. Information including roads, canals and location of villages were
traced on the base map so that alignment problems of tracing with satellite data could not take place.
Base map of present study shown in Fig. 4.
Visual Interpretation of data
Visual interpretation technique of satellite imagery for identification and delineation of land use/land
cover classes was employed. Standard False Colour Composite (FCC) paper print of Indian Remote
Sensing satellite (IRS-1D, LISS-III) data of March 2011 on 1:50,000 scale was used in this analysis.
The interpretation was based on shape, size, tone/colour, texture, and pattern, and location aspects of
the particular feature on the satellite imagery. The main features of the interpretation key for the
present land use/land cover are shown in Table-2.

19. Table-2 Image Interpretation Key for Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC)
Land use/ Land cover Tone Size Shape Texture Association
Settlement
Build Up land Bluish Grey Varying Definite Coarse Streets
Agricultural Land
Cropland Red/Greenish Varying Rectangular Fine to
Medium
Coarse
Outskirts of
Settlement
Fallow Land Yellowish White to
Reddish White
Varying Rectangular Medium to
Fine Coarse
Outskirts of
Agriculture land
Plantations Dark Red Varying Irregular Coarse with
Mottling
Agricultural Land
Scrub Land Dull Red / Brown /
Greenish
Varying Irregular Coarse Uplands, Foothills,
Rocky Slopes
Brick Kilns Light Green Varying Regular Coarse Wasteland
Degraded Grazing
Land
Dull Red / Brown Varying Irregular Coarse to
Mottled
Village Peripheries
Waterlogged Black Varying Irregular Coarse Agricultural Land
Water body
Pond / Lake Light Blue/Dark Blue Defined Regular Smooth Build Up Areas
Digital Data Analysis
A digital image comprises of a number of individual picture elements called pixels, each one of which
has an intensity value recorded in the form of digital numbers (DN), is dependent upon the levels of
electromagnetic energy received by the sensor from the earth surface. Digital image analysis,
digitization and map composition was carried out at HARSAC, Hisar using ERDAS and Arc Map
software packages. The methodology flowchart of details of Steps involved in digital analysis is
shown in Fig-4.
Digital Data loading & Stacking
The digital data acquired from NRSC, Hyderabad in BIL format was imported from the computer
discs (CDs). This data was in the form of three layers of different bands. The layers were stacked and
FCCs were generated using the standard routines from the ERDAS Imagine 9.3 software in .img
format. The digital data was then displayed on the display terminal in form of FCCs and
enhancements were done to observe quality and coverage of the data.

20. Scanning
Scanning is the process of translating photographs into a digital form that can be recognized by a
computer. It is the act of systematically moving a finely focused beam of light or electrons over a
surface in order to produce an image of it for analysis or transmission. The base map,
landuse/landcover and geomorphological maps of study area were prepared from SOI toposheet and
FCC. These scanned maps were then rectified with SOI ticks.
Geo-referencing & Mosaicing
Rectification is the process of relocating the features in the input image to an output image which is in
close agreement with a standard map, and the output image is made planimetric (Haralics, 1973).
Resembling is the process of extraction of gray values from a location in the original input image and
its relocation to the appropriate coordinates in the rectified output image. This whole process is
combinely known as Geo-referencing.
Rectification is of two types: image to image-Registration & image to map-Rectification.
1. Image-to- Image--Registration
IRS-P6 LISS-IV digital data was registered with geo-referenced master image using image to image
registration by collecting GCPs using first/second polynomial order geometric transformations. GCPs
were marked keeping in mind that they should be uniformly distributed over the entire scene with
RMS (root mean square) error of 0.5 pixels. The image was resampled using Nearest Neighborhood
approach. These geo-referenced images were then mosaiced and enhanced.
2. Mosaicing and Image Enhancement:
Mosaic is assembling of satellite images spatially. Image enhancement was adopted to increase the
amount of information, which can be visually interpreted from the image data by improving the
apparent contrast between features in the scene. Linear enhancement was used in the present study.
Mosaicing was done to obtain one single image from two overlapping images covering the areas.
3. Image-to-Map - Rectification
The scanned boundary maps were rectified with reference to the geo-referenced image. For this
village names were overlaid on the geo-referenced image. After that GCPs on the satellite image and
scanned maps were marked on crossing points and other features which were easily identified on both
the map as well as the satellite image. After that maps were rectified

21. Truth Ground
Data Collection:
An exhaustive ground truth was done to confirm the interpreted land use/land cover maps. Ground
truth data was collected in June in the form of GPS points using handheld GPS. For the field survey
base maps were prepared of Bhiwani district. The doubtful areas were specially checked and marked
on the pre-field interpreted maps. Various drop structures, gully plug areas, check dams were marked
with the location information recorded using Garmin handheld GPS. Ground truth particularly of the
ambiguous features, was carried out on the selected locations of ambiguous features. The prefield
maps were modified by incorporating field observations,. Details of ground control points are shown
in Table 3.
Table-3. Details of Ground Control Points
Sr No. Name Location
1 Canal crossing on NH 65 28°
59’32’’N 75°
36’213’’E
2 Barwa Village 28°
57’557’’N 75°
35’599’’E
3 Railway Road Crossing ,Near Siwani 28°
55’021’’N 75°
36’81’’E
4 Sand dunes, Near Siwani 28°
55’21’’N 75°
36’817’’E
5 Sandy area with light plantation ,
Near Jumpa
28°
46’17’’N 75°
38’16’’E
6 Water Body, Isharwal 28°
46’98’’N 75°
32’318’’E
7 Agriculture area Miran 28 48’543”N 75 44’95”E
8 Water logged area Saharwa 28 54’ 273”N 75 44’ 173E
Final Image Interpretation & Analysis
As the doubtful areas in the pre-field interpreted maps were checked during the ground truth
accordingly these maps were modified. After due corrections, attributes were attached and final land
use/ land cover maps were prepared for the district.
Map Composition & Report Writing
The final maps were composed in Arc Map 9.3 software to display the different layers of the extracted

22. information in an effective manner for this purpose, the different layers of extracted information in
shape format were loaded in Arc Map and the maps were composed having legend to represent the
categories of different classes these maps were then exported to JPEG format to represent in the final
report.
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Land use land cover
Based upon the standard image characteristics like texture, tone, shape, size, association, pattern and
site etc. the visual interpretation of IRS imagery, land use land cover (LU/LC) map was prepared as
shown in Fig-5 to identified and to map the land cover/ land use details of the study area (Table 4).
Built up land
Built up land is divided into rural and urban categories. Hisar was identified as an urban centre in the
study area. Villages that are homogeneously distributed and associated with agricultural land were
also identified and mapped.
Agricultural land
This category land primarily used for farming and for production of food, fiber and other
commercial and horticulture crops. Bajara, Jawar and Millets are major Kharif crops in this area.
Cotton is also grown in some parts of this area
Fallow land
This unit of land is temporarily allowed to rest for one season or more. In this area majority of
southern parts belongs to this category due to lack of irrigational facilities and sand dune topography.
Forest plantation
The study area consists of semi arid deserted type of vegetation cover. These plantations mainly done
under social forestry plantation programmers. The species found in this area are Jandi, Kikar. Beri, Jal
etc. this category of land use/ land cover is found sparsely on dune tops represented by conspicuous
image characteristics. Predominant species found in this area is Acacia plantation.

23. Fig:4
Wasteland
Three half of the study area mainly in the western side of NH-65. Waterlogged areas with
dark tone on imagery are confined adjacent of Hisar town. Degraded pastures are located around rural
settlements in village common land. The land has been degraded due to lack of soil and water
conversation measures over the ages. The area is very suitable silvi-pasture development.

24. Table-4 Land use/ Land cover classification and area
S. NO. TYPE OF AREA AREA IN SQ. KM.
1. RURAL 9.0752
2. URBAN 1.9718
3. CROP AREA 261.4135
4. CURRENT FALLOW 383.8431
5 FOREST PLANTATION 0.1318
6 SANDY AREA 10.7371
7 WATER LOGGED 5.8355
TOTAL 667.1725
Physiographic Map
Geographical map /Physiographic map represents various land features on the earth
surface. Eg. Sand Dunes, Sand Dune Complex, Interdunal Valley, Aeolin Plain, .The
main physiographic units are shown in Figure 5.

25. Fig:5

26. Table-5 Geomorphology classification and area
Sr. No. Categories Area in sq. km.
1. Sand Dunes 8.23
2 Sand Dune Complex 387.99
3. Interdunal Valley 3.512
4. Aeolin Plain 277.14
Total 676.87
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