The Climate Change journal publishes a wide range of topics related to this field including but not limited to Earth science or Geosciences, Geography, Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science, Global Warming, Oceanography, and Climate change and Risk Management.
Wastewater Management: Overview and Case StudiesAntea Group
Antea Group and HPC, one of our Inogen Environmental Alliance partners, co-presented at the recent EHS&S Workshop at the Brightlands Chemelot facility in the Netherlands. Topics covered include a look at the types of wastewater discharge, the scope of consulting for industrial clients, and case studies.
Reuse Options of Reclaimed Waste Water in Chennai Cityijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Wastewater Management: Overview and Case StudiesAntea Group
Antea Group and HPC, one of our Inogen Environmental Alliance partners, co-presented at the recent EHS&S Workshop at the Brightlands Chemelot facility in the Netherlands. Topics covered include a look at the types of wastewater discharge, the scope of consulting for industrial clients, and case studies.
Reuse Options of Reclaimed Waste Water in Chennai Cityijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Constructed wetlands are small artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of one or more shallow treatment cells, with herbaceous vegetation that flourish in saturated or flooded cells.
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The study examines the irrigation water quality
for North Sinai Development Project (NSDP). The water
resources investigated are agriculture wastewater mixed with
Nile freshwater in a ratio of 1:1. This study focuses on the
quality of irrigation water used in the reclamation and
cultivation of 75,000 acres of the South-East EL-Kantra Canal
lies in the NSDP. Six monitoring locations along the canal path
were chosen for examination. Water samples were collected
every month during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014.
The water parameters were set using the Egyptian irrigation
water standards, based on the local Decree 92/2013 for the
Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection
of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, as well as
the United States Environmental Agency, USEPA 2012
Guidelines for reclaimed water quality for irrigation. The
results of the study clearly demonstrate restrictions to irrigate
the uncooked vegetables and uncooked crops for human. The
need for increasing the mixed Nile freshwater portion or
pretreatment of the agriculture wastewater prior to mixing
with the Nile freshwater to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water
standards and USEPA 2012 as several water quality results,
such as BOD, DO, and fecal coliform, are unacceptable. As a
suggestion, we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization
ponds or wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater
before adding to the Nile river water to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water criteria.
An Example of Constructed Wetland Planning for a Rural Settlement in TurkeyPremier Publishers
Artificial wetlands are one of the methods that are used to recover the water specifically for domestic use or for agricultural activities without damaging the environment. These are the combination of biological, chemical and physical treatment systems, including microorganisms, plants, animals and aquatic ecology. These systems are economical because they do not require energy, special equipment, and trained personnel to operate them. This study focuses on the planning of constructed wetlands in the existing rural settlements or in future rural settlements that need to be re-planned as a result of various factors in Turkey conditions. In this study, an artificial wetland plan sample was prepared for domestic wastewater treatment in Demirgecit Village, which has cold climatic conditions, a projection population of 350 and a height of approximately 1750 m above sea level. As a result of the planning, the wetland area consisting of two chambers of 0.7m depth, 20m width, and 40m length was determined. The BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) value of the effluent water and holding time in the chamber were found to be 20.17 mg / L and 5.6 days respectively.
We are Reclaimed Teak Furniture & Teak Root Furniture Producer Based In Jepara Central Java Indonesia”
Recycled Boat Wood Furniture by Old Teak Furniture. http://www.oldteakfurniture.com
Constructed wetlands are small artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of one or more shallow treatment cells, with herbaceous vegetation that flourish in saturated or flooded cells.
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The study examines the irrigation water quality
for North Sinai Development Project (NSDP). The water
resources investigated are agriculture wastewater mixed with
Nile freshwater in a ratio of 1:1. This study focuses on the
quality of irrigation water used in the reclamation and
cultivation of 75,000 acres of the South-East EL-Kantra Canal
lies in the NSDP. Six monitoring locations along the canal path
were chosen for examination. Water samples were collected
every month during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014.
The water parameters were set using the Egyptian irrigation
water standards, based on the local Decree 92/2013 for the
Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection
of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, as well as
the United States Environmental Agency, USEPA 2012
Guidelines for reclaimed water quality for irrigation. The
results of the study clearly demonstrate restrictions to irrigate
the uncooked vegetables and uncooked crops for human. The
need for increasing the mixed Nile freshwater portion or
pretreatment of the agriculture wastewater prior to mixing
with the Nile freshwater to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water
standards and USEPA 2012 as several water quality results,
such as BOD, DO, and fecal coliform, are unacceptable. As a
suggestion, we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization
ponds or wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater
before adding to the Nile river water to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water criteria.
An Example of Constructed Wetland Planning for a Rural Settlement in TurkeyPremier Publishers
Artificial wetlands are one of the methods that are used to recover the water specifically for domestic use or for agricultural activities without damaging the environment. These are the combination of biological, chemical and physical treatment systems, including microorganisms, plants, animals and aquatic ecology. These systems are economical because they do not require energy, special equipment, and trained personnel to operate them. This study focuses on the planning of constructed wetlands in the existing rural settlements or in future rural settlements that need to be re-planned as a result of various factors in Turkey conditions. In this study, an artificial wetland plan sample was prepared for domestic wastewater treatment in Demirgecit Village, which has cold climatic conditions, a projection population of 350 and a height of approximately 1750 m above sea level. As a result of the planning, the wetland area consisting of two chambers of 0.7m depth, 20m width, and 40m length was determined. The BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) value of the effluent water and holding time in the chamber were found to be 20.17 mg / L and 5.6 days respectively.
We are Reclaimed Teak Furniture & Teak Root Furniture Producer Based In Jepara Central Java Indonesia”
Recycled Boat Wood Furniture by Old Teak Furniture. http://www.oldteakfurniture.com
SOIL BIOTECHNOLOGY TO TREAT NAZAFGARH DRAIN WATER BEFORE DISPOSAL INTO RIVER ...civej
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants. These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world. It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and could be set up within the area of habilitation.
SOIL BIOTECHNOLOGY TO TREAT NAZAFGARH DRAIN WATER BEFORE DISPOSAL INTO RIVER ...civejjour
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
Soil Biotechnology to Treat Nazafgarh Drain Water before Disposal into River ...civej
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many
organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not
able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the
waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken
into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the
polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water
recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken
care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can
efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly
and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single
evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and
could be set up within the area of habilitation.
Domestic Liquid Waste Purification and Recyclingijtsrd
Rapid industrialization and urbanization subsequently brought many variations in the environment and ecosystems in the world, as a result there is proportionate increase in the domestic waste generation in India. Growth of urban areas, increase pressure on local water supplies. Already, usage of groundwater aquifers by over half of the world population are being over drawn, as a result, it is no longer advisable to use water once and dispose of it, so reuse and recycling of water is must. For formulating a sustainable water policy, a reliable source of water such as Recycled water should be taken into account. Recycling and reuse of water should be made obligatory to reduce the huge pressure on demand of fresh water. Waste water from water intensive activities should be recycled and reused and make the reclaimed water available for use in the secondary activities either within or outside the locality, resulting in saving lot of water. The total quantity of water used by the domestic sections is much less than that for irrigation. However, the liquid waste released from the domestic sections has a huge amount of pollutants and is discharged at specific disposal points. Thus, the purification of liquid waste generated from domestic projects is of much more importance. The quantity of organic matter in liquid waste is of great importance due to its polluting potential. The availability of oxygen for fish and other aquatic organisms can be reduced due to direct discharge of this matter into water bodies. Here comes the Purification and Recycling of domestic liquid waste into picture. Water recycling, also referred to as water reuse or water reclamation, is an effective method of treating captured or conveyed wastewater and redistributing it to benefit other water dependent applications. Unlike traditional approaches where water is merely discharged as waste after use, water recycling provides a reliable local water supply, helping improve water conservation, cut energy use and costs, minimize diversions from local water bodies, and prevent water pollution 1 . The objective of this work is to study about domestic liquid waste i.e. sewage its purification and recycling. With the help of some case studies this paper gives information about the processes and various units of purification and how the waste water is recycled after getting treated and its application. Shruti Subhash Jagtap | Dr. R Manivanan "Domestic Liquid Waste Purification and Recycling" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35830.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/35830/domestic-liquid-waste-purification-and-recycling/shruti-subhash-jagtap
Geographical Analysis of the Challenges and Opportunities Facing Jharkhand's ...AI Publications
India is a land of rivers having prevalently a farming-based economy. Agriculture is the fundamental supporter of most of the general population in India and water is the most significant contribution to crop generation. The accomplishment of agriculture relies on the sufficiency and timely event of precipitation. Yet, the precipitation in India is frequently meagre, uneven and there is indeed, even all out disappointment in certain districts and during certain periods. Downpour is bound to a couple of months in a year and it shifts from year to year and district to-area which makes enormous pieces of the nation defenceless against drought. In this manner, natural distribution of water is lacking both spatially and transiently. Aside from the distinction in money saving advantage of good irrigation in various mouzas and diverse irrigation systems, the spatial example is likewise uneven at small scale level for example one irrigation framework to another irrigation framework. The Z-Score an incentive if there should be an occurrence of Co-employable RLI (+1.80) scored most astounding which shows the greatest net benefit for boro development. The most minimal score which is seen in the STW (leased) (- 1.42) poor inundated zone shows minimal benefit for boor development.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Wastewater recycling is emerging as an integral part of
water demand management. Promoting as it does the preservation of high-quality fresh water supplies as well as potentially reducing the pollutant in the environment and reducing overall costs.
Water Resources Scenario in India Its Requirement, Water Degradation and Poll...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Earth's water resources, including rivers, lakes,
oceans, and underground aquifers, are under stress in
many regions. Humans need water for drinking,
sanitation, agriculture, and industry; and
contaminated water can spread illnesses and disease
vectors, so clean water is both an environmental and a
public health issue. In this article, learn how water is
distributed around the globe; how it cycles among the
oceans, atmosphere, and land; and how human
activities are affecting our finite supply of usable water.
Similar to Land treatment-as-viable-solution-for-waste-water-treatment-anddisposal-in-india-2157-7617-1000375 (20)
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
2. Citation: Bhargava A, Lakmini S (2016) Land Treatment as Viable Solution for Waste Water Treatment and Disposal in India. J Earth Sci Clim Change
7: 375. doi: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000375
Page 2 of 5
Volume 7 • Issue 11 • 1000375J Earth Sci Clim Change, an open access journal
ISSN: 2157-7617
itself, rather than crop production, as their main objective. Accordingly,
in this system, the maximum possible amount of water is applied
per unit land area. However in the second category, the system is
designed mainly with a view to water reuse for crop production, and
consequently the amount of water applied is just enough to satisfy the
irrigation requirements of the crop being grown. SR systems have the
highest treatment potential of all natural treatment systems.
As the primary system water is applied to agricultural lands or
vegetation either by sprinkling or by surface techniques, nutrients
contained in wastewater are utilized by crops and vegetation while
BOD and suspended solids are removed through water infiltration. It is
not suitable to apply for consumption of crops. This method can further
sub divide in to two categories as Normal Rate Irrigation and High
Rate Irrigation based on Annual Loading Rate and land requirement.
Annual Loading Rate of Normal Rate Irrigation varies from 0.3 to 1.5
m/yr. Agricultural sites using this Normal Rate Irrigation are generally
with less slope. The Annual Loading Rate of High Rate Irrigation
systems are 3.0 m/yr. This rate can vary according to the environment
and suitable only for permeable soil. The System is very operative at
removing harmful wastewater constituents. Table 3 shows the removal
capacity of suspended and organic matters at slow rate treatment.
Table 4 shows applicable design criteria for Slow Rate system and land
treatment system depicted in Figure 1 below:
Rapid infiltration
Rapid infiltration (RI) is the most intensive of all land treatment
methods. In this method usually high hydraulic and organic loadings
are applied intermittently to shallow infiltration or spreading basins as
reflected in Figure 1. The RI process uses the soil matrix for physical,
chemical, and biological treatment. Physical straining and filtering
occur at the soil surface and within the soil matrix [6]. Chemical
precipitation, ion exchange and adsorption occur as the water percolates
through the soil. Biological oxidation, assimilation and reduction occur
wastewater or natural treatment of waste water which involves the basic
concept using vegetation cover, soil surfaces and geological materials
to remove certain pollutants. The following three main types of land
treatment systems are used.
• Slow rate (Irrigation) – SR
• Rapid Infiltration (Infiltration) – RI
• Over Flow – OF
Slow rate
Slow Rate (SR) systems are the predominant form of land
treatment for municipal and industrial waste-water. Such a technology
incorporates waste-water treatment, water reuse, crop utilization of
nutrients and waste-water disposal. It involves the application of waste-
water to vegetated land by means of various techniques, including
sprinkling methods or surface techniques such as graded-border and
furrow irrigation. Water is usually applied intermittently (every 4 to
10 days) to maintain aerobic conditions in the soil profile. The applied
water is either consumed through evapotranspiration or percolated
vertically and horizontally through the soil system [5]. Any surface
runoff is collected and reapplied to the system. Treatment occurs as
the wastewater percolates through the soil profile (Table 2). In most
cases, the percolate will enter the underlying groundwater, or it may be
intercepted by natural surface waters or recovered by means of under
drains or recovery wells.
SR systems can be classified into two categories based on design
objectives. Category 1 systems are designed with waste-water treatment
Major Constituents Strong (mg/l) Medium (mg/l) Weak (mg/l)
Total Solids 1200 700 350
Dissolved Solids (TDS) 850 500 250
Suspended Solids 350 200 100
Nitrogen (N) 85 40 20
Phosphorous (P) 20 10 6
Chloride 100 50 30
Alkalinity (CaCO3
) 200 100 50
Grease 150 100 50
BOD5
2
300 200 100
Table 1: Major suspended of strong, medium and weak waste-waters.
Parameter Removal Mechanism
BOD Soil adsorption and bacterial oxidation
SS Filtration through the soil
Nitrogen Crop uptake, denitrification, ammonia volatilization, soil storage
Phosphorus
Chemical immobilization (precipitation and adsorption), plant
uptake
Metals Soil adsorption, precipitation, ion exchange, complexation
Pathogens
Soil filtration, adsorption, desiccation, radiation, predation,
exposure to other adverse environmental factors
Trace
Organics
Photodecomposition, volatilization, sorption, degradation
Table 2: Mechanisms of waste-water constituent removal by SR systems.
Parameter Percentage Removal
BOD 90 to 99+ Percent
TSS 90 to 99+ Percent
TN 50 to 90 percent
TP 80 to 99+ Percent
Fecal Coliform 99.99+ Percent
Table 3: Removal capacity of suspended and organic matters by slow rate
treatment.
Figure 1: Slow rate land treatment.
Criteria CCC Range
Field Area 56 to 560 acres/MGD
Application Rate 2 to 20 ft./yr. (0.5 to 4.0 in/wk
Bod Loading 0.2 to 5 lb/acre/d
Soil Depth At least 2 to 5 ft
Soil Permeability 0.06 to 2.5 in/r
Lower Temperature Limit 25 deg F
Application Method Sprinkler or surface
Pre-treatment Required Preliminary and secondary
Particle Size (For Sprinkler
Applications)
Solid less than 1/3 sprinkler nozzle
Table 4: Applicable design criteria for slow rate system.
3. Citation: Bhargava A, Lakmini S (2016) Land Treatment as Viable Solution for Waste Water Treatment and Disposal in India. J Earth Sci Clim Change
7: 375. doi: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000375
Page 3 of 5
Volume 7 • Issue 11 • 1000375J Earth Sci Clim Change, an open access journal
ISSN: 2157-7617
Overland flow
Overland flow (OF) is a treatment process in which waste-water is
treated as it flows down through a system of vegetated sloping terraces
where waste-water is applied intermittently to the top portion of each
terrace and flows down the terrace to a runoff collection channel at
the bottom of the slope as shown in Figure 2. Application techniques
include high-pressure sprinklers, low-pressure sprays, or surface
methods such as gated pipes used with relatively impermeable surface
soils in which infiltration through the soil is limited in contrast to SR
and RI systems [7]. The effluent waste-water undergoes a variety of
physical, chemical and biological treatment mechanisms as it proceeds
along surface runoff path. Overland flow systems can be designed
for secondary treatment, advanced secondary treatment or nutrient
removal, depending on requirements.
Over flow is a biological treatment process. This system is suitable
for relatively impermeable soil. BOD and Suspended Solids are
removed by the process of Biological Oxidation, Sedimentation, and
Filtration. Removal mechanisms for Nitrogen (typically removes 75%
to 90%) are Plant uptake, Denitrification and Ammonia volatilization.
Effluent is collected in to drainage and can be reused or discharged to a
surface water body. The schematic diagram of over flow land treatment
is shown in Figure 3 below.
Process Design
Hydraulic loading rates based on soil permeability
Hydraulic loading rates should be within measured soil capabilities.
Loading is to be based on a water balance that includes precipitation,
evapotranspiration, and wastewater percolation. The total monthly
loading should be distributed uniformly, taking into consideration
planting, harvesting, drying and other periods of no application.
The basic steps in the procedure are as follows:
• Determine the design precipitation for each month based on
a 10-year return frequency analysis for monthly precipitation.
• Estimate the evapotranspiration rates (ET) of the selected crop
for each month.
• Determine the overall saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity
of the site using the soil evaluation.
• Establish a maximum daily design percolation rate that does
not exceed the designed rate of the overall saturated vertical
hydraulic conductivity measured at the site, taking into
consideration suggested hydraulic loading rates based on soil
morphology.
within the top few feet of the soil. Vegetation is not applied in systems
of this kind. The RI system is designed to meet several performance
objectives including the following:
• Recharge of streams by interception of groundwater;
• Recovery of water by wells or underdrains, with subsequent
reuse or discharge;
• Groundwater recharge;
• Temporary storage of renovated water in the local aquifer.
The water is release to the land at higher rates by spreading in
basing and allow to treatment of water when it move through the soil
matrix by percolation. This system is most suitable for high permeable
soil and need good natural or constructed drainage. The annual loading
rate may be varying from 3.0 to 150.0 m/yr. Availability of vegetation
cover is not a component of this system. At the end of the RI process
BOD, suspended solids, and faecal coliforms are almost removed. Table
5 shows the applicable design criteria for rapid infiltration system along
with its indicative diagram in Figure 2.
Criteria Slow Rate Rapid Infiltration Over Flow
Grade
< 20% on cultivated land < 40% on non-
cultivated land
Not critical, excessive grades require much earth work Finis slope 2% to 8%
Soil Permeability Moderately slow to moderately rapid Rapid (Sands, sandy, loams)
Slow (clay, silt and soils with impermeable
barriers)
Pth to Ground Water 0.6 – 1 m (minimum)b
1 m during flood cycle, 1.5 – 3 m during dry cycle Not critical
Climatic Restriction
Storage often needed for cold weather
and during heavy precipitation
None possibly modify operation in cold weather Storage usually needed for cold weather
Treatment Goal Secondary or Advance water treatment Secondary, Advance water treatment or ground water Secondary removal
Climate Needs Warmer seasons None Warmer seasons
Vegetation Yes No Yes
Area (Ha)* 23-280 3-23 6-40
Hydraulic Loading (M/L) 0.5-6 6-125 3-20
Table 5: Applicable design criteria for rapid infiltration system.
Figure 2: Rapid filtration of land treatment.
Figure 3: Overflow land treatment.
4. Citation: Bhargava A, Lakmini S (2016) Land Treatment as Viable Solution for Waste Water Treatment and Disposal in India. J Earth Sci Clim Change
7: 375. doi: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000375
Page 4 of 5
Volume 7 • Issue 11 • 1000375J Earth Sci Clim Change, an open access journal
ISSN: 2157-7617
• Calculate the monthly hydraulic loading rate using the
following equation:
LW =
Et
– P + Wp
Lw = Wastewater hydraulic loading rate, inches per month.
P = Design precipitation, inches per month.
Et = Evapotranspiration (or crop consumptive use of water), inches
per month.
Wp = Percolating water, inches per month (use a percentage of the
minimum saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity).
• Calculate the loading rates for each month with adjustments
for those months having periods of non-application. Periods of non-
application may be due to wet weather, cold weather, vegetation
management or maintenance.
Hydraulic loading rate based on nitrogen limit
Nitrogen management for the SRI process principally involves crop
uptake with some denitrification. Aerobic nitrification involves the
breakdown of organic nitrogen to ammonia and ammonium. Through
the action of bacterial organisms such as Nitrosomonas, the ammonium
ion is broken down to nitrite-nitrogen. This is further broken down
through the action of Nitrobacter bacteria to nitrate-nitrogen.
Denitrification involves the biological reduction of nitrate to nitrite and
finally nitrogen gas [8]. Such biological denitrification requires bacteria
(Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Acomobacter), anoxic
conditions and a source of organic carbon.
The following procedure should be used to determine wastewater
loading rates when nitrogen concentration in the groundwater is a
concern.
• Calculate the allowable monthly hydraulic loading rate based
on nitrogen limits and monthly design flow information using
the following equation:
Ln
= (Cp) (Pr – Et
) + (U) (4.413)/((1-f) (Cn
)- Cp
)
• Ln = Wastewater hydraulic loading rate, in/month.
• Cp = Nitrogen concentration in percolating water, mg/L.
• Pr = Precipitation rate, in/month.
• Et = Evapotranspiration rate, in/month.
• U = Crop nitrogen uptake, lb. /acre month.
• Cn = Nitrogen concentration in applied wastewater, mg/L.
• f = Fraction of applied nitrogen removed by denitrification and
volatilization.
• Compare the value of the hydraulic loading rate based on
nitrogen to the hydraulic loading rate based on the saturated
vertical hydraulic conductivity of the soil for each month of the
year.
• After the appropriate loading rate is determined, the area of the
absorption field can be calculated.
Storage requirements
The storage area should be calculated based on the minimum
storage requirement for all land treatment systems that distribute
wastewater effluent onto the ground surface. Local climatic records
as well as nationally available climatic data, should be evaluated to
estimate the number of days each month wastewater will not be applied
to the site due to weather conditions. Wastewater should not be applied
if any of the following site conditions exist:
• Amount of snow on the ground is greater than one inch.
• Rainfall in the previous 24-hour period exceeds one half inch.
• Soil temperature measured one inch below the soil surface is
less than 32°F.
Phosphorus removal
Phosphorus is removed from solution by fixation processes in the
soil, such as adsorption and chemical precipitation. Removal efficiencies
are generally very high for slow rate systems and more dependent on
the soil properties than on the concentration of phosphorus applied.
Phosphorus retention can be enhanced by the use of crops such as
grass with large phosphorus uptake. Field determination of levels of
free oxides, calcium, aluminium, and soil pH will provide information
on the type of chemical reaction that will occur. Determination of
phosphorus absorption capacity of the soils requires laboratory testing
of field samples [9]. Systems with strict phosphorus limits in the
percolate should include monitoring for nutrient soil phosphorus to
verify retention in the soil.
Removal of trace elements and other parameters of concern
The concentrations of trace elements and other parameters of
concern vary significantly, depending on wastewater characteristics.
Trace elements include metals, pesticides, volatiles, and acid extractable
and base neutral organics. Trace element assessments are necessary
to assure that levels will not be toxic to cover vegetation or impair
groundwater quality. In some cases, where applied concentrations of
trace metals are excessive, it may be necessary to maintain soil pH at
6.5 or higher.
Other constituents of concern include greases, emulsions, and salts
[10]. These may clog soils, plug nozzles, coat vegetation, be persistent
or non-biodegradable/non-exchangeable with soil materials, or be toxic
to vegetative cover. Effluent that exhibits these properties should not be
applied to the land surface.
Microorganism removal
The potential for public health risks from microorganism
contamination as a result of land treatment of wastewater varies greatly
depending upon site-specific conditions. The factors include type of
application, pre-application treatment, and public access to the site,
population density, adjacent land use, climate, type of on-site buffer
zones, and type of vegetative cover. The evaluation of these variables
should be done to achieve the goal of minimizing public health risks
from land treatment of wastewater. All wastewater that contains
pathogens must be disinfected prior to application
Conclusion
Land treatment of waste water is economically viable and easy to
handle. Such a treatment restricts waste water to be discharged into
rivers, lakes, and water bodies thus prevent them for being polluted. It
also prevents ground water to pollute in case of indiscriminate discharge
of waste water on land. Waste water is a resource and usable and should
not be considered as a waste and in this context Land Application as
specified in paper can be treated as usable resource management. Its
5. Citation: Bhargava A, Lakmini S (2016) Land Treatment as Viable Solution for Waste Water Treatment and Disposal in India. J Earth Sci Clim Change
7: 375. doi: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000375
Page 5 of 5
Volume 7 • Issue 11 • 1000375J Earth Sci Clim Change, an open access journal
ISSN: 2157-7617
applicable where sufficient land is available and water scarcity exists
particularly in the state of Rajasthan and other such areas. It will not
have negative impact if recommended hydraulic loadings on a specified
soil is applied. Its application domestic waste water is recommended
along with some industrial waste waters of easily biodegradable in
nature. However, more research in this area needs to be taken.
References
1. US Environmental Protection Agency (1992) Guidelines for water reuse.
2. Department of Social and Health Services (1976) Guidelines for land disposal
of treated domestic sewage effluent in Washington State (now DOH) and
Department of Ecology.
3. Department of Ecology (1985) Criteria for sewage works design.
4. Department of Health and Department of Ecology (1993) Water reclamation
and reuse interim standards. Ecology Publications Number 93-121.
5. Sanks RL, Asano T (1976) Land treatment and disposal of municipal and
industrial wastewater.
6. Metcalf and Eddy Inc. (2014) Wastewater Engineering.
7. Mexal JG, Zachritz W, Sammis TW (2002) Trees are the answer to wastewater
treatment for small communities: Case Studies, New Mexico State University
327-335.
8. Manual for Land Treatment of Wastewater (2006) A guide to site selection
system design and permitting requirements.
9. Central Pollution Control Board (2009-2010) Status of water supply, wastewater
generation and treatment in Class-I Cities & Class-II towns of India. Control of
Urban Pollution Series: Cups.
10. Akshey B (2016) Waste water treatment with special reference to land
treatment processes. Int J Advance Trends in Technology Management and
Applied Sciences 2: 2454-5678.
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Citation: Bhargava A, Lakmini S (2016) Land Treatment as Viable Solution for
Waste Water Treatment and Disposal in India. J Earth Sci Clim Change 7: 375.
doi: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000375