This document discusses mixing methods for anaerobic digesters used to generate biogas from sewage sludge. It examines sludge recirculation, mechanical agitation, and combining the two for mixing as well as analyzing their impact on biogas production. Testing of four experiments found that mixing by both sludge recirculation and mechanical agitation together produced the highest average biogas generation of 4,488 cubic meters per day, whereas mixing only by mechanical agitation or no mixing at all resulted in lower biogas production. Proper mixing is essential for optimizing the anaerobic digestion process by keeping microorganisms in contact with substrates and ensuring uniform temperature and pH conditions.
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The document reviews the feasibility of using duckweed (Lemna minor) for sludge water treatment. It summarizes several studies that examined duckweed's nutrient removal efficiency from different wastewaters. One study found duckweed was most effective at removing nutrients from municipal wastewater, removing over 75% of nutrients tested. However, another study found that duckweed did not significantly improve the treatment efficiency of a municipal wastewater system. The document concludes that duckweed systems can effectively treat wastewater and remove nutrients to produce secondary effluent, but land area requirements and lack of winter growth may limit their widespread use. Nitrogen removal requires supplemental aeration in duckweed ponds.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Suitability on Treated Sewage Water for A...IRJET Journal
This study examines using rice husk and activated charcoal to treat sewage water for agricultural purposes. Sewage water was collected and tested for various parameters like pH, hardness, BOD, COD before and after treatment. Rice husk ash was used as a coagulant and rice husk and activated charcoal were used as filtering materials. Testing showed the treatment decreased pH, BOD, COD, hardness, chlorides, TSS and TDS, with optimal results at 3% coagulant. The treated water met permissible limits for irrigation use according to standards. Therefore, treating sewage water with natural adsorbents like rice husk could enable its safe use in agriculture.
This document reviews various wastewater management technologies. It begins by discussing the global water crisis and importance of efficient wastewater treatment. It then provides an overview of several conventional wastewater treatment technologies commonly used in India, including constructed wetlands, decentralized systems, waste stabilization ponds, and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. The document also explores some emerging technologies like dark fermentation, microbial fuel cells, and applications of nanotechnology to wastewater treatment. It concludes by emphasizing the need for improved wastewater management in India to support overall country progress through technological advances, changes in public mindset, and private-public partnerships.
IRJET- Analysis of Groundwater Quality of Usilampatti Region in TamilnaduIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the groundwater quality of the Usilampatti region in Tamil Nadu, India. Water samples were collected from 5 bore wells and tested for various physico-chemical parameters. The results found that temperature, phosphate and calcium levels exceeded standards in some samples. Total hardness, alkalinity, chlorides and conductivity were also high in few samples. This indicates that the groundwater is contaminated and unfit for drinking and domestic use without treatment. Rainwater harvesting is suggested to minimize inorganic chemical levels in groundwater and regular monitoring is needed to prevent further pollution.
Role of Wastewater in Transportation of Heavy Metals: A risk assessment to hu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the role of wastewater in transporting heavy metals and the risks it poses to human health. It notes that wastewater is often used for irrigation in agriculture and can contain heavy metals from industrial and domestic sources. These heavy metals can accumulate in soils and plants irrigated with wastewater and eventually enter the food chain, posing health risks to humans. The document also examines the mechanisms by which heavy metals are absorbed by plant roots from soil and transported throughout plants, and how long-term exposure to heavy metals through food can cause various chronic health issues for humans.
Low Cost Filtration For Grey water With Constructed WetlandIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on low-cost filtration of greywater using constructed wetlands. Greywater refers to wastewater from bathrooms, laundry, and kitchens excluding toilet waste. Constructed wetlands provide natural wastewater treatment through physical, chemical, and biological processes between water, soil, plants, microorganisms and the environment. The study aims to find an affordable solution for greywater treatment. A survey found washing machines contributed the most (76%) greywater, followed by bathrooms (21%) and kitchens (3%). Parameters like pH, turbidity, BOD, COD were tested to analyze greywater quality before and after treatment in constructed wetlands. The wetlands provide filtration through soil and
IRJET- Rotary Drum Composting of Flower WasteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on composting flower waste using a rotary drum technique. Flower waste was collected from temples in Surat, India and mixed with cow dung, sawdust, and wheat bran in a rotary drum composter. Two trials with different ratios of ingredients were conducted over 45 days. Physicochemical parameters like temperature, pH, moisture content, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were evaluated throughout the process. Both trials produced stable compost within 6-7 weeks with pH between 6.5-7.5 and carbon reduced by 22-33%. The compost was found to have increased potassium and phosphorus levels, making it a suitable organic fertilizer for agricultural use.
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The Climate Change journal publishes a wide range of topics related to this field including but not limited to Earth science or Geosciences, Geography, Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science, Global Warming, Oceanography, and Climate change and Risk Management.
IRJET- A Review of Feasibility of Use of Duckweed for Treatment of Sludge...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the feasibility of using duckweed (Lemna minor) for sludge water treatment. It summarizes several studies that examined duckweed's nutrient removal efficiency from different wastewaters. One study found duckweed was most effective at removing nutrients from municipal wastewater, removing over 75% of nutrients tested. However, another study found that duckweed did not significantly improve the treatment efficiency of a municipal wastewater system. The document concludes that duckweed systems can effectively treat wastewater and remove nutrients to produce secondary effluent, but land area requirements and lack of winter growth may limit their widespread use. Nitrogen removal requires supplemental aeration in duckweed ponds.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Suitability on Treated Sewage Water for A...IRJET Journal
This study examines using rice husk and activated charcoal to treat sewage water for agricultural purposes. Sewage water was collected and tested for various parameters like pH, hardness, BOD, COD before and after treatment. Rice husk ash was used as a coagulant and rice husk and activated charcoal were used as filtering materials. Testing showed the treatment decreased pH, BOD, COD, hardness, chlorides, TSS and TDS, with optimal results at 3% coagulant. The treated water met permissible limits for irrigation use according to standards. Therefore, treating sewage water with natural adsorbents like rice husk could enable its safe use in agriculture.
This document reviews various wastewater management technologies. It begins by discussing the global water crisis and importance of efficient wastewater treatment. It then provides an overview of several conventional wastewater treatment technologies commonly used in India, including constructed wetlands, decentralized systems, waste stabilization ponds, and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. The document also explores some emerging technologies like dark fermentation, microbial fuel cells, and applications of nanotechnology to wastewater treatment. It concludes by emphasizing the need for improved wastewater management in India to support overall country progress through technological advances, changes in public mindset, and private-public partnerships.
IRJET- Analysis of Groundwater Quality of Usilampatti Region in TamilnaduIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the groundwater quality of the Usilampatti region in Tamil Nadu, India. Water samples were collected from 5 bore wells and tested for various physico-chemical parameters. The results found that temperature, phosphate and calcium levels exceeded standards in some samples. Total hardness, alkalinity, chlorides and conductivity were also high in few samples. This indicates that the groundwater is contaminated and unfit for drinking and domestic use without treatment. Rainwater harvesting is suggested to minimize inorganic chemical levels in groundwater and regular monitoring is needed to prevent further pollution.
Role of Wastewater in Transportation of Heavy Metals: A risk assessment to hu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the role of wastewater in transporting heavy metals and the risks it poses to human health. It notes that wastewater is often used for irrigation in agriculture and can contain heavy metals from industrial and domestic sources. These heavy metals can accumulate in soils and plants irrigated with wastewater and eventually enter the food chain, posing health risks to humans. The document also examines the mechanisms by which heavy metals are absorbed by plant roots from soil and transported throughout plants, and how long-term exposure to heavy metals through food can cause various chronic health issues for humans.
Low Cost Filtration For Grey water With Constructed WetlandIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on low-cost filtration of greywater using constructed wetlands. Greywater refers to wastewater from bathrooms, laundry, and kitchens excluding toilet waste. Constructed wetlands provide natural wastewater treatment through physical, chemical, and biological processes between water, soil, plants, microorganisms and the environment. The study aims to find an affordable solution for greywater treatment. A survey found washing machines contributed the most (76%) greywater, followed by bathrooms (21%) and kitchens (3%). Parameters like pH, turbidity, BOD, COD were tested to analyze greywater quality before and after treatment in constructed wetlands. The wetlands provide filtration through soil and
IRJET- Rotary Drum Composting of Flower WasteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on composting flower waste using a rotary drum technique. Flower waste was collected from temples in Surat, India and mixed with cow dung, sawdust, and wheat bran in a rotary drum composter. Two trials with different ratios of ingredients were conducted over 45 days. Physicochemical parameters like temperature, pH, moisture content, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were evaluated throughout the process. Both trials produced stable compost within 6-7 weeks with pH between 6.5-7.5 and carbon reduced by 22-33%. The compost was found to have increased potassium and phosphorus levels, making it a suitable organic fertilizer for agricultural use.
Land treatment-as-viable-solution-for-waste-water-treatment-anddisposal-in-in...science journals
The Climate Change journal publishes a wide range of topics related to this field including but not limited to Earth science or Geosciences, Geography, Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science, Global Warming, Oceanography, and Climate change and Risk Management.
This document is a seminar report on solid waste management submitted by Gulshan Kumar to fulfill requirements for a B.Tech degree in civil engineering. It discusses the nature and generation of solid waste in India, as well as various methods for processing, treating, and disposing of solid waste including composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, and landfilling. It also covers drawbacks of current solid waste management practices and initiatives taken by state governments to improve waste handling. The report provides an overview of technologies and issues related to solid waste management in India.
This document provides training material on composting and vermicomposting. It discusses the impact of current sanitation practices, the differences between chemical and organic fertilizers, and various biological degradation processes like anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, composting, and vermicomposting. It also addresses factors that affect composting like carbon-nitrogen ratio, moisture, temperature, aeration, surface area, and pH. The document aims to educate on converting human waste into organic fertilizer through appropriate treatment methods.
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This document provides training material on composting and vermicomposting. It discusses the impacts of current sanitation practices, the differences between chemical and organic fertilizers, the processes of composting and vermicomposting, and design considerations for composting systems. The key topics covered include the roles of nutrients for plant growth, the impacts of chemical fertilizers on soil and water, how composting and vermicomposting convert organic wastes into nutrient-rich fertilizer, and factors that affect the composting process such as carbon-nitrogen ratio, moisture, temperature, and aeration.
The document discusses wastewater treatment using vermifiltration. It makes the following key points:
1) Vermifiltration uses earthworms to treat wastewater in an eco-friendly and low-cost way. Earthworms help biodegrade and bioaccumulate pollutants.
2) A study examined using Moringa oleifera seeds to treat municipal wastewater. Analysis found the seeds effectively removed pathogens, chemicals, and heavy metals.
3) Kinetic modeling showed the dissolution of potassium from Moringa seeds followed a shrinking core diffusion model. Dissolution rates increased with temperature up to an optimal 27°C.
IRJET- Grey Water Treatment by Water Hyacinth-A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using water hyacinth plants to treat greywater. It discusses how water hyacinth systems function as horizontal trickling filters that provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to degrade organic matter. The literature review summarizes several studies that found water hyacinth and other aquatic plants like lotus and hydrilla were effective at removing pollutants like BOD, COD, nutrients, and bacteria from domestic wastewater through physical and biochemical processes. The document also outlines a proposed method for a study using floating rafts of water lily and canna plants to treat domestic wastewater through phyto-remediation and absorption of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus.
IRJET- Treatment of Dairy Industry Wastewater by Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on treating dairy industry wastewater using a hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The dairy wastewater has high levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total solids that require treatment before disposal. The study constructed a laboratory-scale UASB reactor and analyzed parameters like BOD, COD, pH, and total solids at different hydraulic retention times. Results showed reductions in BOD and COD and increases in pH and total solids, with optimal treatment achieved at a 36 hour retention time. The UASB reactor was found to effectively treat dairy wastewater through simple biological processes.
Characterization of Physicochemical Water Quality Parameters of River Gudar (...IOSRJAC
Due to various natural and anthropogenic activities, quality of water was deteriorated in most towns of the country. These changes make or forced the community to depend on unsafe and poor water consumption. River Gudar is one of the rivers found in towns of the country, and exposed to many anthropogenic activities done around the town. Importance of river Gudar is strongly linked to Domestic consumption, Irrigation, Industrial (HAEF) and other public health. Under the investigation physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals for the quality of river Gudar for drinking purpose were characterized. The laboratory results for both physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals were: Alkalinity (154 ± 15.556 mg/L), pH (8.44), Electrical Conductivity (316.47 ± 72.802 Scm-1 ), TDS (149.37 ± 20.64 mg/L), Ammonia (41.00 ± 1.19 mg/L), Phosphate (3.50 ± 0.32mg/L), Total Hardness (156.87 ± 8.46 mg/L CaCO3), Sodium (17.44 ± 2.87mg/L), Potassium (8.51 ± 0.33 mg/L) and some selected heavy metals such as Cu (0.29 ± 0.04 mg/L ), Pb (2.5 ± 0.25 mg/L), Zn (0.63 ± 0.24 mg/L), Cd (0.79 ± 0.19 mg/L) and Ag (0.35 ± 0.17 mg/L) for water sample.
Performance Analysis of Constructed Wetland to Treat Wastewater from Dairy In...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using constructed wetlands to treat wastewater from the dairy industry. Constructed wetlands are man-made systems that utilize natural processes to treat wastewater. They consist of shallow ponds or channels planted with aquatic plants. Key processes include microbial breakdown of pollutants, filtration, and nutrient uptake by plants. The document finds that constructed wetlands can effectively treat dairy wastewater, removing over 90% of BOD and COD and reducing total dissolved solids. Constructed wetlands provide a low-cost treatment method for dairy wastewater that produces environmental benefits.
Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Sewage Sludge and Waste – A Review with a Focus on ...IRJET Journal
The document reviews anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste. It discusses key factors that affect co-digestion such as mixing ratios, temperature, pH, retention time, and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Co-digestion can overcome limitations of single substrate digestion and increase biogas production. However, food waste presents challenges like variability in biodegradability. Pretreatment and optimizing the substrate combination are important to maximize methane yields from anaerobic co-digestion.
IRJET - Algal Bioreactor for the Removal of Pollution Parameter from Sugar Mi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using algae to remove pollutants from sugar mill effluent. Sugar mill wastewater contains various pollutants that are harmful if discharged untreated. The study inoculated cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) into secondary treated sugar mill effluent to reduce parameters like chloride, sulfate, and pH over 5 days. The results showed reductions in these parameters, demonstrating the algae system can considerably reduce pollution compared to untreated effluent. This algal bioreactor provides a sustainable and cost-effective wastewater treatment method.
Wastewater recycling is emerging as an integral part of
water demand management. Promoting as it does the preservation of high-quality fresh water supplies as well as potentially reducing the pollutant in the environment and reducing overall costs.
IRJET- Study of Bioreactors for Biological Treatment of WastewaterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study comparing the efficiency of two bioreactors - Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR) and Biocord - for biological wastewater treatment. A pilot wastewater treatment plant with a capacity of 1600 litres per day was set up using each bioreactor. Samples from the influent and effluent were tested for parameters like BOD, COD, TSS, TN and pH. The results showed that the Biocord bioreactor achieved higher removal rates for all parameters, ranging from 80-95% removal compared to 50-90% for MBBR. It was also observed that more biomass attached to the Biocord, reducing the footprint needed. Therefore,
IRJET- Study of Bioreactors for Biological Treatment of WastewaterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study comparing the efficiency of two types of bioreactors - moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) and biocord reactors - for the biological treatment of wastewater. A pilot wastewater treatment plant was set up in India using each bioreactor type to test their performance. Samples from the influent and effluent of each system were analyzed to determine the most economical and effective bioreactor for removing biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids from the wastewater. The results of these tests helped identify which bioreactor was best suited for wastewater treatment implementation purposes.
The document discusses using algae for wastewater treatment. It notes that algae can efficiently treat wastewater by removing nutrients, heavy metals, and pathogens. This allows the treated water to be safely used for irrigation, reducing freshwater usage and pollution of waterways. Algae treatment in oxidation ponds also produces algal biomass that can be converted to biofuels or other products. The document provides examples of how different algae species effectively remove various wastewater contaminants like nitrogen, phosphorus, and COD. Algae wastewater treatment is seen as a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods.
IRJET - Effect of Non-Continuous Aeration on Activated Sludge ProcessIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of non-continuous aeration on the activated sludge process. The activated sludge process is commonly used to treat sewage in India, but aeration accounts for a significant operating cost. The study aims to evaluate the impact on reactor performance and aerobic biomass when the continuous supply of aeration is not provided, either intentionally or unintentionally. Previous studies have found high reductions in BOD and COD from activated sludge treatment, but few have investigated the effects of non-continuous aeration. The researchers will analyze these effects in batch and continuous feeding modes using their college sewage treatment plant.
IRJET- Study and Analysis of Changes in Water Quality of Gomti River at diffe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing changes in water quality of the Gomti River at different locations in India. Samples were collected from three sites on the river - Sitapur, Lucknow, and Sultanpur - during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The samples were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH, BOD, COD, dissolved oxygen, hardness, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids. The results found that water quality varied between locations and seasons, with some sites showing higher levels of pollution based on certain parameters such as BOD, COD, and total dissolved solids. In conclusion, the study provided data on water quality along the Gomti River and showed
To Study the Effect of Municipal Treated Effluent on Groundwater Quality Near...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study examining the effect of treated effluent from a sewage treatment plant on local groundwater quality in Davangere, India. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the plant's treatment process and identify potential environmental hazards. Groundwater samples were collected from wells near the plant and analyzed for parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, chlorides, and more. The results found that while effluent quality generally improved with increased distance from the plant, some groundwater parameters exceeded safety limits, indicating the treated sewage is negatively impacting local water sources. Further monitoring is recommended to better understand health and environmental risks.
IRJET- Evaluation of Physio-Chemical Parameters of Kolleru Lake Water for Dri...IRJET Journal
The document evaluates the physio-chemical parameters of water from Kolleru Lake in India for drinking purposes. Water samples were collected from various locations in the lake and tested for parameters like pH, turbidity, hardness before and after treatment with rice husk charcoal. Treatment with rice husk charcoal helped decrease turbidity and pH but did not completely neutralize hardness or change chlorine content. While natural materials can help purify some aspects of the water, the study found that lake water would still require further treatment to be considered safe for drinking.
IRJET- Hydrogeochemistry and Environmental Implication of Periyar River S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the hydrogeochemistry and environmental implications of the Periyar River in southern Western Ghats, India after severe flooding in 2018. The study analyzed water and soil samples from different areas in the Periyar River basin to understand changes caused by the flood. Water samples were tested for various chemical parameters and compared to WHO and BIS standards. Soil samples were analyzed to determine Loss on Ignition (LOI) and composition through X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The results provide insight into the current water quality and soil composition/properties in the river basin following major flooding.
IRJET- Methanogenesis of Prosopis JulifloraIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on producing biogas from the invasive plant species Prosopis juliflora through anaerobic digestion. Waste water sludge was used as the substrate. Three bioreactors were fabricated with varying ratios of shredded P. juliflora biomass to sludge. Characteristics of the biomass and sludge were analyzed. Methane potential tests were conducted to analyze biogas production efficiency for different biomass to sludge ratios. The conclusions determined the most efficient ratio for biogas production from P. juliflora.
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
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This document summarizes a study examining the effect of treated effluent from a sewage treatment plant on local groundwater quality in Davangere, India. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the plant's treatment process and identify potential environmental hazards. Groundwater samples were collected from wells near the plant and analyzed for parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, chlorides, and more. The results found that while effluent quality generally improved with increased distance from the plant, some groundwater parameters exceeded safety limits, indicating the treated sewage is negatively impacting local water sources. Further monitoring is recommended to better understand health and environmental risks.
IRJET- Evaluation of Physio-Chemical Parameters of Kolleru Lake Water for Dri...IRJET Journal
The document evaluates the physio-chemical parameters of water from Kolleru Lake in India for drinking purposes. Water samples were collected from various locations in the lake and tested for parameters like pH, turbidity, hardness before and after treatment with rice husk charcoal. Treatment with rice husk charcoal helped decrease turbidity and pH but did not completely neutralize hardness or change chlorine content. While natural materials can help purify some aspects of the water, the study found that lake water would still require further treatment to be considered safe for drinking.
IRJET- Hydrogeochemistry and Environmental Implication of Periyar River S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the hydrogeochemistry and environmental implications of the Periyar River in southern Western Ghats, India after severe flooding in 2018. The study analyzed water and soil samples from different areas in the Periyar River basin to understand changes caused by the flood. Water samples were tested for various chemical parameters and compared to WHO and BIS standards. Soil samples were analyzed to determine Loss on Ignition (LOI) and composition through X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The results provide insight into the current water quality and soil composition/properties in the river basin following major flooding.
IRJET- Methanogenesis of Prosopis JulifloraIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on producing biogas from the invasive plant species Prosopis juliflora through anaerobic digestion. Waste water sludge was used as the substrate. Three bioreactors were fabricated with varying ratios of shredded P. juliflora biomass to sludge. Characteristics of the biomass and sludge were analyzed. Methane potential tests were conducted to analyze biogas production efficiency for different biomass to sludge ratios. The conclusions determined the most efficient ratio for biogas production from P. juliflora.
Similar to Analysis of Sludge (from Sewage Treatment Plant) Mixing methods in Anaerobic Digesters for Production of Bio-Gas (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Flow Through Pipe: the analysis of fluid flow within pipesIndrajeet sahu
Flow Through Pipe: This topic covers the analysis of fluid flow within pipes, focusing on laminar and turbulent flow regimes, continuity equation, Bernoulli's equation, Darcy-Weisbach equation, head loss due to friction, and minor losses from fittings and bends. Understanding these principles is crucial for efficient pipe system design and analysis.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.