Constructed wetlands are small artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of one or more shallow treatment cells, with herbaceous vegetation that flourish in saturated or flooded cells.
Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatmentKonark Mehra
Constructed wetlands are artificial wastewater treatment systems that use natural processes to treat water. They consist of shallow cells planted with vegetation where wastewater is treated through sedimentation, filtration, and microbial processes. There are two main types - surface flow wetlands where water flows over the soil, and subsurface flow wetlands where water flows below the soil within a saturated media. Subsurface flow wetlands have advantages over surface flow wetlands as they have no exposed water surface, fewer odors, treat wastewater more efficiently in smaller areas, and perform better in colder climates. Constructed wetlands are effective at reducing parameters like BOD, TSS, nitrogen, phosphorus and fecal coliforms from
A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water , either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem .
The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other
land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants , adapted to the unique hydric soil.
This document discusses wastewater reuse and reclamation. It outlines various wastewater treatment technologies including conventional activated sludge processes and advanced treatments like reverse osmosis. Treated wastewater can be reused for irrigation, industrial uses, groundwater recharge, and potentially potable reuse. However, public health and environmental risks must be considered depending on the level of treatment and end use. With proper management, wastewater reuse provides benefits but improper practices could pose risks to public health and the environment.
Constructed wetlands are a low-cost option for wastewater treatment that uses natural processes to remove pollutants. There are three main types: surface flow wetlands with exposed water, and horizontal and vertical subsurface flow wetlands where water flows below ground. Wetlands are effective at removing organic matter, solids, nutrients, and pathogens through sedimentation, filtration, microbial action, and plant uptake. They provide benefits like wildlife habitat and require little energy or maintenance compared to mechanical treatment systems. Literature shows that wetlands can achieve high removal rates of 70% or more for BOD, TSS, and bacteria while lowering costs and nutrients for water reuse.
Irrigation with municipal waste water is a suitable disposal option in all regions where additional moisture can be effectively utilized for improved crop production. Waste water loading is to be based on the consumptive water use of the crop being grown. The primary objective should be enhancement of crop production. The root zone of productive soils can often serve as one of the most active media for the decomposition, immobilization, or utilization of wastes.
This document discusses various methods of artificially recharging groundwater. It describes techniques such as spreading water over permeable land or pits for it to infiltrate shallow aquifers. Other methods discussed are storing water in shallow ditches or low earth dykes, injecting water into boreholes, and using wells near riverbanks with radial collectors to increase the water table gradient. The key benefits of artificial groundwater recharge are augmenting the groundwater reservoir beyond natural replenishment rates and improving groundwater levels, yields, and quality.
this presentation is about the reuse of treated wastewater.Different application and technologies involved. I have also put four case studies taken from some journals mentioned.
Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatmentKonark Mehra
Constructed wetlands are artificial wastewater treatment systems that use natural processes to treat water. They consist of shallow cells planted with vegetation where wastewater is treated through sedimentation, filtration, and microbial processes. There are two main types - surface flow wetlands where water flows over the soil, and subsurface flow wetlands where water flows below the soil within a saturated media. Subsurface flow wetlands have advantages over surface flow wetlands as they have no exposed water surface, fewer odors, treat wastewater more efficiently in smaller areas, and perform better in colder climates. Constructed wetlands are effective at reducing parameters like BOD, TSS, nitrogen, phosphorus and fecal coliforms from
A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water , either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem .
The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other
land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants , adapted to the unique hydric soil.
This document discusses wastewater reuse and reclamation. It outlines various wastewater treatment technologies including conventional activated sludge processes and advanced treatments like reverse osmosis. Treated wastewater can be reused for irrigation, industrial uses, groundwater recharge, and potentially potable reuse. However, public health and environmental risks must be considered depending on the level of treatment and end use. With proper management, wastewater reuse provides benefits but improper practices could pose risks to public health and the environment.
Constructed wetlands are a low-cost option for wastewater treatment that uses natural processes to remove pollutants. There are three main types: surface flow wetlands with exposed water, and horizontal and vertical subsurface flow wetlands where water flows below ground. Wetlands are effective at removing organic matter, solids, nutrients, and pathogens through sedimentation, filtration, microbial action, and plant uptake. They provide benefits like wildlife habitat and require little energy or maintenance compared to mechanical treatment systems. Literature shows that wetlands can achieve high removal rates of 70% or more for BOD, TSS, and bacteria while lowering costs and nutrients for water reuse.
Irrigation with municipal waste water is a suitable disposal option in all regions where additional moisture can be effectively utilized for improved crop production. Waste water loading is to be based on the consumptive water use of the crop being grown. The primary objective should be enhancement of crop production. The root zone of productive soils can often serve as one of the most active media for the decomposition, immobilization, or utilization of wastes.
This document discusses various methods of artificially recharging groundwater. It describes techniques such as spreading water over permeable land or pits for it to infiltrate shallow aquifers. Other methods discussed are storing water in shallow ditches or low earth dykes, injecting water into boreholes, and using wells near riverbanks with radial collectors to increase the water table gradient. The key benefits of artificial groundwater recharge are augmenting the groundwater reservoir beyond natural replenishment rates and improving groundwater levels, yields, and quality.
this presentation is about the reuse of treated wastewater.Different application and technologies involved. I have also put four case studies taken from some journals mentioned.
L13 -SECONDARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE OXIDATION PONDS.pptxPRACHI DESSAI
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
04 Reclamation and Reuse of waste waterakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University. Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates. Thank you :)
Watershed management aims to conserve and utilize surface and ground water resources within a watershed. It addresses issues like poverty, food insecurity and land degradation in rainfed areas. Watershed management practices include soil and water conservation techniques, water harvesting, and integrated use of land and water resources. Studies show watershed development programs can help reduce runoff, sediment loss, and improve access to water and sanitation in tribal villages. The overall goal is sustainable development and management of natural resources within a watershed.
Introduction and classification of Wetlands
Important Components of Constructed Wetland
Types and Working Principle of Constructed Wetlands
Advantages and Limitations
Description: Constructed Wetlands are treatment system that use natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soil and their associated microbial assemblages to improve water quality.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Nitrification is the biological process where ammonia is converted to nitrite then nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. Phosphates can be removed from wastewater through chemical precipitation, post precipitation of the final effluent, or co-precipitation during secondary biological treatment. Denitrification is the process where nitrates are biologically converted back to nitrogen gas by heterotrophic bacteria under anaerobic conditions using an organic carbon source.
This document presents research on using constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. It discusses how constructed wetlands can effectively treat domestic and industrial wastewater through natural biochemical processes. It then describes a pilot study conducted with a laboratory-scale constructed wetland model containing different treatment zones with gravel, sand, plants, and a moving bed bioreactor. Water samples from the inlet and outlet were tested and showed reductions in parameters like BOD, COD, TSS, and nutrients. The results indicate constructed wetlands can successfully treat wastewater and produce output water that can be used for purposes like irrigation.
This document discusses solid waste generation and characteristics. It defines solid waste according to EPA regulations and generally as useless or unwanted solid materials from human activities. Solid waste sources include residential, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal services, treatment plants, industrial, agricultural, and biomedical. The composition of municipal solid waste varies globally and domestically depending on factors like customs, living standards, location, and climate. On average in India, food and garden waste make up 40% of solid waste, while paper accounts for 27%. The document also provides statistics on solid waste generation and management challenges in India.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Waterlogging refers to soil saturation from high water tables, preventing air and oxygen flow needed by crops. It is caused by over-irrigation, inadequate drainage, flooding, and high water tables during monsoons. Waterlogging can be permanent, periodic, or temporary, and often leads to soil salinization in irrigated areas due to prevented leaching of salts. Major waterlogged areas in Bangladesh include wetlands, floodplains, coastal areas, and areas with artificial irrigation. Waterlogging hampers soil microbial activity, reduces nutrient availability, increases soil pH, and favors weed growth. Reducing measures include dams, embankments, and bridges/culverts to restrict water flow.
Water sampling Definition Sampling techniques water pollutants
outlines
What is sample?
Water sampling
Why water to be sampled?
Water sampling techniques
Methods of water sample collection
Sample collection and storage equipment
Quality assurance in water sampling
Safety for sample taker
Water sample collection
Sample is a small part or quantity that possibly show what the whole is like.
Samples are used to make inferences about populations. Samples are easier to collect data from because they are practical, cost effective and manageable.
The primary goal of water sampling is to observe and measure how water quality changes over time.
The document discusses various biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater. It describes the main BNR processes as biological nitrogen removal, biological phosphorus removal, and compares several common BNR configurations including integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS), sequential batch reactor (SBR), oxidation ditch, membrane biological reactor (MBR), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and step feed processes. Each process is explained in terms of its treatment approach and advantages and disadvantages for nutrient removal.
The document discusses trickling filters, which are used in sewage treatment to remove suspended solids and dissolved organic loads from wastewater. Trickling filters use microbial populations attached to a filter media to break down organic matter. They consist of a rotating arm that sprays wastewater over a rock or plastic media, with wastewater collected below for further treatment. Trickling filters can be designed as low or high rate systems, with high rate filters having greater organic loading, hydraulic loading, and recirculation ratios compared to low rate filters. Operational issues include ponding, odors, and fly nuisance that can occur if the filters become anaerobic or clogged.
The document discusses self-purification of streams, where wastewater discharged into rivers and streams is naturally purified over distance as organic matter is broken down and dissolved oxygen levels increase. It explains that biochemical oxygen demand initially increases and dissolved oxygen decreases near discharge points, but that over distance bacterial action reduces organic matter and increases oxygen saturation. Various natural processes involved in self-purification are dilution, dispersion, sedimentation, oxidation, reduction, temperature, and sunlight.
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
Deals with UASB reactors for the primary treatment of sewage, stabilization of sludge and removal of BOD. Various components of a UASB reactor are described and design details are included. Modifications to UASB such as UASB ponds, Anaerobic baffle reactors, migrating blanket reactors are also described here.
water shed management, its objectives ,factors effecting water shed management, perspective of watershed management ,organizational setup, steps in water shed management, classification of watershed, component and practices of water shed management
Groundwater pollution occurs when pollutants make their way into groundwater and contaminate it. A pollutant plume spreads through an aquifer, intersecting with groundwater wells or daylighting into surface water. Pollution can come from septic systems, landfills, wastewater treatment plants, petrol stations, agriculture, and naturally occurring contaminants. Protecting groundwater requires preventing pollution through monitoring aquifers and landfills, replacing old fuel tanks, and strictly regulating toxic waste disposal.
Lecture Notes of Environmental Engg-II as per solapur university syllabus of TE Civil,
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This document summarizes a study comparing riparian vegetation among impacted, minimally impacted, and reference sites on Lower St. Regis Lake and Black Pond. Key findings include significant differences in tree species composition and density, canopy cover affecting species richness, and species richness varying by wetland indicator status among impact levels. Dominant vegetation types differed among classes and impact levels. Recommendations include using data to initiate restoration and regenerating impacted areas with reference site species.
Current status and future prospects of mungbean research in India” Pradeep Yadav
This document summarizes a seminar on the current status and future prospects of mungbean research in India. It provides information on mungbean's introduction, nutritional value, production areas, major varieties developed in India with their attributes, research centers working on mungbean breeding, objectives of mungbean breeding programs, and achievements and major concerns in mungbean research. It concludes with discussing future prospects of mungbean research in India.
L13 -SECONDARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE OXIDATION PONDS.pptxPRACHI DESSAI
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
04 Reclamation and Reuse of waste waterakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University. Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates. Thank you :)
Watershed management aims to conserve and utilize surface and ground water resources within a watershed. It addresses issues like poverty, food insecurity and land degradation in rainfed areas. Watershed management practices include soil and water conservation techniques, water harvesting, and integrated use of land and water resources. Studies show watershed development programs can help reduce runoff, sediment loss, and improve access to water and sanitation in tribal villages. The overall goal is sustainable development and management of natural resources within a watershed.
Introduction and classification of Wetlands
Important Components of Constructed Wetland
Types and Working Principle of Constructed Wetlands
Advantages and Limitations
Description: Constructed Wetlands are treatment system that use natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soil and their associated microbial assemblages to improve water quality.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Nitrification is the biological process where ammonia is converted to nitrite then nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. Phosphates can be removed from wastewater through chemical precipitation, post precipitation of the final effluent, or co-precipitation during secondary biological treatment. Denitrification is the process where nitrates are biologically converted back to nitrogen gas by heterotrophic bacteria under anaerobic conditions using an organic carbon source.
This document presents research on using constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. It discusses how constructed wetlands can effectively treat domestic and industrial wastewater through natural biochemical processes. It then describes a pilot study conducted with a laboratory-scale constructed wetland model containing different treatment zones with gravel, sand, plants, and a moving bed bioreactor. Water samples from the inlet and outlet were tested and showed reductions in parameters like BOD, COD, TSS, and nutrients. The results indicate constructed wetlands can successfully treat wastewater and produce output water that can be used for purposes like irrigation.
This document discusses solid waste generation and characteristics. It defines solid waste according to EPA regulations and generally as useless or unwanted solid materials from human activities. Solid waste sources include residential, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal services, treatment plants, industrial, agricultural, and biomedical. The composition of municipal solid waste varies globally and domestically depending on factors like customs, living standards, location, and climate. On average in India, food and garden waste make up 40% of solid waste, while paper accounts for 27%. The document also provides statistics on solid waste generation and management challenges in India.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Waterlogging refers to soil saturation from high water tables, preventing air and oxygen flow needed by crops. It is caused by over-irrigation, inadequate drainage, flooding, and high water tables during monsoons. Waterlogging can be permanent, periodic, or temporary, and often leads to soil salinization in irrigated areas due to prevented leaching of salts. Major waterlogged areas in Bangladesh include wetlands, floodplains, coastal areas, and areas with artificial irrigation. Waterlogging hampers soil microbial activity, reduces nutrient availability, increases soil pH, and favors weed growth. Reducing measures include dams, embankments, and bridges/culverts to restrict water flow.
Water sampling Definition Sampling techniques water pollutants
outlines
What is sample?
Water sampling
Why water to be sampled?
Water sampling techniques
Methods of water sample collection
Sample collection and storage equipment
Quality assurance in water sampling
Safety for sample taker
Water sample collection
Sample is a small part or quantity that possibly show what the whole is like.
Samples are used to make inferences about populations. Samples are easier to collect data from because they are practical, cost effective and manageable.
The primary goal of water sampling is to observe and measure how water quality changes over time.
The document discusses various biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater. It describes the main BNR processes as biological nitrogen removal, biological phosphorus removal, and compares several common BNR configurations including integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS), sequential batch reactor (SBR), oxidation ditch, membrane biological reactor (MBR), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and step feed processes. Each process is explained in terms of its treatment approach and advantages and disadvantages for nutrient removal.
The document discusses trickling filters, which are used in sewage treatment to remove suspended solids and dissolved organic loads from wastewater. Trickling filters use microbial populations attached to a filter media to break down organic matter. They consist of a rotating arm that sprays wastewater over a rock or plastic media, with wastewater collected below for further treatment. Trickling filters can be designed as low or high rate systems, with high rate filters having greater organic loading, hydraulic loading, and recirculation ratios compared to low rate filters. Operational issues include ponding, odors, and fly nuisance that can occur if the filters become anaerobic or clogged.
The document discusses self-purification of streams, where wastewater discharged into rivers and streams is naturally purified over distance as organic matter is broken down and dissolved oxygen levels increase. It explains that biochemical oxygen demand initially increases and dissolved oxygen decreases near discharge points, but that over distance bacterial action reduces organic matter and increases oxygen saturation. Various natural processes involved in self-purification are dilution, dispersion, sedimentation, oxidation, reduction, temperature, and sunlight.
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
Deals with UASB reactors for the primary treatment of sewage, stabilization of sludge and removal of BOD. Various components of a UASB reactor are described and design details are included. Modifications to UASB such as UASB ponds, Anaerobic baffle reactors, migrating blanket reactors are also described here.
water shed management, its objectives ,factors effecting water shed management, perspective of watershed management ,organizational setup, steps in water shed management, classification of watershed, component and practices of water shed management
Groundwater pollution occurs when pollutants make their way into groundwater and contaminate it. A pollutant plume spreads through an aquifer, intersecting with groundwater wells or daylighting into surface water. Pollution can come from septic systems, landfills, wastewater treatment plants, petrol stations, agriculture, and naturally occurring contaminants. Protecting groundwater requires preventing pollution through monitoring aquifers and landfills, replacing old fuel tanks, and strictly regulating toxic waste disposal.
Lecture Notes of Environmental Engg-II as per solapur university syllabus of TE Civil,
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This document summarizes a study comparing riparian vegetation among impacted, minimally impacted, and reference sites on Lower St. Regis Lake and Black Pond. Key findings include significant differences in tree species composition and density, canopy cover affecting species richness, and species richness varying by wetland indicator status among impact levels. Dominant vegetation types differed among classes and impact levels. Recommendations include using data to initiate restoration and regenerating impacted areas with reference site species.
Current status and future prospects of mungbean research in India” Pradeep Yadav
This document summarizes a seminar on the current status and future prospects of mungbean research in India. It provides information on mungbean's introduction, nutritional value, production areas, major varieties developed in India with their attributes, research centers working on mungbean breeding, objectives of mungbean breeding programs, and achievements and major concerns in mungbean research. It concludes with discussing future prospects of mungbean research in India.
Plants in riparian wetlands have developed various adaptations to survive periods of high and low water flow, including morphological, physiological, and whole plant strategies. Morphological adaptations include aerenchymous tissue systems and adventitious organs. Physiological adaptations help diffuse oxygen to roots and allow anaerobic respiration. Whole plant strategies include delayed seed germination and growth dormancy. Vegetation plays an important role in riparian ecosystems by regulating runoff, moderating soil conditions, altering nutrient cycles and temperatures, affecting geomorphology, and providing habitat. Both natural influences like fires and human influences such as development can impact vegetation viability and recovery.
Freshwater inland wetlands can be found in various climates and locations around the globe as long as temperatures are moderate and there is sufficient precipitation. They contain diverse vegetation including mosses, trees, shrubs, grasses and aquatic plants. A variety of animal species inhabit wetlands such as birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians and insects. However, wetlands are increasingly threatened by development which drains and fills these important habitats that store water, filter runoff and provide breeding grounds for wildlife.
Jonathan Davies: Priorities for Research in the Wetland Forests of BruneiWetlands International
The document outlines research priorities for the wetland forests of Brunei, including mangroves, freshwater swamp forests, peat swamp forests, and kerapah forests. It provides an overview of each forest type and their areas. Key research priorities identified include updating the status of mangrove forests, evaluating their economic value, studying diseases and rehabilitation strategies. For peat swamp forests, priorities are carbon dynamics, hydrological studies, economic valuation, vegetation studies, and rehabilitation techniques. The document recommends whole ecosystem studies to better understand these important wetland habitats.
This document outlines a rural development project called "Income Generation and Employment Creation through Production Enhancement and Market Development" being implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture.
The project aims to develop entrepreneurship and improve access to business opportunities for marginal farmers. It also aims to create employment opportunities for rural and urban populations based on agricultural and non-agricultural activities.
The project will be implemented in four upazilas each of Netrokona, Kishoreganj, Sunamganj and Jamalpur districts, targeting a total of 4,000 beneficiaries in each district. A variety of activities are planned like training, demonstration farms, farmer field schools, and fairs to increase production of crops and
Land Use and Land Cover change monitoring of Surajpur Wetland, Uttar Pradesh:...Arnab Saha
Abstract:
Wetlands are extremely important areas throughout the world for wildlife protection, recreation, sediment control and flood prevention. Wetlands are important bird’s habitats and birds use them for feeding, roosting, nesting and rearing their young. In Surajpur Wetland are mainly used for agriculture, fisheries, reclamation for harboring and irrigation purposes. In this paper an attempt is made to study the changes in land use and land cover in Surajpur wetland area over 11 years’ period (2003-2014). LULC is an important component in understanding the interactions of the human activities with the environment and thus it is necessary to be able to simulate changes. The land cover mapping of study area was attempted using remotely sensed images of Landsat and Google Earth imagery. The study area was classified into five categories on the basis of field study, geographical conditions, and remote sensing data. LULC changes have been detected by image processing method in EDRAS imagine 2014 and ArcGIS 10.3. The eleven years’ time period of 2003-2014 shows the major type of land use change. Vegetation area that occupied about around 60 per cent of the Surajpur wetland area in 2003 has decreased to 34.25 percent in 2014. Wetland is increased 8.17 percent and Urban area, Fallow land and Water body also have experienced change. Finally, through the work it is recommended that the wetlands need detail mapping through the use of advance remote sensing techniques like microwave and LIDAR for restoration and management of wetland.
Keywords: LULC, ArcGIS, Surajpur, ERDAS, Remote Sensing
This document provides an overview of ion exchange chromatography. It describes the basic principles and types, including cation exchange which attracts positively charged molecules to a negatively charged resin, and anion exchange which attracts negatively charged molecules to a positively charged resin. Common resins for each type are described. The document outlines the basic process, including equilibrium, sample application, elution, and regeneration. Factors that affect ion exchange chromatography like resin properties, pH, mobile phase modifiers are also summarized. Finally, some applications of ion exchange chromatography are listed such as water softening and purification, and separation of protein and inorganic mixtures.
Ion exchange chromatography is a separation technique based on charge that can be used to separate a wide range of charged molecules like proteins, nucleotides, and amino acids. It works by exploiting ionic interactions between oppositely charged solute ions and the stationary phase. The stationary phase is typically a resin with covalently attached anions or cations. Cation exchange chromatography retains positively charged molecules, while anion exchange chromatography retains negatively charged molecules. Separation is achieved as molecules are differentially retained on and eluted off the column based on their affinity for the stationary phase. Ion exchange chromatography is widely used for applications like water softening, demineralization, and separation of molecules like amino acids, sugars, and lan
Ion exchange chromatography is a technique that separates ions and polar molecules based on their charge. It works by using an ion exchange resin with charged functional groups that interact with and retain analyte ions of the opposite charge from a mobile phase. Common stationary phases use functional groups like sulfonate, carboxylate or quaternary amine. The document discusses the history of ion exchange chromatography and provides examples of its applications including protein purification, water analysis, separation of amino acids, vitamins and drugs. Factors that affect separations like pH, ionic strength, temperature and mobile phase modifiers are also summarized.
Ion exchange chromatography may be defined as a reversible reaction in which free mobile ions of a solids called ion exchange are exchanged for different ions of similar charge present in solution.....................................................................
The document discusses ion exchange chromatography, which separates charged molecules by exchanging them for ions attached to an insoluble matrix. It describes the principle of reversible ion exchange between oppositely charged molecules and the matrix. The document outlines the types of ion exchange resins used, including polystyrene and cellulose. It also discusses cation and anion exchangers, preparation of ion exchangers, factors affecting separation, and applications such as water softening and analyzing nucleic acids.
This document discusses ion exchange, the process by which similarly charged ions can be separated using an ion exchange resin. It describes the principles of cation and anion exchange and how ions are reversibly exchanged between the solution and resin. Different types of ion exchange resins are classified based on their chemical nature and source. The document outlines factors that affect ion exchange separations and provides examples of applications such as water softening and purification of biochemical solutions.
Ion exchange chromatography separates ions and polar molecules based on their affinity for an ion exchange resin. It works through the reversible electrostatic interaction between ions in solution and ions attached to the resin. There are four main types of resins: strong cation, weak cation, strong anion, and weak anion. Organic resins like polystyrene with divinylbenzene crosslinking are commonly used. The process involves equilibrating, applying the sample, eluting components at different rates depending on their affinity, and regenerating the resin. Ion exchange chromatography has applications like water softening, enzyme purification, and separation of ions, sugars, amino acids and proteins.
Ion exchange chromatography uses charged sites on a stationary phase to selectively retain ionized solutes from a mobile phase based on electrostatic attraction. Cation exchangers contain negatively charged groups that attract positively charged cations, while anion exchangers contain positively charged groups that attract negatively charged anions. Key factors that influence selectivity include ion charge, hydrated radius, and polarizability. Ion exchange chromatography has various applications including separation of ions, removal of interferents, water softening, and demineralization.
Ion exchange chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures of similarly charged ions using an ion exchange resin. The resin works by reversibly exchanging ions between those present in the solution and the resin. There are different types of ion exchange resins classified by their chemical nature (strong/weak cation or anion exchangers) and source (natural or synthetic). Successful ion exchange requires the resin to be chemically stable, insoluble, sufficiently cross-linked, and contain exchange groups.
What is Artificial Intelligence | Artificial Intelligence Tutorial For Beginn...Edureka!
** Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program: https://www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training **
This tutorial on Artificial Intelligence gives you a brief introduction to AI discussing how it can be a threat as well as useful. This tutorial covers the following topics:
1. AI as a threat
2. What is AI?
3. History of AI
4. Machine Learning & Deep Learning examples
5. Dependency on AI
6.Applications of AI
7. AI Course at Edureka - https://goo.gl/VWNeAu
For more information, please write back to us at sales@edureka.co
Call us at IN: 9606058406 / US: 18338555775
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
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This document outlines the contents and principles of watershed management. It discusses how watershed management aims to improve standards of living by increasing access to resources like water, electricity, and protection from floods. Remote sensing and GIS tools are used to assess watershed characteristics and monitor management practices. Common management practices include vegetative measures, engineering structures, and water conservation projects. Successful watershed management is important for water security and agriculture in water-scarce regions like Rajasthan and Karnataka.
Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes like domestic usage, industries, agriculture etc. This technical article highlights most of the popular methods of water conservation. A special note on rainwater harvesting is also provided.
This document discusses various topics related to water shortage issues and solutions like rainwater harvesting and water recycling. It provides information on reasons for water shortage like population increase and urbanization. It then covers rainwater harvesting techniques like catchment area, storage tanks, and advantages. Water recycling processes like primary treatment, secondary treatment and uses of recycled water are outlined. The conclusion recommends rainwater harvesting and water recycling as ways to overcome water scarcity and conserve resources.
This document provides an overview of the course contents for Irrigation Engineering ID-601. The course covers topics such as water requirements of crops, methods of irrigation, hydraulic structures, water conveyance structures, and design of irrigation channels. It also lists recommended textbooks and outlines practical sessions including the study and design of irrigation structures, canals, and watercourses. The objectives of irrigation are to supply water for crops, cool soil and plants, leach excess salts, improve groundwater storage, facilitate continuous cropping, and enable fertigation.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting and watershed management. It defines water harvesting as capturing freshwater sources like rainwater and runoff and storing it for uses like irrigation, drinking water, and groundwater recharge. Rainwater harvesting specifically refers to collecting rainwater from rooftops or land surfaces and storing it. There are rural and urban models of rainwater harvesting in India. Watershed management aims to sustainably manage land, vegetation, and water resources within a drainage area. It outlines objectives, parameters, and practices like conserving soil/water, improving water retention, growing greenery, and structures like contour bunds and check dams.
The document discusses urban flooding in the Chandbarh and Shakti Nagar areas of Bhopal, India. It analyzes the causes of flooding in Chandbarh, which has narrow streets and drainage canals, dense population, and little green space. In contrast, Shakti Nagar has wider streets, planned development, trees along roads, and parks, resulting in less flooding. The document then provides seven potential solutions to reduce urban flooding, including preserving forests and wetlands, installing green and blue roofs, building tree trenches and bioswales, using permeable pavement, and collecting rainwater in barrels or cisterns. All solutions require regular maintenance to function properly over the long term.
Hydrology is the study of water on Earth. It includes the water cycle, water resources, and watershed sustainability. A key aspect of hydrology is understanding floods and droughts, which can cause extensive damage and economic losses. As the global population grows, water scarcity is increasing in many regions. Integrated water resources management seeks to balance water usage with conservation and environmental needs through a holistic approach. Rainwater harvesting and watershed management are important techniques for augmenting water supplies in a sustainable manner. Dams such as gravity, earthfill, rockfill, and concrete face rockfill structures are commonly used for water storage and irrigation worldwide.
Water resources engineering is an important branch of engineering that deals with water supply, irrigation, drainage, flood control, and water power. Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to land or soil for agricultural purposes. It is necessary in areas with insufficient rainfall to meet crop water requirements. Some key structures used in watershed management and water conservation include contour trenches, gully plugs, check dams, and gabion structures. Rainwater harvesting involves collecting and storing rainwater and is important for recharging groundwater supplies.
The document describes a watershed management training batch involving 12 participants. It includes an introduction to watershed management principles, objectives, uses of remote sensing and GIS, types of watershed management, factors affecting watershed management, components of watershed management, examples from Karnataka and Rajasthan watershed projects, and a conclusion. Key watershed management techniques discussed include contour bunding, check dams, percolation ponds, and stone barriers. The document provides an overview of watershed management concepts and practices.
Rainwater harvesting is a method of collecting and storing rainwater runoff from rooftops in underground tanks or reservoirs. It has several advantages, including providing an independent water supply, reducing flooding, and replenishing groundwater. The key components of a rainwater harvesting system are the roof catchment area, gutters, downpipes, a filtration system, and a storage tank. Proper installation and maintenance can provide a low-cost source of non-potable water for households and help conserve fresh water resources.
This document discusses watershed management. It defines a watershed as an area of land that drains to a common point, such as a river or reservoir. Watershed management aims to preserve and maintain watersheds by guiding land and water resource use. It involves practices like check dams, contour bunding, and vegetation cover to increase infiltration, water holding capacity, and prevent soil erosion. Remote sensing and GIS tools are used to assess watershed characteristics and monitor management practices. The document also provides examples of watershed management in Karnataka and Rajasthan, India where it aims to address water scarcity issues.
The document discusses environmental pollution challenges related to water resources. It provides details on the global distribution of water, noting that 97% is in the oceans and 2% is in ice caps and glaciers. Groundwater is an important source for irrigation, industry and drinking water. The document outlines causes of groundwater depletion and contamination including industrial and agricultural waste, improper waste disposal, and leaching from landfills. It discusses techniques to conserve groundwater resources like rainwater harvesting, sub-surface dykes, and using crosswave plastic materials for underground water storage. The summary is in 3 sentences as requested.
Introduction
Hydrology
Water cycle
Watershed Development
Integrated Watershed Management
Water Conservation & Harvesting
Basic introduction of hydraulic structures.
conclusion
references
FINAL PPT (HYDROLOGY) WATER HARVESTING.pptxKRIPABHARDWAJ1
The document discusses water harvesting techniques. It describes short term runoff harvesting techniques like contour bunds, semicircular hoops, and trapezoidal bunds which involve constructing earthen structures to collect and store surface runoff. Long term techniques include dugout ponds, silt detention dams, and percolation dams for underground storage. The document also covers benefits like increased production and income, as well as constraints like reliance on rainfall variability and potential negative environmental impacts.
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This slides are based on the hydrology of urban and agricultural areas. It also focuses on urban flood which is one of the most disastrous issues, due to poor and unsustainable hydrology management in urban areas. Furthermore, it shows the water stability in an agricultural system in comparison to urban areas.
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The document discusses the hazardous effects of waste from leather tanneries in Sialkot, Pakistan on the environment and public health. It notes that tannery waste is discharged untreated into local streams and soil, contaminating water and making the soil unsuitable for agriculture. Interviews with workers at a tannery in Sialkot found they lack proper protective equipment and health and safety training. The document concludes the wastewater poses serious threats to both human and aquatic life if issues are not addressed, and recommends treating tannery effluent before discharge and providing worker training and health monitoring.
Prevailing Habit of Smoking in different age groupsZainab Arshad
The document discusses smoking prevalence among different age groups at the University of Gujrat. It finds that smoking is most common among 18-25 year olds, with 73% of smokers in that age range. Common reasons for smoking include stress relief (50%) and keeping calm (31%). Effects of smoking include various health risks for both smokers (46% definitely yes) and non-smokers (46% definitely yes). The document recommends anti-smoking campaigns and banning smoking at the university to improve awareness of health risks.
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This document discusses workplace stress and its effects. It defines stress and psychosocial stress, then lists common causes of work-related stress like high workloads, lack of control, and poor relationships. It describes potential consequences of stress at both the organizational level, like absenteeism, and individual level, like emotional, cognitive, and physical reactions. It also discusses diseases linked to psychosocial stress and the role social support can play in mitigating stress. Finally, it provides recommendations for reducing stress through vacations, increased job control, and organizational interventions.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures based on differences in how components interact with stationary and mobile phases. There are two main types: column chromatography uses a stationary phase packed in a column, while planar chromatography uses a stationary phase coated on a flat surface like a plate or paper. Column chromatography is useful for separating solids and liquids while planar chromatography like thin layer chromatography and paper chromatography can separate mixtures like pigments or amino acids. Both techniques work on the principle that different compounds move through the phases at different rates based on their interactions with the phases.
A Questionnaire Base Study On VBDs & Seasonal Diseases in Public In Monsoon S...Zainab Arshad
This document summarizes a questionnaire-based study on vector-borne diseases and seasonal illnesses among the public during the monsoon season in Pakistan. It includes an introduction to public health and the importance of monitoring health status. During monsoons, common illnesses include malaria, typhoid, hepatitis A, leptospirosis, diarrhea, skin diseases, and dengue. The study collected demographic data and information on disease prevalence from 30 respondents. The majority reported suffering from common colds/coughs, diarrhea, and seasonal illnesses. Recommendations include preventing fungal infections, washing hands, avoiding getting wet in the rain, and not walking barefoot.
Ecological Foot Prints and HumanDevelopment Tool to Assess theSustainabilityZainab Arshad
The document discusses using ecological footprints to measure sustainability. It examines how ecological footprints can account for aspects of sustainability like resource and emission usage. The study aims to understand which sustainability aspects are covered by existing footprint measures and which could be further accounted for. A survey was conducted in Gujrat, Pakistan that examined demographic data and responses related to environmental, individual, economic and social behavior concerning sustainability. The results showed high individual behavior toward sustainability but potential economic impacts. The document concludes that ecological footprints can help assess sustainability if individuals and societies apply pressure on governments.
Wastewater Irrigation in Developing Countries: Health Effects and Technical S...Zainab Arshad
This document summarizes the health risks of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. The author conducted a literature review of 60 articles from 1989-2017 on this topic. Wastewater irrigation can spread diseases through exposure to pathogens and contamination of food and water. Common health issues identified include diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis A, and worm infections. The document also discusses the various pollutants found in wastewater and their impacts, as well as technical solutions for wastewater treatment and safer irrigation methods to reduce health risks.
Vermicomposting Production, Packaging & Marketing business plan in PakistanZainab Arshad
This document proposes a vermicomposting business plan in Pakistan. Vermicomposting is a process that uses worms to turn organic wastes into a valuable fertilizer. The plan involves establishing a facility to produce vermicompost from organic wastes using earthworms. The facility would have a production capacity of 500 tons per cycle and target major cities in Pakistan for marketing the fertilizer. The business aims to profitably manage organic waste while providing employment opportunities through waste conversion using vermicomposting technology.
Operationalization is defining concepts and variables so they can be measured quantitatively or qualitatively. To operationalize a variable, researchers must specify how it will be defined and measured in their study. This provides a clear and objective definition and allows other researchers to replicate the study. For example, when studying the effect of media violence on aggression, the variables "media violence" and "aggression" need to be clearly defined as they will be operationalized and measured in the study. The operationalization process involves beginning with a concept, deciding on a data collection method, determining the necessary detail level, selecting a recording format, and validating the measure.
Legislation in Pakistan On Air Pollution Zainab Arshad
This document provides an overview of air pollution legislation and initiatives in Pakistan. It discusses several key laws passed in Pakistan related to air pollution, including the Pakistan Penal Code (1860), Factories Act (1934), West Pakistan Prohibition of Smoking Ordinance (1960), and Motor Vehicles Ordinance (1965). It also outlines national strategies, international agreements signed, and programs implemented in Pakistan to address air pollution issues. Finally, it discusses challenges to effective implementation of laws in Pakistan related to lack of comprehensive legislation, standards, enforcement, awareness, and economic incentives.
OHS Laws (National & International) Pro & ConsZainab Arshad
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Effect Of Pollution On Fisheries Of River ChenabZainab Arshad
Chenab River is one of natural resource of Pakistan. It starts from the Himalayas and its length is 960 km....................................................................
Causes, Effect And Consequences Of DeforestationZainab Arshad
Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land for use such as arable land, pasture, urban use, logged area, or wasteland. Generally, the removal or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.
Project about climate change in Pakistan Zainab Arshad
This document summarizes a project about climate change in Pakistan. It outlines the research methodology, major climate change concerns in Pakistan like risks to water and agriculture from floods and droughts. It then describes several projects aimed at building adaptation capacity, assessing adaptation costs and benefits, and enhancing livelihoods and food security. It concludes that Pakistan is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts due to temperature increases and risks to water resources from glacier melt, and that further research and policy responses are needed.
An instrument used in inorganic chemical analysis to determine the concentration of certain metal ions among them sodium, potassium, calcium and lithium
Floods Its Causes, Impacts, History And Mitigation's In PakistanZainab Arshad
This document provides an overview of floods in Pakistan, including:
- The objectives of reviewing global literature on health impacts and adaptation policies relating to flood risk.
- A brief history of flooding in Pakistan since 1950 and lack of early flood control programs.
- Descriptions of different types of floods such as river floods, coastal floods, and flash floods.
- The impacts of floods on the environment, wildlife, infrastructure, and human health.
- Precautions people can take before, during, and after floods.
- Details on the National Disaster Management Authority and worst floods Pakistan experienced in 2010, 2012, and 2013.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
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Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
4. Wetland
■ A wetland is a land area that is
saturated with water, either
permanently or seasonally, such that
it takes on the characteristics of a
distinct ecosystem.
■ The primary factor that distinguishes
wetlands from other land forms or
water bodies is the characteristic
vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted
to the unique hydric soil.
4
5. Wetland Function and
Values:
Under appropriate circumstances. wetlands can provide:
■ water quality improvement
■ flood storage and the desynchronization of storm rainfall and
surface runoff
■ cycling of nutrients and other materials
■ habitat for fish- and wildlife
■ passive recreation, such as bird watching and photography
■ active recreation, such as hunting
■ education and research
■ aesthetics and landscape enhance merit.
5
6.
7. What are Constructed wetlands
Constructed wetlands are small artificial
wastewater treatment systems consisting
of one or more shallow treatment cells,
with herbaceous vegetation that flourish
in saturated or flooded cells. They are
usually more suitable to warmer climates.
In these systems wastewater is treated by
the processes of sedimentation, filtration,
digestion, oxidation, reduction,
adsorption and precipitation.
7
8. Components of Constructed Wetlands:
These components can be manipulated in
constructing a wetland.
■ Water
■ Substrates, Sediments and Litter
■ Vegetation
■ Aesthetics and landscape enhancement
■ Microorganisms
■ Animals
8
9. Mechanism to Improve water quality
■ Settling of suspended particulate matter.
■ Filtration and chemical precipitation through contact of the water with the substrate and
litter Chemical transformation.
■ Adsorption and ion exchange on the surfaces of plants,
substrate, sediment, and litter.
■ Breakdown and transformation of pollutants by microorganisms
and plants.
■ Uptake and transformation of nutrients by microorganisms and
plants.
■ Predation and natural die-off of pathogens.
9
11. Advantages of constructed wetlands:
■ Wetlands can be less expensive to build than other treatment options.
■ Operation and maintenance expenses (energy and supplies) are low.
■ Operation and maintenance require only periodic, rather than continuous, on-site labor.
■ Wetlands are able to tolerate fluctuations in flow.
■ They facilitate water reuse and recycling.
■ They provide habitat for many wetland organisms.
■ They can be built to fit harmoniously into the landscape..
■ They are an environmentally-sensitive approach that is viewed with favor by the general
public.
11
12. Limitations of constructed wetlands:
■ Wetland treatment may be economical relative to other options only where land is available
and affordable.
■ Performance may be less consistent than in conventional treatment.
■ The biological components are sensitive to toxic chemicals,
such as ammonia and pesticides
■ wetlands can tolerate temporary drawdowns, they cannot withstand
■ There is yet no consensus on the optimal design of wetland systems
nor is there much information on their long-term performance.
12
14. Subsurface flow wetland
■ Subsurface flow wetlands can treat a variety of different wastewaters,
such as household wastewater, agricultural, paper mill wastewater,
mining runoff, tannery or meat processing wastes, storm water.
■ The quality of the effluent is determined by the design and should be
customized for the intended reuse application (like irrigation or toilet
flushing) or the disposal method.
14
15. Subsurface flow wetland
■ Subsurface flow wetlands can be further classified as horizontal flow and
vertical flow constructed wetlands.
■ In the vertical flow constructed wetland, the effluent moves vertically
from the planted layer down through the substrate and out (requiring air
pumps to aerate the bed).
■ In the horizontal flow CW the effluent moves horizontally via gravity,
parallel to the surface, with no surface water thus avoiding mosquito
breeding.
■ Subsurface flow systems have the advantage of requiring less land area
for water treatment than surface flow.
15
17. Surface flow wetland:
■ Surface flow wetlands, also known as free water surface constructed
wetlands, can be used for tertiary treatment or polishing of effluent from
wastewater treatment plants. They are also suitable to treat storm water
drainage.
■ Surface flow CWs are characterized by the horizontal flow of wastewater
across the roots of the plants. They require a relatively large area to purify
water compared to subsurface flow CWs and may have increased smell
and lower performance in winter.
17
19. Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland
■ In hybrid or multistage systems,
different cells are designed for
different types of reactions. Effective
wetland treatment of mine drainage
may require a sequence of different
wetland cells to promote aerobic and
anaerobic reactions. as may the re-
moral of ammonia from agricultural
wastewater
19
22. Reference's:
■ Abdel-Hady, M., (Ph.D. thesis) 2014. “Hydraulic Study of Drainage System”
Constructed Subsurface Wetlands. Mansoura Faculty of Engineering.
■ Nilsson, E., Sha, L., Qian, W., Leedo, M., 2012. Constructed Wetlands “Wastewater
Treatment”. VVA No. 1 Decentralized Water and Wastewater Treatment.
■ Powell, J., Homer, J., Glassmeyer, C., Sauer, N., 2009. Alternative wastewater treatment:
on-site biotreatment wetlands at the Fernald Preserve Visitors Center. In: WM
Conference, Phoenix, Arizona.
■ Xing, A., (M.Sc. thesis) 2012. Recent Developments in Wetland Technology for
Wastewater Treatment. Applied Environmental Science, School of Business and
Engineering, Halmstad University.
■ Zidan, A.A., El-Gamal, M.A., Rashed, A.A., Abd El-Hady, M.A., 2013. BOD treatment
in HSSF constructed wetlands using different media (set-up stage). Mansoura Eng. J. 38
(3.).
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