The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many
organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not
able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the
waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken
into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the
polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water
recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken
care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can
efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly
and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single
evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and
could be set up within the area of habilitation.
RECYCLING OF GREY WATER INTO USABLE WATER BY USING NATURAL MATERIALSvivatechijri
Recycling of Grey water generated from different industries by using the natural filter materials
and making the water reusable for sanitary and irrigation purposes. The aim is to reduce the costly recyclable
process of grey water to its minimum cost, hence making it suitable for village and low-income areaswhen such
water can be treated at place with less cost and by achieving almost same quality of water. In view of rising
concern about pollution of water bodies due to discharge of waste in them, itis necessary to initiate alternative
thinking as conventional methodsthrough Sewage treatment Plants have had limited success. In Rural areas we
have some natural materials which can purify the water if used properly. In recent years many techniques by
using such natural filters for purifying Grey water had came up. It treats the wastewater in natural manner
without the use of chemicals. In short, the method used for this project is the improved method of using natural
materials for recycling Grey water and obtaining best quality of recycled Grey water. The main objective of
present research work is to provide and popularize a simple, feasible, practically sound, ecofriendly and costeffective technology for wastewatertreatment. In this filterthe filtration is done by gravitationalforce. By using
such Techniques, the load on the sewage impact will be reduced and will be converted into useable water for
sanitary, gardening and irrigation purposes
Presentation on stormwater management design and planning by Robert A. Cummings, PE, CFM to the Montachusett Regional Planning Commission in September 2011.
Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliranijtsrd
The study takes advantage of rainwater, a naturally processed water. Developing a design for an affordable, less chemically oriented method that would help many people gain access to the water they need easily. The design used materials that were cheap and can be easily accessed on the local market. The process starts from a stage where large particles of contaminants were removed through straining. The next was iltering the water through a sequence of sponge, charcoal, coarse and fine sand. And lastly was chlorination, which treated the rainwater from the bacteria's which were previously not removed from the filter. The study came up with the design that were easily availed on the local markets of Naval, Biliran. The components were easy to install and were effective in harvesting rainwater. The treatment results were not what the researchers envisioned it to be, but still they were able to produce safe drinking water. Sure enough, it could be an alternative for other uses aside from drinking. The design was incomplete, especially on the part of the treatment device thus, further studies are recommended for its improvement. Nevertheless, the study proved that simple customized rainwater harvester and treatment device is achievable with the materials that can easily be found on the local market. Ramon L. Pitao, Jr. | Dahlia D. Fernandez | Ric Cyrell Rosialda ""Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliran"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23897.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23897/design-for-harvesting-and-treatment-of-rainwater-in-naval-biliran/ramon-l-pitao-jr
RECYCLING OF GREY WATER INTO USABLE WATER BY USING NATURAL MATERIALSvivatechijri
Recycling of Grey water generated from different industries by using the natural filter materials
and making the water reusable for sanitary and irrigation purposes. The aim is to reduce the costly recyclable
process of grey water to its minimum cost, hence making it suitable for village and low-income areaswhen such
water can be treated at place with less cost and by achieving almost same quality of water. In view of rising
concern about pollution of water bodies due to discharge of waste in them, itis necessary to initiate alternative
thinking as conventional methodsthrough Sewage treatment Plants have had limited success. In Rural areas we
have some natural materials which can purify the water if used properly. In recent years many techniques by
using such natural filters for purifying Grey water had came up. It treats the wastewater in natural manner
without the use of chemicals. In short, the method used for this project is the improved method of using natural
materials for recycling Grey water and obtaining best quality of recycled Grey water. The main objective of
present research work is to provide and popularize a simple, feasible, practically sound, ecofriendly and costeffective technology for wastewatertreatment. In this filterthe filtration is done by gravitationalforce. By using
such Techniques, the load on the sewage impact will be reduced and will be converted into useable water for
sanitary, gardening and irrigation purposes
Presentation on stormwater management design and planning by Robert A. Cummings, PE, CFM to the Montachusett Regional Planning Commission in September 2011.
Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliranijtsrd
The study takes advantage of rainwater, a naturally processed water. Developing a design for an affordable, less chemically oriented method that would help many people gain access to the water they need easily. The design used materials that were cheap and can be easily accessed on the local market. The process starts from a stage where large particles of contaminants were removed through straining. The next was iltering the water through a sequence of sponge, charcoal, coarse and fine sand. And lastly was chlorination, which treated the rainwater from the bacteria's which were previously not removed from the filter. The study came up with the design that were easily availed on the local markets of Naval, Biliran. The components were easy to install and were effective in harvesting rainwater. The treatment results were not what the researchers envisioned it to be, but still they were able to produce safe drinking water. Sure enough, it could be an alternative for other uses aside from drinking. The design was incomplete, especially on the part of the treatment device thus, further studies are recommended for its improvement. Nevertheless, the study proved that simple customized rainwater harvester and treatment device is achievable with the materials that can easily be found on the local market. Ramon L. Pitao, Jr. | Dahlia D. Fernandez | Ric Cyrell Rosialda ""Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliran"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23897.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23897/design-for-harvesting-and-treatment-of-rainwater-in-naval-biliran/ramon-l-pitao-jr
Gray vs. Green: The Role of Watershed-scale Green Infrastructure Systems for ...Mcrpc Staff
Slides from a November 10, 2016 presentation to the Greenways Advisory Committee about green infrastructure, by Jim Patchett, Ron Doetch, and Raj Rajaram.
A presentation on modern methods of solid and liquid waste management required for the improvement of living conditions in upcoming smart cities, studied from the point of view of Physics, Mathematics, Civil and Electrical Engineering.
Part of Self study Phase-1 of 2nd Semester (Physics Cycle) at RV College of Engineering, Bangalore.
Roof-Top rainwater harvesting system for official / multistoried building wit...IJERA Editor
Rain water harvesting is received increased attention world wide as an alternative source of water. Roof-top rain water harvesting system is looked upon as one of the most feasible and economical ways of water conservation. With increasing problem of water scarcity, planning and designing roof top rain water harvesting is gaining wider importance to meet ever-increasing water demand, encouraging use of water or more sustainable basis. The rain water harvesting is the simple collection or storing of water for the domestic or the agriculture purpose. The method of rain water harvesting has been into practice since ancient times. The method is simple and cost effective too. Malda district of West Bengal is badly affected by Arsenic contamination in ground water. The present study finds its usefulness in developing awareness towards judicious use of water among masses and efficient ways to harvest roof top rain water resources at institutional / multistoried buildings in Malda district.
STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL MOMENT FRAMES AGAINST PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSEcivej
Analyzing progressive collapse plays a pivotal role in diagnosing structure stability caused by earthquake,
explosion, car crashes, and fire and so on. In the current research, condition of progressive collapse has
been analyzed in structures which have been designed based on current codes in Iran. For this purpose, a
couple of steel buildings with steel moment frame systems that have many stories and various bay, have
been evaluated. With sudden removal of each column, the possibility of bridging over other elements has
been studied; besides, alternative path method introduced by the UFC 4-023-03 code has been applied in
the assessment process. Results indicate that the beams located on the highest floor do not have a suitable
performance and in case of sudden removal of each of the columns, it will be impossible to bridge overother elements and it will face collapse and progressive collapse in spite of the fact that other members are
resistant against the collapse.
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civej
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form
the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The
compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility.
Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher
cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable
material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its
Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing
its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in
stiffness.
Gray vs. Green: The Role of Watershed-scale Green Infrastructure Systems for ...Mcrpc Staff
Slides from a November 10, 2016 presentation to the Greenways Advisory Committee about green infrastructure, by Jim Patchett, Ron Doetch, and Raj Rajaram.
A presentation on modern methods of solid and liquid waste management required for the improvement of living conditions in upcoming smart cities, studied from the point of view of Physics, Mathematics, Civil and Electrical Engineering.
Part of Self study Phase-1 of 2nd Semester (Physics Cycle) at RV College of Engineering, Bangalore.
Roof-Top rainwater harvesting system for official / multistoried building wit...IJERA Editor
Rain water harvesting is received increased attention world wide as an alternative source of water. Roof-top rain water harvesting system is looked upon as one of the most feasible and economical ways of water conservation. With increasing problem of water scarcity, planning and designing roof top rain water harvesting is gaining wider importance to meet ever-increasing water demand, encouraging use of water or more sustainable basis. The rain water harvesting is the simple collection or storing of water for the domestic or the agriculture purpose. The method of rain water harvesting has been into practice since ancient times. The method is simple and cost effective too. Malda district of West Bengal is badly affected by Arsenic contamination in ground water. The present study finds its usefulness in developing awareness towards judicious use of water among masses and efficient ways to harvest roof top rain water resources at institutional / multistoried buildings in Malda district.
STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF STEEL MOMENT FRAMES AGAINST PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSEcivej
Analyzing progressive collapse plays a pivotal role in diagnosing structure stability caused by earthquake,
explosion, car crashes, and fire and so on. In the current research, condition of progressive collapse has
been analyzed in structures which have been designed based on current codes in Iran. For this purpose, a
couple of steel buildings with steel moment frame systems that have many stories and various bay, have
been evaluated. With sudden removal of each column, the possibility of bridging over other elements has
been studied; besides, alternative path method introduced by the UFC 4-023-03 code has been applied in
the assessment process. Results indicate that the beams located on the highest floor do not have a suitable
performance and in case of sudden removal of each of the columns, it will be impossible to bridge overother elements and it will face collapse and progressive collapse in spite of the fact that other members are
resistant against the collapse.
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH BAMBOO AS REINFORCEMENT AND COC...civej
Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Among all ingredients of concrete, aggregates form
the major portion; further there exists a challenge in attaining the structural light weight concrete utilizing
the waste. Among the natural waste coconut shells can suitably replace these natural aggregates. The
compression testing on cube and split tensile test on cylinder were performed to authenticate its feasibility.
Concrete is reinforced with steel bars to negate its weak tension carrying capacity. However, due to higher
cost and non-renewability of steel, nowadays attempts were made to provide a low-cost, sustainable
material. The feasibility for the usage of locally procured bamboo as reinforcement is tested to evaluate its
Elasticity and ultimate strength. The axial compression test on various columns were performed comparing
its axial deformation, Energy absorption capacity, ultimate load, displacement ductility and degradation in
stiffness.
DEFINING LOCAL CONCEPT OF URBAN RAIL STATION AREA DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BEST PR...civej
Basically, Rail-transit Oriented Development (ROD) is an integrated high density mixed use rail station
transit area development for improving accessibility to public transport, enhancing pedestrian friendly
environment as well as increasing urban mobility. Many developed countries have applied the concept of
ROD for generating the compact development of rail station area.
Best practices approach is a selective observation towards several cases with various contexts in order to
get generalization of related theories or concept on practices. In this approach, the study is oriented to
some reasons that make cases being successful. There are two basic components of best practices
approach, i.e. source site and target site. This research elaborated some cases in Japan rail station area
development as source sites for best practices. The finding from elaboration of source sites was brought as
a tool for analyzing the target sites, Jabodetabek rail station area.
The result shows different physical and cultural context between Japan and Indonesia cause the developed
countries concept of ROD cannot be fully applied as it is. It needs some adaptation to be applied in
Indonesia.
A Laboratory Study on Acid Modified Bituminous Mixes in Comparison for Ruttin...civej
The rapid growth in trafficload intensity, tire pressure and traffic volume has put a hugedemand on
pavements to perform satisfactorily for the design period. A number of efforts are made in the past to
develop pavement materials that helped in attaining longer serviceability. Most of these efforts were
directed towards improving the design of bituminous mix through modified bituminous binders. In this
context an attempt is made to evaluate rutting characteristics of conventional bitumen modified with Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA). Immersion Type Wheel Rutting Machine was used for evaluation of rutting
characteristics and is considered as one of the major critical criteria for design of pavement. Poly
phosphoric Acid (PPA) is added as modifier to virgin bitumen (VG – 30) at regular interval of 1% up to
6% to the weight of Bitumen. Bituminous Concrete of Grade-II is considered for Analysis. Slabs of
400X300X50mm are prepared for evaluation of rutting characteristics. Stability, density, voids and flow
parameters were determined using marshal test method for virgin and PPA modified mix. The result of
immersion wheel rutting explains that acid modified binders resist more rutting compared to virgin
binders. Acid modified mixes at 3% optimum performs better in rutting characteristics when tested in
laboratory for induced applied pressures, load and number of passes.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
PERFORMANCE AND RATING OF RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDING civej
The green building concept is becoming more and more popular these days because these are considered
as environment friendly building. The government is taking appropriate steps in implementation of green
building concepts by providing increase in Floor area ratio. They are making action plan on climate change on sustainable habitats by proposing smart city concepts. Further in addition to that BEE is putting their effort on appliance labelling programme which helps in appraisal and clearance of large construction projects. Several corporate organizations, institutions and construction companies are now practising green building concept in the construction. There are many green building rating systems in
place. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environment Design ) was developed in response to this need. The GRIHA is considered as Indian National Rating System which have been finalised after incorporating various modifications suggested by a group of architects and experts. United States Green Building Council administered (LEED) as the leading green building rating system which is ranked first among other systems. LEED is contributing heavily in converting the built environment towards sustainable development. The buildings which come under GRIHA are those which are having land area more than 2,500 Sqm. (except for industrial
complexes). These buildings can undergo this certification programme. The GRIHA doesn’t cover buildings having area less than 2500 sqm so the present study focuses on providing a rating system for small residential buildings. By adopting this rating system more and more buildings may be covered fo sustainable development. It gives a boost to nearby surroundings
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OVER THE PAST, PRESENT AND...civej
Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been a grave issue all over the world. The conventional
environment friendly techniques adopted to tackle the matter is turning futile owing to the appalling
increase in the waste generation rate. The resultant environmental and health hazards emphasise the need
for a more rapid solution. An apt and quick response to India’s mounting waste management and energy
demand crisesis the promotion and execution of waste to energy technologies. Although the MSW
composition and characteristics in the past have been unfavourable for the successful implementation of
waste to energy thermal facilities, there have been variations in the waste characteristics of late, in this
regard. Inert fraction which constituted almost 50% of the Indian MSW in the 1970s reduced by 30-40%by
the early 2000s, making energy recovery facilities an economically and environmentally feasible option.
The varying trends in MSW characteristics in India are analysed and its implications on the thermal energy
recovery techniques are investigated.
SOCIAL AND HEALTH FACILITIES: HEALTH POST PLANNING FOR A NEW CONSTRUCTIVE SYS...civej
This paper tries to analyze a planning for Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in developing countries
through a flexible system construction in order to realize a multi-scale prototype adaptable in different
contexts.
While Emergency Medical Assistance (EMA) is delivered in disasters or emergency situations, Primary
Health Care is based on a support as part of overall development constructing as best multi-purpose
facilities that can be adapted as a social for different tasks and activities. With this approach, we examine
the process of building system structure for different functions by adapting the flexible system to the
different countries, areas and settlements.
The aim is to define guidelines for planning health facilities with multi-criteria approach, identifying a
score to the same factors relating to different contexts. This paper describes a new process to define a
program for a flexible, modular and expandable system for health facilities.
WARM MIX ASPHALT INVESTIGATION ON PUBLIC ROADS-A REVIEWcivej
Warm mix asphalt has been introduced in Europe in 1997 and in the United State 2002. The first trail of
warm mix asphalt has done publically in Europe in 1999, in U.S.A 2004 and in India 2009. Most of
countries like Germany, Norway, France, U.S.A, Canada, China, Korea, South Africa, India and Brazil
have successfully used the WMA construction on public roads after successful laboratory test. The WMA is
more success in U.S.A compare to European countries (EAPA, 2014). The main goal of WMA is to produce
the bituminous mixtures with similar strength, durability and performance characteristics as HMA
substantially reduced the mixing and compaction temperature.
This study focus on history and development of warm mix asphalt in different countries including
advantage and disadvantage of warm mix asphalt. This paper also reviews the warm mix asphalt in India.
The Effect of the Use of Mineral Additives on Early and Advanced Age Compress...civej
In this study, the effect of using certain proportions of fly ash, Silica fume and milled blast furnace slag
instead of cement on the early and final pressure resistances of the high strength concretes has been
examined. Within the framework of the experiments, Silica fume has been changed in a ratio of 0-10 %,
milled blast furnace slag between 0-50 %, and fly ash between 0-25 % by means of making the usage rates
of the aforementioned three different mineral additives. "Water/Binder" rate, which is known to be an
important parameter in terms of the compressive strength of concrete, has been changed as 0.20, 0.25 and
0.30 in the context of the experiments, and 100x100x100mm cube samples have been taken from the
mixtures generated separately for each mineral additive type. This samples 2, 7, 28, 56 and 90-day
pressure resistance have been tested.
RESPONSE OF GROUND SUPPORTED CYLINDRICAL TANKS TO HARMONIC LOADINGcivej
Liquid storage tanks such as water distribution systems, petroleum plants etc constitute an important
component of life line systems. Reducing earthquake effects on Liquid Storage tanks, in order to minimize
the environmental and economic impact of these effects, have always been an important engineering
concern. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of cylindrical ground supported concrete water tanks is
investigated. Analyses are carried out on tank models with different aspect ratios using finite element
software ANSYS. The natural frequencies and modal responses are obtained for impulsive and sloshing
modes. An increase of aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.6 causes to increase impulsive natural frequency 3 times
and sloshing natural frequency 2 times for tank filled with water. The response of the tank to the harmonic
loading is also discussed. Deformation and stress response parameters for various frequencies of harmonic
loading were also investigated. The harmonic response of tanks with different fill conditions were studied
for tanks with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.35. For tank of aspect ratio 0.25, the responses variations are not
significant as in the case of tank with aspect ratio 0.35.
INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP TRAITS ON TEAM PERFORMANCE AS CORRELATES OF SUCCESS I...civej
The project environment in Nigeria is shifting from traditional practice towards dispersed teams thereby
creating the need to understand leadership attributes that lead to successful project outcomes. This study
assessed the impact of leadership traits on team performance as correlates of success in construction
projects. Like many other management research, the study involve inferential survey. 172 participants
drawn from the different professions in the construction industry selected from 42 mega projects completed
in the last three years in south-south Nigeria were sampled. Twelve collaborative leadership traits drawn
from emotional, managerial competencies were tested against team performance and team spirit stimulants
from the literature. Mean item score was used to evaluate relevance of the traits to collaborative working
while hypotheses were tested using chi square. While the result of the study is not different from literature,
the far reaching implication is that, project team members’ satisfaction translates into successful projects.
Project management’s leadership quest to satisfy the project team must be guided towards collaboration.
The current result has advance significantly the understanding of team leadership attributes for the
research environment and further buttress the need to meet project participants’ mutual objectives for a
successful project.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW ...civej
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
MODIFICATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING PIT TO NEUTRALIZE ACIDIC pH OF RAIN WATER civej
Acidification of rain water in urban cities is playing major environmental issues. Acid rain is generally
caused by the formation of sulphuric acid and nitric acid. These sulphur and nitrogen emission are resulted
from different sources like industries, vehicles etc. Rain water is a major source for ground water recharge
in urban and rural India, Government of India has already provided water policies in 1987 and 2002 for
conservation of water with different technology of harvesting. Roof top rain water harvesting is a good
practice to collect rain water and inject it directly in the ground without much contamination. Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF) suggested different design and material selection for rain water
harvesting pits to remove the suspended particles and other impurities, however no provision of controlling
the pH is provided for the acidic rain water. Hence the present study proposes modification in the existing
rain water harvesting pit to neutralize the acidic pH from rain water.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENT USING EVERFE2.24& COMPARISION OF RE...civej
In this study analysis of plain cement concrete pavement was done with 3-D mechanistic FEM computer
programme EVERFE2.24. This programme was developed by Bill David, University of Maine,USA. Rigid
pavement is modelled as a flat slab with DLC as base course and subgrade beneath it.
Stresses in rigid pavement at critical location was calculated due to combined effect of axle load and
environmental factor.These results are compared with IRC58-2015&2002.The disparity between results
are analysed and plotted on graph.
This study finds that stressesgiven by IRC58-2015 is up to 42% less than that given by IRC58-2002, and
stresses given by EverFE2.24 is nearly same as given by IRC58-2002.italso highlighted some issues related
to new code of design i.e. IRC58-2015.
Land treatment-as-viable-solution-for-waste-water-treatment-anddisposal-in-in...science journals
The Climate Change journal publishes a wide range of topics related to this field including but not limited to Earth science or Geosciences, Geography, Environmental Science, Atmospheric Science, Global Warming, Oceanography, and Climate change and Risk Management.
Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Root Zone Technology Option: Colacassia PlantDr. Amarjeet Singh
Root Zone Technology is one of the low cost
methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system we
can treat the Non-Point sources with best results. To achieve
this goal we have to divide the Non-Point sources into
constructed channels within the river bank followed by root
zone bed or if the Non-Point Sources is coming from natural
nallas we can provide this system within its Channel. We
have prepared channel on which I have developed the root
zone bed and have lab analysis of rector out put on number
of parameters. Flow rate and Detention time are the two
factors on which channels are to be designed. Therefore I
am changing the flow rate and finding out the change in
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Soil Biotechnology to Treat Nazafgarh Drain Water before Disposal into River Yamuna
1. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, December 2015
DOI: 5121/civej.2015.2401 1
SOIL BIOTECHNOLOGY TO TREAT
NAZAFGARH DRAIN WATER BEFORE
DISPOSAL INTO RIVER YAMUNA
Rupali Gupta, Shivam Aggarwal, Vaibhaw Vishal and Vaishali Sahu
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The NorthCap University, Gurgaon,
Haryana,India
ABSTRACT
The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many
organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not
able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants.
These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the
waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken
into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world.
It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the
polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water
recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken
care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can
efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly
and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single
evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and
could be set up within the area of habilitation.
KEYWORDS
ASP, BOD, COD, SBT, Yamuna
1. INTRODUCTION
Since the existence of our mother earth, it has got a limited amount of resources, may it be land,
water or air. In other words, we can say that nothing is being created nor destroyed but converted
from one form to another as stated in the law of conservation of energy. Hence if we consider the
case of air, the air that we are breathing today is the same which we exhaled yesterday. Similar is
the case with water, but the difference is that air is recycled naturally, whereas water has got its
limits for natural recycling so it needs to be treated by other means. If water is heavily polluted
then the natural system fails which is substituted by manmade technologies.
Earth has got only 2.5% of fresh water out of which only 0.01% can be accessed by humans as
the rest is frozen as glaciers and ice bergs. We don’t realise that fact that we are polluting even
this available small percentage of this precious resource at an alarming rate.
2. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, September 2015
2
The rivers are the main sources of water for every city. For example, US is nurtured by river
Thames, Egypt by river Nile and of all India is blessed to have 10 major river systems namely
Indus, Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Tapi, Godavari, Narmada, Krishna, Kaveri and Mahanadi.
Out of it, a major issue of concern is with river Yamuna which has a stretch of 1367 km before it
merges with river Ganga in Allahabad. The river extends in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal
Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and the entire union territory of Delhi. Only 2% of
Yamuna flows through Delhi but on the contrary the capital contributes its 70% pollution load.
Although the rivers have a mechanism to self-purify but the rate at which a river can purify is
much less than the rate at which it being polluted and the way it is being polluted is also a matter
of concern.
Hence water recycling has now become a compulsory vertical to run a civilization efficiently and
to meet the unbound needs of the growing population. To serve this purpose, many conventional
technologies like ASP (Activated Sludge Process), UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
process), Physco- Chemical process etc. are in practice since last many years.
The question arises here, that if we have methods to treat waste water then why we are polluting
the precious water resources by disposing raw sewerage and untreated industrial effluent waste.
The answer to this is that the construction, operation and maintenance of the plants based on
above mentioned conventional technologies and many other mechanical methods is quite difficult
to be undertaken and also to sustain. Many organisations run short of space and hence they are
not able to install a water treatment plant. Out of the few which have installed any, are facing
difficulties to operate it and hence choose an option to bypass the raw effluent directly to nearby
rivers. In fact, much government owned treatment plants have failed to maintain the effluent
water quality and many have even shutdown.
The reason for such failures can be:
High energy requirements
Need of skilled labour to operate the plants
High operational cost
Heavy maintenance for the moving mechanical parts
Sludge handling processes
Unhygienic and false odour surroundings
Large area requirements
A solution to all these problems is Soil Biotechnology, discussed in the next section.
2. SOIL BIOTECHNOGY
SBT is an indigenous technology developed by Prof HS Shankar, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology. It is covered under the US and Indian Patent. SBT
has been awarded the Siemens award and also selected as one of the four, India’s most Innovative
technologies by Ministry of External Affairs, GOI. The technology exists in the domain of
MCGM, KDMC etc.
There are several plants existing in India based on SBT which includes:
3MLD Sewage Purification in Corporation Of Bombay, Maharashtra
120 KLD Plant at Airport Udaipur, Rajasthan under Airport Authority of India
140 KLD plant at Lucknow Airport, Uttar Pradesh
10 KLD plant at a chemical factory in Chandigarh
SBT completely recycles the water as shown in figure 1.
3. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, September 2015
3
Figure 1- Change in Water quality after treatment from an SBT plant
2.1. LAYOUT OF A SOIL BIOTECHNOLOGY SET-UP
Comprising of several innovative features, an SBT plant has got a very simple set up. The
untreated water is first stored in a tank, which is later pumped into the bio-reactor and after
treatment it is collected in the fresh water tank under the flow of gravity.
The tanks can be underground or overhead and can be made out of brick, steel or concrete
depending upon the feasibility.
The bioreactor contains material having almost the similar density as that of the soil in its
surrounding. Hence if no load bearing structures are required if the bioreactor in constructed
inside the ground. The design of a bioreactor can be mould for special requirements.
Figure 2 shows, there are no moving parts in the bioreactor hence the energy consumption is very
low. There is one pump to pump the raw water onto the reactor and one to pump the treated at the
site of use. The reactor is composed of graded material starting from big gravels at the bottom.
Over this, a thick layer of media is placed which comprises of the biomass. This whole set up is
covered with a thin layer of soil in which some shrubs can be planted giving a look of a garden as
shown in the figure 3.
The whole set up is completely odourless and eco-friendly. There is no unwanted sound produced
during its operation.
Hence an SBT could be easily installed in a house, a society or anywhere in a city without any
area constraints or facing any restrictions from the people living in its vicinity.
4. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, September 2015
4
2.2 FEATURES OF SOIL BIOTECHNOLOGY
(a) Higher Efficiency
One of the most fundamental parameters of a water treatment plant is the F/M ratio. F/M ratio in
simple words is the ratio of the dirty unwanted matter present in the untreated water to the
number of microbes available in the medium in which the water is being treated. Broadly, there
are two classes of media to treat water, one is aquatic treatment and the other is terrestrial
treatment.
The microbial diversity in water is 107
to 108
cells/g whereas in soil it is almost double, 10¹² to
1016
cells/ g. The BOD load entering the plant is the food for the biomass present in the reactor.
Hence due to higher microbial diversity in soil, a treatment technology based in soil will be more
efficient than the one based in water with a lesser F/M ratio. Being a terrestrial technology, SBT
can efficiently treat waste water giving results better than any conventional aquatic technology
such as ASP, MBR etc. that too in a minimal operational cost.
Figure 2- Sectional view of an SBT set up
Figure 3- Layout for processing of wastewater
(b) No requirement of Mechanical Aeration
Another unique feature of SBT is that there is no need of providing mechanical aeration unlike
ASP or other technologies. The purpose of injecting oxygen is to facilitate the process of
degradation of organic matter during treatment of waste water. Another function of aeration is to
agitate the water to let the biomass come in direct contact with the suspended matter. The
problem with this aeration process is that it consumes a large amount of electrical energy and it
has to be maintained for prolonged hours. Also, air contains only 21 percent of oxygen, and the
rest of air containing nitrogen goes for waste. If the aeration process is not done properly then it
results in poor water quality.
5. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, September 2015
5
In case of SBT, the aeration is eliminated by natural processes. The fundamental actions of
nature; namely respiration, photosynthesis and mineral weathering are brought together in a
common media containing selected set of microorganisms. The combination is such made that
there is no need of introducing oxygen from outside.
(c) No Sludge Generation
A major concern with the operation of other technologies is the sludge or back wash water
disposal. For example, in the case of ASP, large amount of sludge gets collected in the settling
tank which is to be removed and disposed of on a regular basis other it would affect the water
quality. The sludge is discharged into nearby drains which eventually pollute some other water
resource, as in Sikandara water treatment plant, Agra, where sludge is discharged into river
Yamuna. Another way to manage sludge generation is to sludge drying. In this the sludge is
spread over large area and is allowed to dry till it gets converted into a fertilizer or manure. This
sometimes may be hazardous as some contaminants may pollute the land or the ground water. It
also generates a foul smell and occupies large area.
This calls for another beneficial feature SBT i.e. its ability to prevent sludge generation. As the
intense population of microbes in soil manages the entire BOD load of the plant and doesn’t lead
to the formation of any by-product or gases like hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, carbon Disulphide
etc. which cause odour in the vicinity of the plant. Hence no area or efforts are required to handle
sludge.
In fact an added advantage of this technology is that the top soil layers if replaced timely proves
to be a green manure and can be used for agriculture purposes.
3. METHODOLOGY
The efficiency of an SBT plant for the removal of BOD, COD, TSS and TDS studied previously
and reported by the authors [1]. The soil biotechnology based treatment plant of Sourav
Pharmaceuticals; Chandigarh a sewage treatment plant at Luckhnow Airport was studied. The
influent and effluent samples were collected from the plants and tested for the above mentioned
parameters. The efficiency of the SBT was determined and comparison of it with the existing STP
and CETP of Gurgaon and Delhi were made.
Further it has to be analysed that, if the Nazafgarh drain water carrying several characteristic
parameters is treated in an SBT plant then what would be the effluent characteristics. Taking the
efficiency consideration of the existing plants, the percentage removal of the various parameters
of the Nazafgarh drain has been done. These have been recorded in the table 1. The effluent
parameters are in accordance with IS2490 (Part I)-1974 which gives tolerance limits for industrial
effluents discharged into inland surface water.
Table 1- Characteristics of Nazafgarh Drain water before and after treatment through SBT
Influent %age removal Effluent
BOD(mg/L) 260 91.6 21.84
COD(mg/L) 7500 91.5 637.50
TSS(mg/L) 476 89.76 48.74
TDS(mg/L) 4800 20.83 3800.16
6. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal(CiVEJ) Vol.2,No.4, September 2015
6
It is suggested to go with the SBT plant with capacity 1 MLD. Later the design aspects of a
1MLD SBT plant was taken into account which if set up near the river Yamuna, where the water
coming from Nazafgarh drain area would first be treated and then disposed into the river. The
treated water quality will be appreciated to prevent the pollution of the river.
The area required to install a 1 MLD SBT plant is around 1500 sqm as per the convention rule of
area requirement i.e. 1.5 sqm for every 1 KLD. Further the depth required for the bioreactor is
2.5m. The capacity of the inlet storage tank needs to be at least 60% and for the treated water, it’s
around 40% of the total plant capacity.
Figure-4 Suggested location for a water treatment plant
The star pointer shows the area of interception of Nazafgarh Drain and river Yamuna. An area
around this is the most suitable area to establish a water treatment plant, which can dispose its
effluent into the river without polluting it.
4. CONCLUSION
Soil Biotechnology not only treats water for disposal but recycles it to the standards that it can be
reused. Almost 50% of water consumption is for purposed like flushing, horticulture, cleaning,
washing etc. which can be served by the recycled water from an SBT plant.
On the other hand, setting up an SBT plant to treat the Nazafgarh Drain water would help to
prevent the deterioration of river Yamuna to a great extent. Since the applied technology is not
demanding i.e. no skilled labour or high operational and maintainance cost is needed hence it
would sustain easily in the adverse conditions without any breakdown.
It’s a high time to realise that the Nazafgarh drain was also a river earlier by the name of Sahibi,
which is now a major contributor to the pollution of the only water resource of the Capital. Hence
this innovative soil biotechnology would prove to be a boom in the field of water treatment and a
great step towards a better tomorrow.