Lactose intolerance is the inability or insufficient ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and milk products. Lactose intolerance is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase, which is produced by the cells lining the small intestine. Lactase breaks down lactose into two simpler forms of sugar called glucose and galactose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream.
Not all people with lactase deficiency have digestive symptoms, but those who do may have lactose intolerance. Most people with lactose intolerance can tolerate some amount of lactose in their diet.
People sometimes confuse lactose intolerance with cow milk allergy. Milk allergy is a reaction by the body's immune system to one or more milk proteins and can be life threatening when just a small amount of milk or milk product is consumed. Milk allergy most commonly appears in the first year of life, while lactose intolerance occurs more often in adulthood.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases:
Inborn errors of metabolism
Definition:- These are a group of rare genetic disorders in which the body cannot metabolize food components normally.
These disorders are usually caused by defects in the enzymes involved in the biochemical pathways that break down very essential biochemical components.
Fructose intolerance and Clinical diagnosisAzeem Aslam
Fructose intolerance is a disorder in which a person lacks the protein needed to break down fructose. Fructose is a fruit sugar that naturally occurs in the body. Man-made fructose is used as a sweetener in many foods, including baby food and drinks.
Providing you with Freedom from Lactose Intolerance. A whole new and unique patented probiotic that supports the digestive system of lactose containing foods, designed specifically for those who have lactose intolerance. After currently being taken for only twenty four hours, this probiotic stays from the intestines as well as produces lactase for a minimum of 3 many weeks.For More Information please Visit Us http://manzopharma.com/.
Inborn errors of metabolism
Definition:- These are a group of rare genetic disorders in which the body cannot metabolize food components normally.
These disorders are usually caused by defects in the enzymes involved in the biochemical pathways that break down very essential biochemical components.
Fructose intolerance and Clinical diagnosisAzeem Aslam
Fructose intolerance is a disorder in which a person lacks the protein needed to break down fructose. Fructose is a fruit sugar that naturally occurs in the body. Man-made fructose is used as a sweetener in many foods, including baby food and drinks.
Providing you with Freedom from Lactose Intolerance. A whole new and unique patented probiotic that supports the digestive system of lactose containing foods, designed specifically for those who have lactose intolerance. After currently being taken for only twenty four hours, this probiotic stays from the intestines as well as produces lactase for a minimum of 3 many weeks.For More Information please Visit Us http://manzopharma.com/.
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE STATEMENTSandy Malek
National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus and state-of-the-science statements are prepared by independent panels of health professionals and public representatives on the basis of (1) the results of a systematic evidence review prepared under contract with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), (2) presentations by investigators working in areas relevant to the conference questions during a 2-day public session, (3) questions and statements from conference attendees during open discussion periods that are part of the public session, and (4) closed deliberations by the panel during the remainder of the second day and the morning of the third.
Coeliac Disease | Celiac Disease article covers all the topics of the disease like Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis, Diet, Definition, etc. If you are suffering from Diarrhea, Weight loss, Abdominal or any other discomfort when you eat food containing gluten, then it may be Coeliac Disease. Checkout this article to know more about this article. Coeliac Disease | Celiac Disease article covers all the topics of the disease like Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis, Diet, Definition, etc.
Thins pdf will show all the symptom of diabetes . There are links between the para . Go to that like .It will help you very much. Buy that product . It will cure diabites .
What Causes Diabetes? The Possible Reasonskittycolbert7
Diabetes is a serious condition when your body cannot make or effectively use a hormone called insulin. Since there is insufficient insulin, your body cannot move glucose from your bloodstream into your muscle, fat, and liver cells.
It leads to a glucose surplus in your bloodstream. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the most common forms. Still, there are other forms, such as prediabetes and gestational diabetes.
If you’re living with diabetes, you probably wondered how you developed diabetes or whether your children will develop it, too. Sometimes you inherit a predisposition to diabetes, or something in your environment triggers it.
While the exact cause of most types of diabetes is unknown, age, gender, weight, genetic makeup, family medical history, ethnicity, and environmental factors can influence the risk of developing diabetes. Therefore, there is no common cause of diabetes that fits every diabetes subgroup, as it varies depending on the individual and the type.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body has auto-antibodies that destroy the insulin-producing pancreatic cells. As these cells decrease, the body’s ability to create insulin decreases. The little to no insulin causes glucose to build up in your blood.
Because the destroyed pancreatic cells cannot supply the body with sufficient insulin, type 1 diabetes leaves you insulin-dependent for life. Therefore, it’s also known as insulin-dependent diabetes. Studies show that about 5%–10% of diabetics are type 1.
==> Simple 1 Minute “Diet Hack” REVERSES Type 2 Diabetes
For decades, there was a common misconception of type 1 diabetes being a juvenile disease that typically appears in early childhood or adolescence. However, type 1 diabetes can develop at any age but often gets diagnosed at a younger age.
The destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells varies from person to person. Some people experience a gradual decrease in beta cells, while some lose the functioning beta cells exceptionally quickly. During the onset, the pancreas can still produce some insulin. Therefore, an outside source of insulin is necessary during this phase. Still, as the body continues to reduce the amount of insulin produced, insulin levels from an external source must get adjusted.
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Overweight and obesity are both labels
for ranges of weight that are greater than what is generally
considered healthy for a given height. The terms also identify ranges
of weight that have been shown to increase the likelihood of certain
diseases and other health problems.
Corneal injury describes an injury to the
cornea. The cornea is the crystal clear (transparent) tissue covering the front
of the eye. It works with the lens of the eye to focus images on the retina.
Have you ever had
the "stomach flu?" What you probably had was gastroenteritis - not a
type of flu at all. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the
intestines caused by a virus, bacteria or parasites. Viral gastroenteritis is
the second most common illness in the U.S. It spreads through contaminated food
or water, and contact with an infected person. The best prevention is frequent
hand washing.
Symptoms of
gastroenteritis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, fever
and chills. Most people recover with no treatment.
The most common
problem with gastroenteritis is dehydration. This happens if you do not drink
enough fluids to replace what you lose through vomiting and diarrhea. Dehydration
is most common in babies, young children, the elderly and people with weak
immune systems.
Drug addiction is a complex illness characterized by intense and, at times, uncontrollable drug craving, along with compulsive drug seeking and use that persist even in the face of devastating consequences. While the path to drug addiction begins with the voluntary act of taking drugs, over time a person's ability to choose not to do so becomes compromised, and seeking and consuming the drug becomes compulsive. This behavior results largely from the effects of prolonged drug exposure on brain functioning. Addiction is a brain disease that affects multiple brain circuits, including those involved in reward and motivation, learning and memory, and inhibitory control over behavior.
Because drug abuse and addiction have so many dimensions and disrupt so many aspects of an individual's life, treatment is not simple. Effective treatment programs typically incorporate many components, each directed to a particular aspect of the illness and its consequences. Addiction treatment must help the individual stop using drugs, maintain a drug-free lifestyle, and achieve productive functioning in the family, at work, and in society. Because addiction is typically a chronic disease, people cannot simply stop using drugs for a few days and be cured. Most patients require long-term or repeated episodes of care to achieve the ultimate goal of sustained abstinence and recovery of their lives.
Too often, addiction goes untreated: According to SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 23.2 million persons (9.4 percent of the U.S. population) aged 12 or older needed treatment for an illicit drug or alcohol use problem in 2007. Of these individuals, 2.4 million (10.4 percent of those who needed treatment) received treatment at a specialty facility (i.e., hospital, drug or alcohol rehabilitation or mental health center). Thus, 20.8 million persons (8.4 percent of the population aged 12 or older) needed treatment for an illicit drug or alcohol use problem but did not receive it. These estimates are similar to those in previous years.
Addiction results when a person ingests a
substance (alcohol, cocaine, or nicotine, for example) or repeatedly takes part
in an activity (gambling) that can be pleasurable, but the continued use of
which becomes compulsive and interferes with everyday life.
Common addictions include:
-- Alcohol abuse
-- Drug abuse
-- Exercise abuse
-- Pornography
-- Gambling
Classic symptoms of addiction include
impaired control over substances/behavior, preoccupation with
substance/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Behavior
patterns and habits associated with addiction are commonly characterized by the
pursuit of immediate gratification, coupled with negative long-term effects.
Physiological dependence results when the
body is unable to function normally in the absence of the substance or
behavior. This state produces the conditions of tolerance and withdrawl.
Tolerance is the result of the body
requiring larger volumes of the substance or stimulus in order to achieve the
original effects.
Withdrawal is the physical and
psychological symptoms experienced when the body no longer receives the
substance in the same quantities it has become reliant upon.
When winter temperatures drop significantly below normal, staying
warm and safe can become a challenge. Extremely cold temperatures
often accompany a winter storm, so you may have to cope with power failures and icy roads. Although staying indoors as much as possible can help reduce the risk of car crashes and falls on the ice, you may also face indoor hazards.
Many homes will be too cold—either due to a power failure or because the heating system isn't adequate for the weather. When people must use space heaters and fireplaces to stay warm, the risk of household fires increases, as well as the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning.
Exposure to cold temperatures, whether indoors or outside, can cause other serious or life-threatening health problems. Infants and the elderly are particularly at risk, but anyone can be affected. To keep yourself and your family safe, you should know how to prevent cold-related health problems and what to do if a cold-weather health emergency arises. The emergency procedures outlined here are not a substitute for training in first aid. However, these procedures will help you to know when to seek medical care and what to do until help becomes available.
Maintaining a healthy office environment requires attention to chemical hazards, equipment and work station design, physical environment (temperature, humidity, light, noise, ventilation, and space), task design, psychological factors (personal interactions, work pace, job control) and sometimes, chemical or other environmental exposures.
A well-designed office allows each employee to work comfortably without needing to over-reach, sit or stand too long, or use awkward postures (correct ergonomic design). Sometimes, equipment or furniture changes are the best solution to allow employees to work comfortably. On other occasions, the equipment may be satisfactory but the task could be redesigned. For example, studies have shown that those working at computers have less discomfort with short, hourly breaks.
Situations in offices that can lead to injury or illness range from physical hazards (such as cords across walkways, leaving low drawers open, objects falling from overhead) to task-related (speed or repetition, duration, job control, etc.), environmental (chemical or biological sources) or design-related hazards (such as nonadjustable furniture or equipment). Job stress that results when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities or resources of the worker may also result in illness.
When quitting smoking many people feel the need
for help in the form of a tobacco substitute. There are a wide variety of
different products billed as alternatives to smoking that are supposedly healthier.
The main additive in cigarettes that makes them so addictive is
nicotine. Hence most of the products that aim to replace smoking are nicotine
replacements such as nicotine gum, inhalers, patches and medications.
Other products are sold as smokeless tobacco such as snuff and hookah or as better because they are low yield cigarettes. Not all of these smoking substitutes are
healthy or even better than cigarettes.
Tobacco use can lead to nicotine dependence and serious health problems. Cessation can significantly reduce the risk of suffering from smoking-related diseases. Tobacco dependence is a chronic condition that often requires repeated interventions, but effective treatments and helpful resources exist. Smokers can and do quit smoking. In fact, today there are more former smokers than current smokers.
Small changes can make a big difference in reducing your chances of having alcohol-related problems. Whatever strategies you choose, give them a fair trial. If one approach doesn't work, try something else. But if you haven't made progress in cutting down after 2 to 3 months, consider quitting drinking altogether, seeking professional help, or both.
Here are some strategies to try, and you can add your own at the end. Check off perhaps two or three to try in the next week or two. Then click List my choices, and you can print or email them to yourself.
-- Keep track -Keep track of how much you drink. Find a way that works for you, carry drinking tracker cards in your wallet, make check marks on a kitchen calendar, or enter notes in a mobile phone notepad or personal digital assistant. Making note of each drink before you drink it may help you slow down when needed.
-- Count and measure -Know the standard drink sizes so you can count your drinks accurately. Measure drinks at home. Away from home, it can be hard to keep track, especially with mixed drinks, and at times, you may be getting more alcohol than you think. With wine, you may need to ask the host or server not to "top off" a partially filled glass.
-- Set goals -Decide how many days a week you want to drink and how many drinks you'll have on those days. It's a good idea to have some days when you don't drink. Drinkers with the lowest rates of alcohol use disorders stay within the low-risk limits.
-- Pace and space -When you do drink, pace yourself. Sip slowly. Have no more than one standard drink with alcohol per hour. Have "drink spacers"—make every other drink a non-alcoholic one, such as water, soda, or juice.
-- Include food -Don't drink on an empty stomach. Eat some food so the alcohol will be absorbed into your system more slowly.
-- Find alternatives -If drinking has occupied a lot of your time, then fill free time by developing new, healthy activities, hobbies, and relationships, or renewing ones you've missed. If you have counted on alcohol to be more comfortable in social situations, manage moods, or cope with problems, then seek other, healthy ways to deal with those areas of your life.
-- Avoid "triggers." -What triggers your urge to drink? If certain people or places make you drink even when you don't want to, try to avoid them. If certain activities, times of day, or feelings trigger the urge, plan something else to do instead of drinking. If drinking at home is a problem, keep little or no alcohol there.
-- Plan to handle urges -When you cannot avoid a trigger and an urge hits, consider these options: Remind yourself of your reasons for changing (it can help to carry them in writing or store them in an electronic message you can access easily). Or talk things through with someone you trust. Or get involved with a healthy, distracting activity, such as physical exercise or a hobby that doesn't involve drinking. Or, instead of fighting the feeling, accept i
Don't give up
Changing habits such as smoking, overeating, or drinking too much can take a lot of effort, and you may not succeed with the first try. Setbacks are common, but you learn more each time. Each try brings you closer to your goal. Whatever course you choose, give it a fair trial.
If one approach doesn't work, try something else. If a setback happens, get back on track as quickly as possible. In the long run, your chances for success are good.
Research shows that most heavy drinkers, even those with alcoholism, either cut back significantly or quit.
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a set of symptoms that people who have a history of alcoholism experience when they stop drinking. People who are casual drinkers rarely have withdrawal symptoms.
People who have gone through withdrawal before are more likely to have withdrawal symptoms each time they quit drinking.
Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can range from severe to mild, and can include:
-- Insomnia
-- Nightmares
-- Irritability
-- Fatigue
-- Shakes
-- Sweats
-- Anxiety
-- Depression
-- Headaches
-- Decreased appetite
Severe withdrawal symptoms include fever, convulsions and delirium tremens (DTs). Those who experience DTs may become confused, anxious and even have hallucinations. DTs can be very serious if they are not treated by a doctor.
Eat healthy
-- Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains every day.
-- Limit foods and drinks high in calories, sugar, salt, fat, and alcohol.
-- Eat a balanced diet to help keep a healthy weight.
--
Learn the Facts
When you get a preventive medical test,
you're not just doing it for yourself. You're doing it for your family and
loved ones:
-- Men are 24 percent less likely than women
to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22 percent more likely to
have neglected their cholesterol tests.
-- Men are 28 percent more likely than women
to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure.
-- Men are 32 percent more likely than women
to be hospitalized for long-term complications of diabetes and are more than
twice as likely than women to have a leg or foot amputated due to complications
related to diabetes.
-- Men are 24 percent more likely than women
to be hospitalized for pneumonia that could have been prevented by getting an
immunization.
The single most important way you can take
care of yourself and those you love is to actively take part in your health
care. Educate yourself on health care and participate in decisions with your
doctor. This site will help you get started.
Learn the Facts
When you get a preventive medical test, you're not just doing it for yourself. You're doing it for your family and loved ones:
-- Men are 24 percent less likely than women to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22 percent more likely to have neglected their cholesterol tests.
-- Men are 28 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure.
-- Men are 32 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for long-term complications of diabetes and are more than twice as likely than women to have a leg or foot amputated due to complications related to diabetes.
-- Men are 24 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for pneumonia that could have been prevented by getting an immunization.
The single most important way you can take care of yourself and those you love is to actively take part in your health care. Educate yourself on health care and participate in decisions with your doctor. This site will help you get started.
When you get a preventive medical test, you're not just doing it for yourself. You're doing it for your family and loved ones:
Men are 24 percent less likely than women to have visited a doctor within the past year and are 22 percent more likely to have neglected their cholesterol tests.
Men are 28 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure.
Men are 32 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for long-term complications of diabetes and are more than twice as likely than women to have a leg or foot amputated due to complications related to diabetes.
Men are 24 percent more likely than women to be hospitalized for pneumonia that could have been prevented by getting an immunization.
The single most important way you can take care of yourself and those you love is to actively take part in your health care. Educate yourself on health care and participate in decisions with your doctor. This site will help you get started.
Cancer screening is an essential part of preventative health screening for women of all ages. Here you can read about screening for breast and gynecological cancers.
Injury is the #1 killer of children and teens in the United States. In 2009, more than 9,000 youth age 0-19 died from unintentional injuries in the United States. Millions more children suffer injuries requiring treatment in the emergency department. Leading causes of child injury include motor vehicle crashes, suffocation, drowning, poisoning, fires, and falls.1 Child injury is predictable and preventable. It is also among the most under-recognized public health problems facing our country today.
Progress has been made in preventing child injury. Child injury death rates have decreased 29% in the last decade.2 Yet injury is still the leading cause of death for children and teens. More can be done to keep our children safe.
Shiatsu is a physical therapy that supports
and strengthens the body’s natural ability to heal and balance itself. It works
on the whole person - not just a physical body, but also a psychological,
emotional and spiritual being.
Shiatsu originated in Japan from traditional
Chinese medicine, with influences from more recent Western therapies. Although
shiatsu means ‘finger pressure’ in Japanese, in practise a practitioner uses
touch, comfortable pressure and manipulative techniques to adjust the body’s
physical structure and balance its energy flow. It is a deeply relaxing
experience and regular treatments can alleviate stress and illness and maintain
health and well-being.
1. Fitango Education
Health Topics
Lactose Intolerance
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111
2. Overview
Lactose intolerance is the inability or insufficient
ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and
milk products. Lactose intolerance is caused by a
deficiency of the enzyme lactase, which is
produced by the cells lining the small intestine.
Lactase breaks down lactose into two simpler
forms of sugar called glucose and galactose, which
are then absorbed into the bloodstream.
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 1
3. Overview
Not all people with lactase deficiency have
digestive symptoms, but those who do may have
lactose intolerance. Most people with lactose
intolerance can tolerate some amount of lactose in
their diet.
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 2
4. Overview
People sometimes confuse lactose intolerance
with cow milk allergy. Milk allergy is a reaction by
the body's immune system to one or more milk
proteins and can be life threatening when just a
small amount of milk or milk product is consumed.
Milk allergy most commonly appears in the first
year of life, while lactose intolerance occurs more
often in adulthood.
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 3
5. Overview
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases:
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 4
6. Symptoms
People with lactose intolerance may feel
uncomfortable 30 minutes to 2 hours after
consuming milk and milk products. Symptoms
range from mild to severe, based on the amount of
lactose consumed and the amount a person can
tolerate.
Common symptoms include
-- abdominal pain
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 5
7. Symptoms
-- abdominal bloating
-- gas
-- diarrhea
-- nausea
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases:
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 6
8. Diagnosis
Lactose intolerance can be hard to diagnose based
on symptoms alone. People may think they suffer
from lactose intolerance because they have
digestive symptoms; however, other conditions
such as irritable bowel syndrome can cause similar
symptoms. After taking a medical history and
performing a physical examination, the doctor may
first recommend eliminating all milk and milk
products from the person’s diet for a short time to
see if the symptoms resolve. Tests may be
necessary to provide more
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 7
9. Diagnosis
Two tests are commonly used to measure the
digestion of lactose.
**Hydrogen Breath Test**
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 8
10. Diagnosis
. The person drinks a lactose-loaded beverage and
then the breath is analyzed at regular intervals to
measure the amount of hydrogen. Normally, very
little hydrogen is detectable in the breath, but
undigested lactose produces high levels of
hydrogen. Smoking and some foods and
medications may affect the accuracy of the results.
People should check with their doctor about foods
and medications that may interfere with test
results.
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 9
11. Diagnosis
**Stool Acidity Test**
The stool acidity test is used for infants and young
children to measure the amount of acid in the
stool. Undigested lactose creates lactic acid and
other fatty acids that can be detected in a stool
sample. Glucose may also be present in the stool
as a result of undigested lactose.
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 10
12. Diagnosis
**Stool Acidity Test**
Because lactose intolerance is uncommon in
infants and children younger than 2, a health
professional should take special care in
determining the cause of a child’s digestive
symptoms.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases:
http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/lact
oseintolerance/
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 11
13. Treatment
Although the body's ability to produce lactase
cannot be changed, the symptoms of lactose
intolerance can be managed with dietary changes.
Most people with lactose intolerance can tolerate
some amount of lactose in their diet. Gradually
introducing small amounts of milk or milk products
may help some people adapt to them with fewer
symptoms. Often, people can better tolerate milk
or milk products by taking them with meals.
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 12
14. Treatment
The amount of change needed in the diet depends
on how much lactose a person can consume
without symptoms. For example, one person may
have severe symptoms after drinking a small glass
of milk, while another can drink a large glass
without symptoms. Others can easily consume
yogurt and hard cheeses such as cheddar and
Swiss but not milk or other milk products.
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 13
15. Treatment
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases:
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 14
16. Causes
The cause of lactose intolerance is best explained
by describing how a person develops lactase
deficiency.
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 15
17. Causes
Primary lactase deficiency develops over time and
begins after about age 2 when the body begins to
produce less lactase. Most children who have
lactase deficiency do not experience symptoms of
lactose intolerance until late adolescence or
adulthood.
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 16
18. Causes
Researchers have identified a possible genetic link
to primary lactase deficiency. Some people inherit
a gene from their parents that makes it likely they
will develop primary lactase deficiency. This
discovery may be useful in developing future
genetic tests to identify people at risk for lactose
intolerance.
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 17
19. Causes
Secondary lactase deficiency results from injury to
the small intestine that occurs with severe
diarrheal illness, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or
chemotherapy. This type of lactase deficiency can
occur at any age but is more common in infancy.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases:
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 18
20. Risks
Lactose intolerance is a common condition that is
more likely to occur in adulthood, with a higher
incidence in older adults. Some ethnic and racial
populations are more affected than
others, including African Americans, Hispanic
Americans, American Indians, and Asian
Americans. The condition is least common among
Americans of northern European descent.
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 19
21. Risks
Infants born prematurely are more likely to have
lactase deficiency because an infant's lactase levels
do not increase until the third trimester of
pregnancy.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases:
http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=111 20