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Lactose intolerance is the inability or insufficient ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and milk products. Lactose intolerance is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase, which is produced by the cells lining the small intestine. Lactase breaks down lactose into two simpler forms of sugar called glucose and galactose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream.
Not all people with lactase deficiency have digestive symptoms, but those who do may have lactose intolerance. Most people with lactose intolerance can tolerate some amount of lactose in their diet.
People sometimes confuse lactose intolerance with cow milk allergy. Milk allergy is a reaction by the body's immune system to one or more milk proteins and can be life threatening when just a small amount of milk or milk product is consumed. Milk allergy most commonly appears in the first year of life, while lactose intolerance occurs more often in adulthood.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases:
Distinguish IgE and non-IgE mediated aspects of cow’s milk allergy (CMA)
Review the clinical effects of extensively hydrolyzed formula in infants with CMA
Lactose intolerance is the inability or insufficient ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and milk products. Lactose intolerance is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase, which is produced by the cells lining the small intestine. Lactase breaks down lactose into two simpler forms of sugar called glucose and galactose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream.
Not all people with lactase deficiency have digestive symptoms, but those who do may have lactose intolerance. Most people with lactose intolerance can tolerate some amount of lactose in their diet.
People sometimes confuse lactose intolerance with cow milk allergy. Milk allergy is a reaction by the body's immune system to one or more milk proteins and can be life threatening when just a small amount of milk or milk product is consumed. Milk allergy most commonly appears in the first year of life, while lactose intolerance occurs more often in adulthood.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases:
Distinguish IgE and non-IgE mediated aspects of cow’s milk allergy (CMA)
Review the clinical effects of extensively hydrolyzed formula in infants with CMA
Objectives:
- Most probable diagnosis? Based on which information from the case study?
- Which diagnostic tests would you perform?
- What information do you provide these parents about therapy and prognosis?
Cow’s milk protein allergy and intolerance practical issuesApollo Hospitals
The main objective of this very brief review article is to draw the attention of the practicing paediatrician to key issues from a practical standpoint in the diagnosis of both cow's milk protein allergy and intolerance and, even more importantly, clinical features that help to distinguish between these two entities. It also educates the reader regarding a growing realization based on scientific evidence from the developing world that these are entities which need to be recognized even in this part of the world. This article provides useful practical tips to the practicing paediatrician regarding the specific indications and timing of referral to a paediatric gastroenterologist for the management of individuals with cow's milk protein allergy or intolerance. The article does not discuss the management of cow's milk protein allergy and intolerance.
Fasting is also one of the ascetic traditions in some religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam. But what if someone tells you that fasting is good for your health?
There is a range of ways to fast which includes ignoring certain kinds of foods or water fasting etc. Intermittent fasting is also one of the popular terms, that focuses on the eating pattern to prevent diseases or manage your weight. Fasting or starvation has its benefits and disadvantages but for that, you need to know the basics. Let's find out some amazing facts about fasting:
Management of SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITIONRAVI PRAKASH
MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION :-
DEALT WITH INVESTIGATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILD SUFFERING FROM SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION, ESSENTIAL AND LATEST GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT
Trophic feeding, by dr Amal Ahmed Khalil ,Port Said University, mohamed osama hussein
Trophic feeding is the practice of feeding small volume of enteral feeds in order to stimulate the development of the immature gastrointestinal tract of the preterm infant. This practice has also been termed as minimal enteral nutrition (MEN).
Clinical features, mechanism of development of cow milk protein allergy.
Diagnostic algorithm and review of available data about cow milk protein allergy.
The recent increase in people suffering from obesity is mostly controlled by the behavior of eating and food that we eat which in turn encourages more energy consumption. Current courses for weight management stresses on the significance of healthy dietary patterns which comprises of a variety of nutrient rich foods, limited portions of energy rich food ingredients & reduce the energy density altogether. There are a number of eating patterns that help in reducing energy consumption in comparison to the expenditure of energy leading to weight loss.
What is Obesity?
Body Mass Index
Effects of obesity on human health
Relationship between obesity and some diseases
Ways to get rid of obesity
General diet habits to control obesity
Nutraceuticals used to control obesity
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE STATEMENTSandy Malek
National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus and state-of-the-science statements are prepared by independent panels of health professionals and public representatives on the basis of (1) the results of a systematic evidence review prepared under contract with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), (2) presentations by investigators working in areas relevant to the conference questions during a 2-day public session, (3) questions and statements from conference attendees during open discussion periods that are part of the public session, and (4) closed deliberations by the panel during the remainder of the second day and the morning of the third.
Objectives:
- Most probable diagnosis? Based on which information from the case study?
- Which diagnostic tests would you perform?
- What information do you provide these parents about therapy and prognosis?
Cow’s milk protein allergy and intolerance practical issuesApollo Hospitals
The main objective of this very brief review article is to draw the attention of the practicing paediatrician to key issues from a practical standpoint in the diagnosis of both cow's milk protein allergy and intolerance and, even more importantly, clinical features that help to distinguish between these two entities. It also educates the reader regarding a growing realization based on scientific evidence from the developing world that these are entities which need to be recognized even in this part of the world. This article provides useful practical tips to the practicing paediatrician regarding the specific indications and timing of referral to a paediatric gastroenterologist for the management of individuals with cow's milk protein allergy or intolerance. The article does not discuss the management of cow's milk protein allergy and intolerance.
Fasting is also one of the ascetic traditions in some religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam. But what if someone tells you that fasting is good for your health?
There is a range of ways to fast which includes ignoring certain kinds of foods or water fasting etc. Intermittent fasting is also one of the popular terms, that focuses on the eating pattern to prevent diseases or manage your weight. Fasting or starvation has its benefits and disadvantages but for that, you need to know the basics. Let's find out some amazing facts about fasting:
Management of SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITIONRAVI PRAKASH
MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION :-
DEALT WITH INVESTIGATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILD SUFFERING FROM SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION, ESSENTIAL AND LATEST GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT
Trophic feeding, by dr Amal Ahmed Khalil ,Port Said University, mohamed osama hussein
Trophic feeding is the practice of feeding small volume of enteral feeds in order to stimulate the development of the immature gastrointestinal tract of the preterm infant. This practice has also been termed as minimal enteral nutrition (MEN).
Clinical features, mechanism of development of cow milk protein allergy.
Diagnostic algorithm and review of available data about cow milk protein allergy.
The recent increase in people suffering from obesity is mostly controlled by the behavior of eating and food that we eat which in turn encourages more energy consumption. Current courses for weight management stresses on the significance of healthy dietary patterns which comprises of a variety of nutrient rich foods, limited portions of energy rich food ingredients & reduce the energy density altogether. There are a number of eating patterns that help in reducing energy consumption in comparison to the expenditure of energy leading to weight loss.
What is Obesity?
Body Mass Index
Effects of obesity on human health
Relationship between obesity and some diseases
Ways to get rid of obesity
General diet habits to control obesity
Nutraceuticals used to control obesity
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE STATEMENTSandy Malek
National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus and state-of-the-science statements are prepared by independent panels of health professionals and public representatives on the basis of (1) the results of a systematic evidence review prepared under contract with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), (2) presentations by investigators working in areas relevant to the conference questions during a 2-day public session, (3) questions and statements from conference attendees during open discussion periods that are part of the public session, and (4) closed deliberations by the panel during the remainder of the second day and the morning of the third.
The low FODMAP diet for irritable bowel syndrome: from evidence to practice Robin Allen
At the end of this session, participants will
be able to:
– Describe the mechanisms of action and
evidence for the use of the low FODMAP diet
in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
– Be familiar with the concepts of the 3 phases
for implementing the low FODMAP diet
– Discuss ways in which the diet could be
modified to suit the needs of the individual
A Double Blind Test Of The Ability Of Lactagen® Formula To Reduce SymptomSandy Malek
A number of adults believe they are lactose intolerant but do not actually have impaired lactose digestion. To assess intervention outcomes, it is important to identify those who are truly lactose intolerant. We developed a summed Likert rating scale to reflect the underlying latent properties that must be inferred rather than directly observed in screening for lactose intolerance.
Constipation is one of the most frequent GIT disorders encountered among older adults in clinical practice.
Up to 50% of elderly experiencing constipation at some point in their lives.
Elderly women are having 2–3 times more constipation than men.
Approximately, 30% of older adults are regular nonprescription laxative users, such as stimulant and bulking laxatives.
this presentation reviews various reasons for feeding issues in children, and covers some of the special diets that are used in children with Autism and other chronic conditions
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. About US:
Manzo Pharmaceuticals LLC. is a startup specialty
pharmaceutical company that is developing a range of innovative
and affordable formulations for various drugs and
supplement. We are focused on addressing the unmet medical
needs of patients with innovative, patient-friendly and
affordable solutions. We are currently doing research on helping
people with lactose intolerance.
http://manzopharma.com/
3. Ken Manzo, R.Ph., Founder of Manzo Pharmaceuticals
LLC, Graduated St. John’s University with a degree in
Pharmaceutical Science. He is the inventor of the
patented Lacto-Freedom™ probiotic and is working
closely with Celprogen, Inc. to produce, develop, and test
the safety and efficacy of the product. See More at
http://manzopharma.com/
4. Lacto-Freedom™ Probiotic
A new and unique patented probiotic that aids in the digestion of lactose containing
foods, designed specifically for people with lactose intolerance. After being taken for
only 24 hours, this probiotic stays in the intestines and produces lactase for at least 3
months. More recent tests showed that the probiotic stayed in the intestines and
produced lactase in lab rats for a full 6 months after taking the probiotic for only 7
days. In addition, there were no side effects observed throughout the entire study.
5. Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and milk products. Lactose
intolerance is caused by a deficiency of lactase, the enzyme which is produced by the cells lining the
small intestine. Lactase breaks down lactose into two simpler forms of sugar which are then absorbed
into the bloodstream. Common foods that are high in lactose include dairy products such as milk,
cheese, and ice cream. Lactose is also added to some foods, such as bread and baked goods, cereals,
salad dressings, candies, and snacks. Patients with lactose intolerance often experience abdominal
pain, gas, bloating, diarrhea, and nausea after consuming lactose containing foods. Symptoms range
from mild to severe, based on the amount of lactose consumed and the amount a person can tolerate.
Experts believe lactose intolerance affects up to 75% of the world’s adult population.
6. Currently, patients with lactose intolerance are limited to two mediocre options for managing their
lactose intolerance. Their limited options include avoiding lactose-containing foods and the other is
taking lactase supplements at the start of every single lactose containing meal. View More at
http://manzopharma.com/lacto-relief-for-people-with-la-ctose-intolerance/
7. With Lacto-Freedom™ probiotic, patients may enjoy dairy products and
lactose containing products without experiencing abdominal pain, gas,
abdominal bloating, diarrhea, and nausea…and without the hassle of taking
lactase supplements with every lactose containing meal. The patient would
take this probiotic for a short amount of time (24 hours) and the effects last
for 3 months or more.
We are developing a better option…
8. The intestinal lining is made up of billions of bacteria, both good and
bad. Probiotics are supplements which contain “good” bacteria and when
consumed add beneficial bacteria to the intestines. We developed a probiotic
that produces lactase and stays in the intestines for at least three months. See
More at http://manzopharma.com/
9. Lactose intolerance is a common condition that is more likely to occur in
adulthood, with a higher incidence in older adults. Some ethnic and racial
populations are more affected than others, including African Americans,
Hispanic Americans, American Indians, and Asian Americans. The condition is
least common among Americans of northern European descent.
Infants born prematurely are more likely to have lactase deficiency because an
infant’s lactase levels do not increase until the third trimester of pregnancy.
10. The cause of lactose intolerance is best explained by describing how a person develops lactase
deficiency.
Primary lactase deficiency develops over time and begins after about age 2 when the body begins to
produce less lactase. Most children who have lactase deficiency do not experience symptoms of
lactose intolerance until late adolescence or adulthood.
Researchers have identified a possible genetic link to primary lactase deficiency. Some people inherit a
gene from their parents that makes it likely they will develop primary lactase deficiency. This discovery
may be useful in developing future genetic tests to identify people at risk for lactose intolerance.
Secondary lactase deficiency results from injury to the small intestine that occurs with severe diarrheal
illness, celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or chemotherapy. This type of lactase deficiency can occur at
any age but is more common in infancy.
11. People with lactose intolerance may feel uncomfortable 30 minutes to 2 hours after
consuming milk and milk products. Symptoms range from mild to severe, based on the
amount of lactose consumed and the amount a person can tolerate.
Common symptoms include
• Abdominal Pain
• Abdominal Bloating
• Gas
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
19. Milk and milk products are often added to processed foods—
foods that have been altered to prolong their shelf life. People
with lactose intolerance should be aware of the many food
products that may contain even small amounts of lactose, such
as
bread and other baked goods
waffles, pancakes, biscuits, cookies, and mixes to make them
processed breakfast foods such as doughnuts, frozen waffles
and pancakes, toaster pastries, and sweet rolls
processed breakfast cereals
instant potatoes, soups, and breakfast drinks
potato chips, corn chips, and other processed snacks
processed meats, such as bacon, sausage, hot dogs, and lunch
meats
margarine
salad dressings
liquid and powdered milk-based meal replacements
protein powders and bars
candies
20. Lactose intolerance can be hard to diagnose based on symptoms alone. People may think they suffer from
lactose intolerance because they have digestive symptoms; however, other conditions such as irritable
bowel syndrome can cause similar symptoms. After taking a medical history and performing a physical
examination, the doctor may first recommend eliminating all milk and milk products from the person’s
diet for a short time to see if the symptoms resolve. Tests may be necessary to provide more information.
Two tests are commonly used to measure the digestion of lactose.
Hydrogen Breath Test. The person drinks a lactose-loaded beverage and then the breath is analyzed at
regular intervals to measure the amount of hydrogen. Normally, very little hydrogen is detectable in the
breath, but undigested lactose produces high levels of hydrogen. Smoking and some foods and
medications may affect the accuracy of the results. People should check with their doctor about foods and
medications that may interfere with test results.
Stool Acidity Test. The stool acidity test is used for infants and young children to measure the amount of
acid in the stool. Undigested lactose creates lactic acid and other fatty acids that can be detected in a
stool sample. Glucose may also be present in the stool as a result of undigested lactose.
Because lactose intolerance is uncommon in infants and children younger than 2, a health professional
should take special care in determining the cause of a child’s digestive symptoms.