Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. It occurs in both children and adults and requires careful management through insulin injections and blood sugar monitoring to avoid health complications. Significant research progress has been made over the last century to better understand the disease and develop insulin treatments. Proper diabetes management and support at school are important to allow students to fully participate in their education.

1. BY : Wasan Abu-Baker

2.  Classified as Type 1 diabetes
 It is an autoimmune disease in which a person's
pancreas stops producing insulin, a hormone that
enables people to get energy from food.
 Occurs when the body's immune system attacks
and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the
pancreas, called beta cells.
 Its onset has nothing to do with diet or lifestyle.
There is nothing you can do to prevent it, and-at
present-nothing you can do to get rid of it.

3.  Affects children and adults
 This type strikes both children and adults at
any age. It comes on suddenly.

4.  1869–Paul Langerhans discovered there were
clumps of tissue clustered in the pancreas. His
son Archibald and Edouard Laguesse later
thought the clusters of cells might secrete
something that helped regulate digestion
 1901-Confirmed that the pancreas was not
functioning in a person with diabetes.
 1906-George Zuelzer had some success treating
dogs, but couldn’t get support to continue his
work
 1911-E.L. Scott used secretions from the islets to
reduce glucose levels, but he couldn’t get
backing to continue his work either
 1920-Nicholae Paulescu isolated the secretions of
the islets of Langerhans and called it pancrein

5.  1920-Frederick Banting reviewed earlier work of
Minkowski and he thought that whatever the
pancreas secreted was controlling sugar in the
blood.
 1921-Found a treatment for diabetes  Banting
tested his theories on dogs and found that he
could mimic the symptoms of diabetes if they
removed the pancreas. He also found that the
symptoms would subside after injecting insulin
 1922-first tests on humans using insulin
injections
 1977-the first genetically-engineered human
insulin was developed using E. coli
 1982-started selling human insulin.

6.  Juvenile diabetes needs constant attention
 Living with type 1 is a constant challenge.
 People with the disease must carefully balance
insulin doses (either by injections multiple times
a day or continuous infusion through a pump)
with eating and daily activities throughout the
day and night.
 They must also test their blood sugar by pricking
their fingers for blood six or more times a day.
 People with type 1 still run the risk of dangerous
high or low blood sugar levels, both of which can
be life-threatening.

7.  3 million Americans may have type 1
diabetes.
 Each year, more than 15,000 children and
15,000 adults are diagnosed with type 1
diabetes in the U.S.
 85 percent of people living with type 1
diabetes are adults.

8.  Have fun with Diabetes
 http://vimeo.com/9768817

9.  Minority populations have an increased rate
of diabetes compared to Caucasians
 4.9 million African American adults have
diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes

10.  Shields students with diabetes from unfair
treatment by creating a framework that
requires schools to provide proper care to
keep students healthy and provide the
necessary support to ensure that students
are able to optimally participate in class and
school activities.

11.  Following training by the school nurse, school
staff members such as teachers, coaches, or
principals may administer glucagon in the
case of an emergency.
 Students are permitted to test their blood
glucose anywhere and anytime necessary.
 Capable students may self-administer
medication and self-manage their diabetes at
school.

12.  Urine sugar test
 Blood glucose tests
 Fasting plasma glucose
 Random plasma glucose
 Tests for ongoing monitoring of diabetes
control
 HbA1c blood test – an average blood sugar
measure over about 3 months
 Fructosamine blood test – an average blood sugar
measure of about 2 weeks

13.  Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
 C-peptide blood test
 Insulin level blood test
 Urine ketone tests

14.  Self-managed blood glucose test
 Fingerstick blood glucose tests
 Urine glucose home testing
 Urine ketone home testing
 Type 1 diabetes antibody tests
 Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) antibody
tests
 Islet cell antibody (ICA) tests
 Insulin antibody tests

15.  Fatigue, constantly tired
 Unexplained weight loss
 Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
 Excessive urination (polyuria)
 Excessive eating (polyphagia)
 Poor wound healing
 Infections
 Altered mental status
 Blurry vision

16.  Diabetes eye tests
 Kidney tests
 Nerve tests
 Foot and reflex tests
 Knee reflex test
 Other tests for associated
conditions
 Cholesterol blood tests
 Blood lipid tests
 Liver function tests
 Thyroid tests - see also tests for
thyroid conditions

17.  Potentially fatal if not recognized and treated
 Test blood sugar if child feels unusual
 Symptoms of hypoglycemia
 Causes of Hypoglycemia:
 Too much insulin
 Delayed or missed meal
 Low carbohydrate content of meal
 Increased exercise
Dizziness Sweating Confusion
Shaky Trembling Pale Skin
Hunger Weakness Passing Out
Headache Pounding
Heart
Bad Dreams
Irritable Anxiety Coma

18.  Every diabetic on insulin should carry some form of
sugar
 3 glucose tablets
 ½ cup orange, apple or grapefruit juice or non-diet soft drink
 1/3 cup grape or cranberry juice
 1 tablespoon honey or corn syrup
 3 sugar cubes
 Glucagon Injection

19.  Give glucagon if:
 the person is unconscious
 the person is unable to eat sugar or a sugar-
sweetened product
 the person is having a seizure or convulsions
 drink or fruit juice does not improve the patient's
condition.
 Glucagon will only work when injected under
the skin into muscle or into fatty tissue.