Mitosis is cell division that produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. It occurs in somatic cells and involves the four phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, and occurs in germ cells. Meiosis has two rounds of division, Meiosis I and Meiosis II, which separates homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids respectively to generate four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell. Mitosis and meiosis are important for growth, tissue repair, sexual reproduction, and genetic variation.

1. 5.0 CELL
DIVISION
5.1 Mitosis

2. Before After 2 months
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3. Cell division
 The process by which a cell divides to
form two daughter cells. Upon completion
of the process, each daughter cell
contains the same genetic material as the
original cell and roughly half of its
cytoplasm.

4. Cell Division
Nuclear
Division
Cytoplasmic
Division
Mitosis Meiosis Cytokinesis
Interphase
Mitotic
Phase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cell Cycle

5. Function of Cell Division
 Replaced the dead cell.(new cell)
 Growth
 Reproduction( meiosis)

6. Cell Cycle
 Interphase
- 1st gap
- synthesis (s phase)
- 2nd gap
 Mitotic / M phase
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
- cytokinesis

8. Interphase
 90% of cell cycle.
G1 phase
 Cell grow larger and prepared to cell
division.
 Nucleus as big as well define.
 Protein and cytoplasmic organelles such
as mitochondria and endoplasmic
reticulum also produced.

9. G2 phase
 Synthesis of DNA
S phase
 Forming of a pair of centrosome consist of
a pair of centrioles by replication process.

10. Mitosis is cell division
which produces two
daughter cells that
are identical to the
parent cell.

11. Prophase
 The chromatin fibers become more tightly
coiled, condense.
 Nucleoli disappear.
 Duplicated chromosomes appears as two
identical sister chromatids.
 Mitotic spindle begin to form.
 The centrosomes move away from each
other.

12. Metaphase
 Nuclear envelope fragments.
 Longest stage of mitosis. (20 minutes)
 The chromosomes’ centromeres lie on the
methaphase plate.

13. Anaphase
 Shorten stage of mitosis (few minutes)
 Begin when the 2 sister chromatids of
each suddenly part.
 Each chromatid become chromosome.
 The cell elongated.
 End of anaphase, the 2 ends of the cell
have equivalent and complete – the
collection of chromosomes.

14. Telophase
 Formation of nuclear envelope.
 The chromosomes become less
condensed.

15. Cytokinesis
 Usually late of telophase.
 In animal cell cytokinesis involves the
formation of cleavage furrow which
pinches the cell in two.
 Plant cell formation of cell plate.

16. DON’T SLEEP
PLEASE PAY ATTENTION =)

17. Compare and contrast
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
In the presence of
centrioles.
Most plant cell spindle forms
without the presence of
centrioles.
Cleavage furrow Formation of cell plate from
the vesicles.

19. Application of mitosis
 Transgenic plant
-transgenic plants are plants that have
been genetically engineered, a breeding
approach that uses recombinant DNA
techniques to create plants with new
characteristics.They are identified as a class
of genetically modified organism (GMO).
Examples include resistance to certain
pests, diseases or environmental conditions,
or the production of a certain nutrient or
pharmaceutical agent.

20.  Cloning
 Cloning is the process of producing similar
populations of genetically identical
individuals that occurs in nature when
organisms such as bacteria, insects or
plants reproduce asexually.
 Cloning in biotechnology refers to
processes used to create copies of DNA
fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell
cloning), or organisms.

21. Fluorescent protein gene from jelly fish
Transgenic Cloning

22. Uncontrolled mitosis
 Cancer and become tumour.

23. 5.2 MEIOSIS

24. MEIOSIS
 Meiosis is the process of nuclear division
that reduces the number of chromosomes
in new cells to half the number of
chromosomes in the parent cell.

25.  Individuals of the same species have the
same chromosomal numbers.
 After fertilization process the offspring
must have the same number of
chromosome as their parent.
 So the cell must undergo meiosis.
 Meiosis produce haploid reproductive
cells or gametes.
 Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of
two haploid gametes during fertilization.
This result formation of diploid zygote.

26.  Bivalent
 Pair of two homologous chromosomes
formed by synapsis during the early
stages of meiosis.
 Bivalents separate into half bivalents
during first meiotic division.

27.  Occurs in the reproductive organ:-
 Human
males = testes
females= ovaries
 Plants(flower)
males = anthers
females = ovaries

28. MEIOSIS I
MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS II
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

30. Prophase I
 Chromosome begin to condense, shorter,
thicker and clearly visible.
 Homologous chromosomes come
together to form bivalents through
synapsis process.
 Tetrad made up of two sister chromatids.
 Crossing over occur.( non-sisterchromatids
exchange segment of DNA)
 Chiasmata site of crossing over occur.
 Two pairs of centrioles migrate to
opposite pole.
 Nucleolus and nuclear membrane
dissappear.

32.  Metaphase I
 Chromosomes line up
at the metaphase
plate. Still in
homologous pairs.
 The centromere does
not devide.
 Anaphase I
 Spindle fiber pull the
homologous
chromosomes away
from one another and
move to the opposite
poles of cell.
 Chromosome still
consist of two sister
chromatids which
moved as single unit.

33. Telophase
 Chromosomes arrive
at the poles.
 Spindle fiber
dissappear.
 Nuclear membrane
and nucleolus
reappears.
 Cytokinesis
 Occurs simultaneously
with telophase.

34. The stages of meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Nuclear membrane of
the daughter cells
disintegrated.
 Spindle fiber re-form.
 Metaphase II
 Chromosome,each
still made up of
sister chromatid.
 Positioned
randomly on
metaphase plate.
 Sister chromatid
attached to
spindle fibers at
centromere.

35.  Anaphase II
 The centromere of
sister chromatids
finally separated.
 Become individually
chromosome.
 Chromosome move
towards the opposite
poles of the cell
 Telophase II
 Nucleoli and nuclear
membranes re-form.
 Spindle fiber break
down.
 Cytokinesis occur and
form four number of
haploid daughter cell.
 Genetically different to
their parent diploid cell.
 These haploid cells
develop into gametes.