2. Introduction
ď Tannins are polyphenolic substances found in many
plants product of secondary metabolism. Its water-
soluble nature allows easy extraction and is useful in
various applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical
industry.
ď Definition-the complex,organic,non-
nitrogenous,polyphenolic substances of higher
molecular weight. They are used as antiseptics and in
git diseases like diarrhea and also used in leather
industries.
3. Properties
Pale yellow to light brown-red amorphous
substances widely distributed in plants and
used chiefly in tanning leather, dyeing fabric,
and making ink.
ď Their solutions are acid and have an
astringent taste.
ď They are isolated from oak bark, sumac, and
galls.
ď Tannins give tea astringency, color, and
flavor. Tannins are phenol glycosides.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. Classification
â˘The tannins are broadly classified into two groups based on
complexity of their chemical nature and according to their
behaviour on dry distillation
â˘Hydrolysable tannins :As the name indicates, these tannins
are hydrolyzed by acids or enzymes quickly and the products
of hydrolysis are Gallic acid or ellagic acid. On dry distillation,
Gallic acid and other components get converted to
pyrogallol.
â˘They respond to ferric chloride solution, producing blue
colour.
â˘The examples of hydrolysable tannins are- Gallo tannin in
nutgall, rhubarb, amla, clove and chestnut; ellagi tannin from
oak, myrobalans and pomegranate bark.
10.
11. ContinuedâŚ
â˘Condensed tannins : They are also called as non-hydrolysable tannins,
phiobatannins or proanthocyanidins. They are much resistant to hydrolysis. They
are related to flavonoid pigments, because they are formed via derivatives of
flavones, like catechin or flavan-3-ol or flavan-3,4-diols. Unlike the hydrolysable
tannins, on treatment with enzymes or mineral acids, they are polymerized or
decomposed into red colored substances called phlobaphenes. which are insoluble
in water and indicate the typical brownish-red colour of many plants and drugs
colour. On dry distillation they yield catechol. Tannins with ferric chloride produce
brownish-green.
⢠They are distributed in different parts of plants. The green tea and hamamelis
leaves, cinchona, cinnamon and wild cherry bark, pale and black catechu contain
these types of tannins.
12. Continued..
â˘Pseudo tannins- This is not as such a separate group of
tannins, but may be treated as sub group because they do
not obey to goldbeaters skin test and are low molecular
weight compounds.
â˘Chlorogenic acid in coffee and nuxvomica, ipecacuanhic acid
in ipecacuanha and catechins in cocoa are examples of
pseudotannins. The detection test for chlorogenic acid is
carried out by extracting the drug with water.
13. Extraction and Isolation of tannins
â˘The various types of the methods of extraction
depending upon the source of tannins are employed.
â˘As the tannins are high molecular weight compounds
so it becomes difficult to isolate the tannins in pure
form.
â˘Thus the solvents used are the mixture of polar, non-
polar and semi-polar solvent like alcohol,
ether,water,acetone etc.
14. Identification test
⢠1. Gelatin test:
⢠Toa solution of tannin, aqueous solution of 1% gelatin and 10% sodium
chloride are added. A white buff colored precipitate is formed.
Conforms the presence of tannins and pseudo tannins
⢠2. Goldbeaterâs skin test:
⢠A small piece of goldbeater skin (membrane prepared from the
intestine of an ox) is soaked in 20% hydrochloric acid, rinsed with
distilled water and placed in a solution of tannin for 5 minutes. The
skin piece is washed with distilled water and kept in a 1% solution of
ferrous sulphate. A brown or black colour is produced on the skin
due to presence of tannins.
⢠3. Phenazone test:
⢠A 10ml of aqueous extract of a tannin and sodium acid phosphate is
heated and cooled and filtered. A 2% solution of phenazone is added
to the filtrate. A bulky colored precipitate is formed.
15. Continue..
â˘Match stick test (Catechin test):
â˘A match stick is dipped in aqueous plant extract,
dried near burner and moistened with concentrated
hydrochloric acid. On warming near flame, the
matchstick wood turns pink or red due to formation
of phloroglucinol.
â˘Test with ferric chloride-To the solution of tannins
add ferric chloride solution. A blue,black,violet or
green precipitate or colour confirms the presence
of tannins.
16. 16
9.Tannin contain in crude drug
ďś Hydrolysable tannin
1. Myrobalan
2. Bahera
3. Arjuna
ďś Non- hydrolysable tannin
1. Ashoka
2. Black catechu
3. Pale catechu
24. PTEROCARPUS INTRODUCTION
⢠Pterocarpus Marsupium is one such plant which has proved itself as
versatile plant with a broad spectrum of pharmacological actions.
⢠It has been mentioned in various traditional systems of medicine like
Ayurvedic, Unani and Homeopathic systems of medicine.
⢠Pterocarpus Marsupium Roxb belongs to Fabaceae (Pterocarpus
Marsupium) known as Indian Kino Tree or Malabar Tree in English;
Vijayasar or Bija in Hindi and Asana in Sanskrit is indigenous to India,
Nepal and Sri Lanka. It is found specifically in the areas of the Western
Ghats,
⢠in the Karnataka-Kerala region, in the states of Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa.
⢠Pterocarpus Marsupium fined its place in the Rasayans group of
Ayurveda.
⢠Due to the exploitation of the tree for its timber and medicinal bark, its
population is decreasing in the wild and thus, it has been mentioned in
the red data book.
25. ⢠Pterocarpus marsupium is a medium to large sized deciduous tree
growing upto 30m in height and 2.5 m in girth.
⢠The major phytoconstituents of Pterocarpus Marsupium are
pterostilbene and marsupin. Others are liquirtigenin, iso liquirtigenin,
pterosupin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 7, 4âdihydroxyflavone ,
propterol carsupin and so on.
⢠Different plant parts of Pterocarpus Marsupium have been used for
various diseases like leaves for boils, sores, skin diseases and
stomach pain; flowers for fever; Gum Kino for diarrhea, dysentery,
leucorrhoea etc. and bark as astringent & for toothache.
⢠Decoctions of bark and resin have been used traditionally for the
treatment of tumours of the gland, urethral discharges and as
abortifacient.
⢠The heartwood possesses astringent, anti inflammatory, anti diabetic
and anodyne properties
26. â˘Synonyms
â˘Bijasal, Indian kino tree, Malbar kino.
â˘Biological Source
â˘It consists of dried juice obtained by making vertical incisions
to the stem bark of the plant Pterocarpus
marsupium Linn., belonging to family (Fabaceae)
Leguminosae.
â˘Geographical Distribution
â˘It is found in hilly regions of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Orissa.
â˘It is also found in forests of Karnal, Kerala, West Bengal,
27. 1. A plant found mainly of lowland tropical areas, found at
elevations from 200 - 500 metres, but exceptionally to 1,200
metres.
2. It grows best in areas where the mean annual temperature
falls within the range 22 - 34°c, but can tolerate 4 - 47°c.
3. It is found in areas where there is a distinct dry season,
preferring a mean annual rainfall of 1,000 - 1,500mm, but
tolerating 750 - 2,000mm.
4. Requires a sunny position in a well drained soil.
5. Grows best in a deep, rich, light to medium soil.
Growing Season and Type
31. â˘It is of moderate size to large tree.
â˘The height ranges from 15 to 30 meters.
â˘The stem is stout and crooked with widely spreading
branches.
â˘The bark is thick and dark brown to grey in colour.
MORPHOLOGY
32. MORPHOLOGY
⢠Leaves imparipinnate, alternate;
⢠Stipules small, lateral, cauducous;
⢠Sachis 6.5-11.1 cm long, slender, pulvinate, glabrous;
⢠Leaflets 5-7, alternate, estipulate;
⢠Petiolule 6-10 mm, slender, glabrous;
⢠Lamina 3.5-12.5 x 2-7 cm, elliptic-oblong, oblong-ovate or oblong.
⢠Flowers bisexual, yellow, in terminal and axillary panicles
33. ⢠Different Stages of Pterocarpus marsupium
(A) Flower in Stage (B) Fruiting Stage
(C) Tree (D)Mature fruit and Seeds of Pterocarpus
Marsupium
34. Microscopical characters of the plant
â˘Drug consists of heartwood of Pterocaipus marsupium.
â˘It consists of irregular pieces of variable size and thickness.
â˘It is golden yellowish brown in colour with darker streaks.
â˘It is very hard and brittle. In water it gives yellow coloured
solution with blue fluorescence.
â˘Transverse section shows alternating bands of larger and
smaller polygonal cells consisting of tracheids.
⢠Fibre tracheids, xylem parenchyma and transversed by
xylem rays.
35. Microscopical characters of the plant
⢠Xylem vessels are throughout distributed.
⢠Tyloses filled with tannins are present.
⢠Tracheids are long, thick walled with tapering ends and simple
pits.
⢠Xylem parenchyma cells are rectangular with simple pits and
xylem rays are uni to biseriate.
⢠The calcium oxalate crystals are present and the starch is absent
36. ⢠Chemical constituents
⢠Pterocaipus Marsupium phytochemical are pterosupin, pterostilbene,
liquirtigenin, isoliquiritigenin, epicatechin, kinoin, kinotannic acid, kino
red, beta eudesmol, carsupin, marsupol and marsupinol.
⢠Isolation of components from the aqueous extract of Pterocaipus
Marsupium.
⢠Heartwood yielded a few novel flavonoid C-glycosides: 2,6- hydroxy-
2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-benzofuran-7- C bdglucopyranoside(1).
⢠3-(a-methoxy-4- hydroxybenzylidene)-6- hydroxyl benzo-2(3H)
furanone-7-C-b-d-glucopyranoside(2).
⢠2-hydroxy-2-phydroxybenzyl-3(2H)-6 hydroxybenzo furanone-7-Cb-
d-glucopyranoside (4), 8-(C-b-dglucopyranosyl)- 7.
⢠30,40-trihydroxyflavone (5) and 1,2-bis (2,4- dihydroxy,3-
Cglucopyranosyl)-ethanedione (6) and
⢠two known compounds C-b-d-glucopyranosyl-2,6- dihydroxyl benzene
(7) and sesquiterpene.
37. ⢠Another new phytoconstituent 6,7,3â,4- tetra oxygenated homo iso
flavonoid characterized as 6-hydroxy-7-O-methyl-3- (3-hydroxy-4-
Omethylbenzyl) chronan-4-one was isolated from ether soluble
fractions of Pterocarpus marsupium heart wood while a flavonol
glycoside from the roots.
⢠An iso aurone C- glycoside was obtained from the aqueous extract of
Pterocarpus Marsupium heartwood.
⢠Two interconvertible diastereomeric epimers 2ι/ 2β-hydroxy-2-P-
hydroxybenzyl- 3(2H) benzofuranone-7-C-β-D-glucopyranoside have
also been reported
40. Identity, purity and strength
â˘Foreign Matter â Not more than 2 per cent
â˘Total Ash â Not more than 2 per cent
â˘Acid insoluble Ash â Not more than 0.5 per cent
â˘Alcohol-soluble extractive â Not more than 7 per
cent
â˘Water-soluble extractive â Not more than 5 per cent
41. GENERAL USES AND THERAPEUTIC USES
â˘Different plant parts of Pterocarpus Marsupium have been
used for various diseases like leaves for boils, sores, skin
diseases and Stomach pain.
â˘Flowers for fever.
â˘Gum Kino for diarrhea, dysentery, leucorrhoea etc.
â˘Bark as astringent & for toothache.
â˘Resin have been used traditionally for the treatment of
tumours of the gland, urethral discharges and as
abortifacient.
â˘The heartwood possesses astringent, anti inflammatory, anti
diabetic and anodyne properties
42. Chemical Tests
1.When the solution of drug is treated with ferrous
sulphate, green colour is produced.
2. With alkali (like potassium hydroxide) violet colour
is produced.
3. With mineral acid, a precipitate is obtained.
Marketed Products
It is the one of the components of the preparation
known as Gludibit (Lupin Herbal Laboratory) and
Diabecon (Hima-laya Drug Company) for diabetes
mellitus.
47. NUTGALL
Galls are the pathological
the twigs of the oak tree
â˘Synonym â Turkey galls
â˘Biological source â
outgrowths formed on
Quercus infectoria
â˘Family - Fagaceae
â˘Chemical constituents â 40-60% of tannic acid
â˘Uses- Used as an astringent, used in the manufacture
of tannic acid
