This document discusses key concepts related to gender and development, including: 1. Definitions of gender and sex, as well as several theories of gender development. 2. Concepts of gender stereotyping, gender ideologies, and gender schema theory. 3. How gender relates to concepts like equality, inequality, power, and education. 4. Several themes are explored around how gender influences societal organization and the unequal positioning of men and women.

1. Gender &
Development
Kuliah 10 :

2. 2
BAHAN BACAAN
Buku Wajib
W.M. Adam. 2009. Green Development : Environment and
Sustainbility in the Developing Worlds (3rd
editions) New York:
Routledge
Arief Budiman. 2000. Teori Pembangunan Dunia Ketiga. Gramedia
Pustaka Utama. Jakarta
Referensi Lain
Ambar Tadang, Ekonomi Pembangunan. PT. Bina Ilmu. 1981.
Surabaya
Mansur Fikih. 2001. Runtuhnya teori pembangunan. LKIS.
Yogyakarta
Warjio. 2013. Politik Pembangunan Islam. Perdana Publishing.
Medan

3. 3
TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL KHUSUS
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, anda diharapkan dapat:
1. Pengertian gender
2. Teori gender dan pembangunan
3. Gender stereotipe
4. Gender ideologi
5. Gender dalam equality dan inequality
6. Gender dan kekuasaan
7. Keterbatasan gender
8. Gender dan pendidikan

4. 4
DESKRIPSI SINGKAT
• Dalam perkuliahan ini, anda akan membahas
tentang pengertian gender
• Bagian selanjutnya, akan mempelajari tentang
teori gender dan pembangunan, gender
stereotipe serta ideologi gender
• Bagian akhir perkuliahan, akan mempelajari
tentang gender dalam equality dan inequality,
gender dan kekuasaan, keterbatasan gender
serta gender dan pendidikan

5. Introduction Gender
Gender
• one of the universal dimensions on
which status differences are based.
• is a social construct specifying the
socially and culturally prescribed
roles that men and women are to
follow.
Sex
• is a biological concept.

6. Theories of Gender
Development
• Social Learning Theory; Proponents of this
theory believe that parents, as distributors of
reinforcement, reinforce appropriate gender role
behavior.
• Cognitive-Developmental Theory; This is
derived from Kohlberg's speculations about
gender development.Children begin the process
of acquiring gender-appropriate behavior.
• Gender Schema Theory; This is derived from
Kohlberg's speculations about gender
development. Children begin the process of
acquiring gender-appropriate behavior.

7. Stage Characterized by:
Sensori-motor
(Birth-2 yrs)
Differentiates self from objects
Recognizes self as agent of action and
begins to act intentionally.
Pre-operational
(2-7 years)
Learns to use language and to represent
objects by images and words.
Concrete
operational
(7-11 years)
Can think logically about objects and events
Classifies objects according to several
features and can order them in series along
a single dimension such as size.
Formal operational
(11 years and up)
Becomes concerned with the hypothetical,
the future, and ideological problems

8. Gender Schema Theory
o
helps a child to develop gender
identity & formulate an appropriate
gender role.
Schema
o
is a mental blueprint for organizing
information, and children develop and
formulate an appropriate gender.

9. What is Gender Stereotyping?
o
is defined as the beliefs humans hold
about the characteristics associated
with males and females.
o
Problems in Gender Stereotyping
• When characteristics associated with
a particular gender have a negative
image.
• When a unique individual is assumed
to have all the characteristics
associated with his/her gender.

10. Gender Ideologies
-attitude toward men & women role.
• Traditional Gender Ideology; Maintains that men
sphere is work and women sphere is the home.
The implicit assumption is that men have greater
power than women.
• Egalitarian Gender Ideology; Maintains that
power is distributed equally between men and
women and that each group identifies equally with
the same spheres.
• Transitional; Maintains that power is distributed
equally between men and women and that each
group identifies equally with the same spheres.

11. Gender and Equality
• Gender Equality; between women and
men is a worthy goal that is central to
progress in human development.
• “The Creation of Patriarchy” by Gerda
Lerner; gender is the “costume, a mask, a
straitjacket in which men & women dance
their unequal dance.”
• “The Gender Question” by Alan Wolfe”of
all the ways that one rooted than the way
men have subordinated women.”

12. Gender and Inequality
• 4 themes characterize feminist theorizing
of gender inequality:
1.Men and Women are situated in society
unequally.
2.Organization of society.
3.No significant pattern of natural variation
distinguishes the sexes.
4.All inequality theories assume fairly easily
and naturally to more egalitarian social
structures.

13. Gender and Power

Gender; refers to the different ways men &
women play in society, & to the relative
power they wield.

Power; is a basic fabric of society & is
possessed in varying degrees by social
actors in diverse social categories.

“Essays in Sociology” by Max Weber; he
defined power as the likelihood a person
may achieve personal ends despite
possible resistance from others.

14. 
Status resources

Experience

Self-confidence
Determinants of power:

15. Gender and Education

Investing in Education is seen as one
of the fundamental ways in which
nation states and their citizens can
move toward long-term development
goals and improve both social and
economic standards of living.