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Gender Development
This document discusses gender development from biological and social perspectives. It defines sex as biologically determined sexual anatomy, while gender is culturally determined and refers to one's sense of masculinity or femininity. Gender identity develops through childhood as children learn appropriate gender roles and schemas. Theories discussed include Freud's psychosexual stages, Kohlberg's cognitive gender theory, and Bem's sex-role inventory. Conditions like Klinefelter syndrome and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome are also examined in relation to gender development. The document analyzes how gender stereotypes form and influence relationships and privileges.
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Gender Development
- 1. Gender Development Yukti Mehta AnishGautham Disha Chaudhry
- 2. ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’are not the same! Gender: Sense of maleness and femaleness related to our membership in a given society Culturally determined Sex: Sexual anatomy or Sexual behavior Biologically determined
- 3. Gender Identity • Personalconception of one’s self as male, female or undecided • Gender role: non-physical aspects of being male/female, including cultural expectations for femininity/masculinity • Being aware of one’s gender identity is a crucial part of the psychosocial development of the child • More prevalent at a social level than an individual level
- 4. Gender Roles • Automaticallyassigned to the child at birth, expected to play out the role simultaneously • Gender Typing: Process in which people learn their cultural appropriate gender roles through the process of socialization • This produces a gender schema, a framework that organizes and guides a child’s understanding of information relevant to gender (Sandra Bem, 1981)
- 5. Case study ofShanthi Soundarajan
- 6. Gender Differences |birth -to – early childhood| • Freud’s Psychosexual Development Stages: Formation of the personality at the age of 5 onward through the identification theory “The basic feminine sense of self is connected to the world. The basic masculine sense of self is separate (Chodorow, 1978)”
- 7. Kohlberg, 1966 Gender CognitiveTheory • Ages 0 – 2, the child is neutral to his gender • By the age of 2 and 3 - Gender identity • At the age of 4 – Gender stability • By the age of 7 – Gender constancy
- 8. • Sandra Bem’sSex-Role Inventory (BSRI) – classified sex into 4 groups: 1) Feminine 2) Masculine 3) Androgynous 4)Undifferentiated
- 9. Androgyny • Characteristic ofpossessing the most positive personality characteristics of males and females regardless of actual sex • A person who does not fit neatly into the typical masculine and feminine gender roles of their society • Usually tagged as ‘social outcastes’ … till now
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- 12. Ehrhardt, 1985 • Exposureto different levels of androgen during gestation and its effects • Both males and females have androgens, estrogens and progestin; only their levels differ – leading to formation of Hermaphrodite babies
- 13. Psychological Outcome and Gender-relateddevelopment in CAIS victims • Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome • An extensive study by Mellissa Hines, Faizal Ahmed and A. Hughes • 22 women with CAIS, inter-sex cases and AIS interviewed • 47 males and females interviewed with no sexual diseases Caucasian, average age of 27
- 14. Outcome measures • Qualityof life • Gender-related psychological characteristics • Marital status • Personality traits
- 15. Result • 22 matcheswere found between the two groups • NO substantial difference for any psychological outcome
- 16. Klinefelter syndrome, 1942 •Klinefelter discovered that some men have enlarged breasts, small testes and inability to produce sperms • Later, identified as an extra ‘X’ chromosome • Transgender - of, relating to, or being a person (as a tran-sexual or transvestite) who identifies with or expresses a gender identity that differs from the one which corresponds to the person’s sex at birth.- Merriam Webster
- 17. Gender Stereotypes • Behavioral •Appearance • Society
- 18. The way weview ourselves/others in relation to society based on our gender Kinds of relationships we develop with others as many times friendships are greatly affected by gender of the other Privileges and allowances that are granted to adolescents by their parents Effect of conflicts between parents and children and how this negatively influences their susceptibility to maladjustment Depression: How one gender is more vulnerable to depression So…
- 19. Bibliography • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_schema_theory • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Bem •https://www.google.co.in/search?q=androgyny+fashion&newwindow=1 &tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=Nvz_UZTtBYXKrAe3yoHwD A&ved=0CCsQsAQ&biw=1241&bih=567&sei=6AIAUqz8JInNrQeVk4DYC Q • http://www.premiercollegeadvisor.com/newsletter/Educational%20Psyc hology%20-%20Gender%20Roles.pdf • http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022492106974#page-1 • "Understanding Klinefelter Syndrome: A Guide for XXY Males and TheirFamilies. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. <http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health- info/docs/0800/0852.asp>
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