The presentation is part of Gender and Media course, under Department of Women's Studies at Goa University, Goa, India. The lesson is a recap of Gender and Development Concepts, Definitions and Practices.

1. Chapter-2
Gender and Development:
Concepts & Prac8ces
Ms. Jagri8 Shankar
Course: Gender & Media
Department of Women’s Studies
Goa University
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2. Objec8ve
• Understand basic gender concepts
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3. Outline
Ø Gender vs. Sex
Ø Women Empowerment
Ø Gender Mainstreaming
Ø Gender Discrimina8on
Ø Gender Roles & Rela8ons
Ø Gender Needs
Ø Gender Analysis
Ø Equality vs. Equity
Ø Gender Mainstreaming in Media
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4. Video 1
• Gender Roles-Male and Female
- David Erif
Link:
hUps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=YIwWS2atEmc
Length: 5.14
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5. Discussion
• Do you agree with the roles and behaviors of
women and men displayed in the anima8on?
• Do you think these are 8meless universal
truths? Or, you think in different socie8es or
at different 8mes the behavior of women and
men can be different?
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6. Gender Vs. Sex
Sex iden8fies biological differences between men
and women.
E.g. Women can give birth and men can not. Sex is
universal (every na8on, throughout history)
Gender iden8fies socially constructed differences
between men and women.
Gender roles are dynamic and change over 8me. Gender
differences vary by culture, religion, ethnicity, race,
class, etc.
Then ,What is the problem?
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7. Video 2
Gender Differences: The Nature Versus Nurture
Debate
-Study.com
hUps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ld3UHKmwVZc
Length: 3.43
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8. • The video explains what are gender
stereotypes and how they are formed.
• Does gender stereotyping hurts/
disadvantages people? How? (Give example)
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9. • Women are considered second class ci8zens & have fewer rights.
• Of the 1.3 billion people living in poverty around the world, 70% are
women. (Source: World Revolu8on)
• Two-thirds of children denied primary educa8on are girls, and 75%
of the world’s 876 million illiterate adults are women.
(Source: AskWoman)
• Women work two-thirds of the world's working hours, produce half
of the world's food, and yet earn only 10% of the world's income
and own less than 1% of the world's property. (Source :World
Development Indicators, 1997, Womankind Worldwide)
Source: hUp://www.endpoverty2015.org/en/goals/gender-equity
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What is the Problem?

10. Women Empowerment
• Empowerment of women concerns women gaining
power and control over their lives.
• It involves awareness raising, building self confidence,
increased access and control over resources,
transforming structures and ins8tu8ons which
reinforce gender discrimina8on and inequality
• Empowerment cannot be achieved in vacuum; men
must be brought along in the process of change.
• It doesn’t refer to power over, rather it is ‘power to’,
‘power with’ , and ‘power within’.
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11. Gender Mainstreaming
It is a strategy for making women’s as well as
men’s concerns and experiences an integral
dimension of the design, implementa8on,
monitoring and evalua8on of policies and
programmes in all poli8cal, economic and social
spheres so that women and men benefit equally
and inequality is not perpetuated.
UN-ECOSOC Defini8on (1997)
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12. Gender Mainstreaming
• A process, not an end in itself
• The objec?ve of gender mainstreaming is to
p r o m o t e g e n d e r e q u a l i t y o r t h e
empowerment of women
• How to proceed depends on the level of
analysis and ac8on (e.g., Na8onal law or policy
reform? Sector policy? Organiza8onal change?
Program or project design?)
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13. Gender Discrimina8on
The systema8c, unfavourable treatment of
individuals on the basis of their gender, which
denies them rights, opportuni8es or resources
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14. Discrimina8on reflects in..
Social construct
• Partriarchy posi?ons men at superior status
• Men’s superiority at household reflects in public
sphere and influence posi8on and distribu8on of
resources
Gender division of labour
• Men and women have different roles in society.
Men’s roles are considered produc?ve and more
important, while tradi8onally women’s roles are
considered passive and less important
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15. Access and control over resources
Access to resources: opportunity to make use of resource
Control over resources: ability to define resource’s use for
others.
Women remain disadvantaged with less access to
resources, benefits, informa8on and decision making
Economic resources : land or equipment
Poli?cal resources: representa8on, leadership, legal
structures
Social: child care, educa8on
Time: a scarce resource for women
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16. Gender Roles
Produc?ve roles : Ac?vi?es carried out to
produce goods and services, for sale,
exchange, or to meet the subsistence needs of
the family. Its paid work.
Reproduc?ve roles: Ac?vi?es needed to ensure
the reproduc?on of society's labor force.
child bearing & rearing, and care for family
members. Its unpaid work.
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17. Gender Roles
Community Managing role: Community level ac8vi8es to
ensure the provision and maintenance of scarce resources
of collec8ve consump8on such as water, health care and
educa8on. This is voluntary unpaid work.
Community poli?cs role: Formal ac8vi8es at community
level, e.g. organizing events, represen8ng community,
taking decisions for community. Cab be paid or unpaid,
results in increased power and status.
Who does what?
Triple role!!!
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18. Discussion
• How does gender roles stereotypes affect the
society?
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19. Gender rela?ons
• Hierarchical rela?ons of power between
women and men that tend to disadvantage
women
• Gender rela?ons are the ways in which a
culture or society defines rights,
responsibili8es, and acceptable behaviour for
women and men
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20. Gender Needs -1
Prac?cal Gender Needs (PGN)
• PGNs are the immediate needs iden8fied by
women to assist their survival in their socially
accepted roles within exis8ng power structures in
society.
• PGNs do not challenge exis8ng power structures
or gender divisions of labor
• PGNs are related to inadequacies in women’s
living condi8ons, health care, safe water,
sanita8on, income earning opportuni8es etc.
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21. Gender Needs -2
Strategic Gender Needs (SGN)
• SGNs are the needs women iden8fy to change
their status and posi8on in society in rela8on to
men.
• SGNs challenge male dominance and privilege.
• Related to inequali8es in gender division of
labour, ownership and control of resources,
structural discrimina8ons, e.g. legal rights,
domes8c violence, equal wages etc.
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22. Gender Lens
• Gender Lens will help focus our aPen?on on
gender differences and iden8fy aspects that
needs aUen8on/care/fixing
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23. Gender Analysis
• The systema8c examina8on of gender
differences and social rela8ons in order to
iden8fy, understand and redress inequi8es
based on gender.
• Gender analysis is a valuable diagnos8c tool
for development planners and crucial to
gender mainstreaming efforts.
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24. Gender Equality vs. Gender Equity
Gender Equality
– Gender equality is based on the idea of equality of
opportuni8es.
Gender Equity
– Gender equity recognizes women and men have
different needs, preferences and interests and
may require different treatment to gain the same
output.
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25. The Story of the Fox and the Crane
(Equal treatment does not mean the same
treatment)
(From UNDP learning & Informa8on Pack, 2001)
The Fox invited the Crane to dinner. He served the
food on a large flat dish. The Crane with her long,
narrow beak could not eat.
The Crane invited the Fox to dinner. She served the
food in a deep vase, and so the Fox with his short,
wide face could not eat.
Both friends had an equal opportunity for
nourishment, but each 8me one of them could not
take advantage of this opportunity.
The development challenge in every case is to
iden?fy barriers to the opportuni?es that exist, and
custom design interven?ons that will lead to
equality of outcome.
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26. Video
Gender stereotyping of women in the media
Anne Forney
hUps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=8z6ks8Z0X20
Length: 3.18
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27. Media creates Gender
• Media promotes stereotypical images of
women and men
• Women are rarely newsmakers in the media.
News about women hardly make front pages
and oren contain nega8ve portrayals and
stereotypes of them in domes8c and
dependent roles.
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28. Gender mainstreaming in media
The process of integra8ng gender equality perspec8ves into the
media, having sensible representa?on of women and men, and
producing sensi?ve stories.
They should give men and women equal opportunity for their
voices to be heard, and ensure that they are properly integrated
into all areas of na8onal development.
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29. Discussion
• How media propagates gender roles, gender
rela8ons?
• In what ways media could do gender
mainstreaming? (give examples)
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30. References
• hUp://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/
bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/re55.pdf
Gender and Development: Concepts and Defini8ons
Ins8tute of Development Studies, University of
Sussex
• GSDRC- Gender and Media
hUp://www.gsdrc.org/topic-guides/gender/gender-
and-media/
*All defini8ons are from the Bridge course pack. 30

31. Thank you!
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