The document discusses the classification of organisms. It describes how Carolus Linnaeus developed the binomial nomenclature system used to classify organisms based on similarities in their structures, especially reproductive structures. It also explains that taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with classifying living things. Organisms are grouped and named according to similarities and differences in their characteristics.

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Before the year
I970, Taxonimist
classified
organism into
two kingdoms,
animal
(animalia) and
plant (plantae)
Animalia Plant
Kingdom Kingdom
Filum Divisio
Classis Classis
Ordo Ordo
Familia Familia
Genus Genus
Species Species
Taksonomi : Cabang ilmu biologi
yang mengkaji pengelompokan
makhluk hidup
Taksonomi : Cabang ilmu biologi
yang mengkaji pengelompokan
makhluk hidup

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Carolus Linnaeus (1707—1778),
seorang dokter dan penyelidik alam
berkebangsaan Swedia yang sangat
tertarik pada ilmu tumbuh-tumbuhan.
Beliau mengembangkan suatu metode
binomial nomenclatur atau sistem tata
nama ganda. Metode ini digunakan
untuk tata cara pemberian nama
makhluk hidup. Dasar yang digunakan
adalah persamaan struktur tubuh,
(struktur tubuh luar maupun dalam)
khususnya struktur alat reproduksinya.
Karena jasanya tersebut, Linnaeus
dijuluki sebagai Bapak Taksonomi.
Carolus Linnaeus
Klasifikasi merupakan suatu cara
pengelompokan (penggolongan) dan
pemberian nama makhluk hidup
berdasarkan persamaan dan perbedaan ciri-
Klasifikasi merupakan suatu cara
pengelompokan (penggolongan) dan
pemberian nama makhluk hidup
berdasarkan persamaan dan perbedaan ciri-
cirinya.

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Classification Of Organism

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Kingdom monera consist ofKingdom monera consist of
microorganism which have nomicroorganism which have no
nucleus membrane(procaryote) sonucleus membrane(procaryote) so
the nucleus materials is spread inthe nucleus materials is spread in
the cytoplasm. Monera has nucleicthe cytoplasm. Monera has nucleic
acid (DNA), cytoplasm, and cellacid (DNA), cytoplasm, and cell
membrane. Monera consists of :membrane. Monera consists of :
 Bacteria
 Blue Algae

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a) Bacillus: bakteri berbentuk batang atau basil. Terdapat tiga macam bentuk bacillus,
yaitu :
(1)Streptobacil, berbentuk panjang seperti rantai. Contoh: Bacillus antrhracis, penyebab
penyakit antraks
(2)Diplobasil, berkelompok dua-dua.
(3)Basil tunggal.
b) Coccus: bakteri berbentuk bola. Terdapat lima macam bentuk coccus, yaitu:
(1)Monococcus, tunggal
(2)Diplococcus, berkoloni dua-dua
(3)Sreptococcus, seperti rantai
(4)Staphylococcus, seperti buah anggur
(5)Sarcina, berbentuk kubus.
c) Spirillum: bakteri berbentuk spiral. Terdapat tiga macam bentuk spririllum, yaitu :
(1)Spiral, berbentuk lebih dari setengah lingkaran
(2)Koma, berbentuk kurang dari setengah lingkaran
(3)Spirochaeta, berbentuk sulur berpilin.
I. Bakteri.
Berdasarkan bentuknya bakteri dibedakan
menjadi 3 macam yaitu:

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 Acetobacter xylinum is used in the process ofAcetobacter xylinum is used in the process of
making nata de coco which is made of coconut milkmaking nata de coco which is made of coconut milk
 Acetobacter is used to change alcohol into vinegarAcetobacter is used to change alcohol into vinegar
acidacid
 Azotobacter live freely in soil and can catch nitrogenAzotobacter live freely in soil and can catch nitrogen
from the air so, it can fertilize soil.from the air so, it can fertilize soil.
 Lactobacillus bulgaricus is used in the process ofLactobacillus bulgaricus is used in the process of
making yoghurtmaking yoghurt
 Eschetichia coli rots food in the large intestine andEschetichia coli rots food in the large intestine and
produce vitamin K.produce vitamin K.
 Lactobacillus casei is used in cheese makingLactobacillus casei is used in cheese making
 Pseudomonas denitrificans can produce vitamin BPseudomonas denitrificans can produce vitamin B

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 Salmonella typhi can cause typhoidSalmonella typhi can cause typhoid
diseasedisease
 Vibrio comma causes cholera deseaseVibrio comma causes cholera desease
 Clostridium tetani causes tetanus diseaseClostridium tetani causes tetanus disease
 Mycobacterium tubercolosis causes TBCMycobacterium tubercolosis causes TBC
diseasedisease
 Mycobacterium leprae cause leprosyMycobacterium leprae cause leprosy
diseasedisease

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II. Blue Algae
Ganggang biru (Chyanophyta).
a)Characteristics of Blue Algae
 Often called Cyanobacteria
 The simplest algae
 The body is monocellular or multicellular and some live in colonies
 Have chlorophly so they can make photosynthesis process
b) Kinds of blue algae :
 Polycystis is a blue alga which lives in colonies
 Chroococus and gleocapsa are monocellularblue algae
 Oscillatoria rivularia and nostoc are blue algae which are thread shaped
(filament).

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A.Benefit Blue AlgaeA.Benefit Blue Algae ::
 Several blue algae fertilize soil because they can beSeveral blue algae fertilize soil because they can be
fixate (catch) from air, for exsamplefixate (catch) from air, for exsample
Nostoc,Gleocapsa, and Anabaena.Nostoc,Gleocapsa, and Anabaena.
 Anabaena azollae make symbiosis with AzollaAnabaena azollae make symbiosis with Azolla
pinnata(water fern), catch nitrogen from the air andpinnata(water fern), catch nitrogen from the air and
change it into ammonia so they can increase soilchange it into ammonia so they can increase soil
fertility.fertility.
 Some blue algae can be used to make food becauseSome blue algae can be used to make food because
they contain high protein, for exampel spirulina.they contain high protein, for exampel spirulina.
B. Harmful Blue AlgaeB. Harmful Blue Algae
 Several Blue Algae which live in the water excreteSeveral Blue Algae which live in the water excrete
poison so they can poison organism which drink itpoison so they can poison organism which drink it
 Blue Algae can grow on walls and stones, makingBlue Algae can grow on walls and stones, making
them easily decaythem easily decay

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All organism which are included into the kingdom protista have eukaryotic
cells. Besides, they commonly have properties between plants and animal.
Kingdom protista is devided into 3 groups, namely :
 Plant like Protists
Example : Ganggang bersel satu soliter, contohnya Chlorella, ganggang
bersel satu koloni contohnya Volvox, dan Ganggang bersel banyak ada yang
berbentuk benang misalnya Spirogyra.
 Animal like Protists
Example : Rizhopoda (contoh: Amoeba), Cilliata (contoh: Paramaecium),
Flagellata (contoh: Euglena), dan Sporozoa (contoh: Plasmodium,
penyebab malaria)
 Fungus like Protists
Example : golongan jamur lendir (Myxomycota).

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Plant like protists are known as algae. They are like plants because
they have cholorophyl so they can photosynthesize.
A. The characteristics of algae are as follows :
 They are monocellular or multicellular organism that are filament
shaped and same are like higher level plant with body organs
almost like roots and leaves
 Algae have no root, steam, and leaf so they are not included in
plant
 Commonly live in water,whether in sea water or fresh water. Some
live on land and usually in humid places, for example on a wall,
tree skin, or on the roof.
 Algae are used by humans as a nutrition source, fertilizer source,
various valuable commodities, for dishes, and hand cream

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B. Algae are distinguished into several phylum
as follows :
 Phylum Chrysophyta ( Golden Algae )
 Phylum Chlorophyta ( Green Algae )
 Phylum Phaeophyta ( Brown Algae )
 Phylum Rhodophyta ( Red Algae )
 Phylum Euglenophyta

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Animal like protists are know as protozoa. Protozoa are
usually found in ditches, rivers, or sea water, and some
live inside another organism. They reproduce asexually
by dividing it self or forming spores, and sexually by
conjugation.
Based on their movement method, protozoa are
grouped into four phylum as follows :
 Phylum Rhizopoda
 Phylum Flagellata
 Phylum Ciliata
 Phylum Sporozoa

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Organisms which are included into this group
are characteristics by a moving phase like
Amoeba, the reproduction method which is
almost like fungus, and the absence of
cholorophyll. The example are :
Mucus fungus ( Myxomycetes)
Water fungus ( Oomycetes)

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A. Characteristics Of Fungi
 Have a nucleus and cell wall (eucaryotic).
 Have Spores
 Have no chlorophyll so they are heterotrophic.
 They are in the form of a cell or branched thread.
 The cell wall is of cellulose or chitin or both
 Bread sexually and asexually
 Live in rubbish, rotten wood, or rotten food with enought
humidity.

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B. Fungi terdiri atas 4 divisio yaitu: Zygomycota, Ascomycota,
Basidiomycota dan Deuteromycota.
a. Zygomycota, contoh Rhizhopus oryzae, digunakan untuk
pembuatan tempe.
b. Ascomycota, contoh Saccaromyces cerreviceae, digunakan dalam
pembuatan minuman beralkohol. Contoh lain adalah Penicillium
notatum jamur penghasil zat antibiotik yang dikenal dengan
penisilin, dan Penicillium camemberti (bahan pembuat keju)
c. Basidiomycota, contoh Volvariella volvacea sering dikenal dengan
jamur merang, dan Auricularia polytrica (jamur kuping)
d. Deuteromycota, contohnya Rhyzoctonia solani, menyebabkan
penyakit pada Solanum sp (kentang).

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C. The role of fungi in everyday life
Fungus which are beneficial are as follows :
 As agent (materials) in food making
 As antibiotic producer
 As decomposer in the ecosystem
Fungi which are harmful are as follows :
 Amanita phalloides causes distrubance in the kidney,
skin, and heart.
 Pneumonia cariini causes lung disease
 Epidermophyton causes skin fungus on humans.

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