1) Protists are single or multi-celled eukaryotic organisms that live in moist environments. They can reproduce asexually through cell division or regeneration, or sexually. 2) Plantlike protists include algae which are important producers. Algae are grouped according to their pigments and food storage. Diatoms, dinoflagellates, and euglena were discussed. 3) Animal-like protists or protozoa are grouped by their means of movement. Ciliates like paramecium and stentor move using cilia. Amoebas move using pseudopods. Some flagellates and sporozoans are parasitic.

1. CHAPTER 8 PROTISTS AND FUNGI

2. I. What is a Protist? (Kingdom Protista) Protist– single or many-celled organism that lives in moist or wet surroundings Protist Reproduction: Asexually CELL DIVISION – all DNA are doubled up and the cell divides in 2. So 2 identical babies result. REGENERATION- When parts of a parent breaks off and new organisms are formed from it. Identical baby results Sexually – 2 parents share DNA to make a new different baby of the same type.

3. 3 types of Protists: Plantlike Animallike Funguslike Characteristics: Eukaryotic – have a Nucleus 1 or many-celled Most move Most are consumers (parasites, saprophytes, or predators)

4. Evolution of Protists Protists evolved into plant, fungi, & animals Plantlike protists are ancestors of plants Animallikeprotists are ancestors of animals Don’t really know about evolution because protists are mostly soft and leave NO fossils

5. II. PLANTLIKE PROTISTS Known as ALGAE Characteristics Some are 1-celled, some are many-celled Producers (have chlorophyll & chloroplasts) Not ALL are GREEN but they all have chlorophyll Grouped into 6 Phyla according to their pigments and how they store food

6. B. Diatoms – Phylum Chrysophyta 1-celled Photosynthetic Shells are made of silica- hard glass-like substance Golden brown pigment hides chlorophyll Reproduce in large numbers

7. When organisms die their shells sink to the floor of the body of water & collect in deep layers. These shells are then collected and used. Called Diatomaceous Earth. Shells sparkle Used for insulation, toothpaste, polish, and road paint also used in new pool filters

8. C. Dinoflagellates – Phylum Pyrrophyta Have red pigments – are called “Fire Algae” 1-celled 2 Flagella 1 moves the cell 1 circles the cell causing spinning Store food in starches & oils Almost all live in salt water (food source)

9. D. Euglena – Phylum Euglenophyta Have characteristics of both plants & animals 1-celled with chloroplasts When no sunlight is available they can become consumers and lose their green color.

10. No Cell Wall – have a cell membrane like animals Most use Flagella for movement Have an EYESPOT – organelle that responds to light Contractile vacuole – gets rid of excess water

11. E. Red Algae – Phylum Rhodophyta Used to make pudding & toothpaste because of a carbohydrate called Carrageenan Many-celled Can live up to 175m deep in the ocean Their red pigment allows them to suck up the small amount of light that gets to them. So they are producers.

12. F. Green Algae – Phylum Chlorophyta 7,000 species – Most Diverse phyla Green with chlorophyll Store food in form of starch 1 or many-celled Most live in water, some can be found on damp tree trunks and wet sidewalks Examples: VOLVOX – the mother carrying around babies.

13. G. Brown Algae – Phylum Phaeophyta Many-celled Usually found in cool saltwater environments Kelp (example) Important food source for fish & vertebrates Form hiding places for small organisms can grow 60 feet. Used to make ice cream, fertilizers, and marshmallows

14. III. Importance of Algae Grasses of the ocean Most aquatic animals eat algae or something that ate algae. Produce oxygen for aquatic life. Some food is made using algae. Carrageenan – a substance found in the cell walls of red algae. It has gelatin-like properties and is used in cosmetics and food. Gives toothpaste, puddings, salad dressings their smooth creamy texture

15. Another substance ALGIN Found in brown algae is used to thicken food such as ice cream and marshmallows. It is also used in rubber tires and hand lotion. Diatoms Used in highway paint, pool filters, insulation, cosmetics, anything that sparkles.

16. IV. ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS(PROTOZOANS) Characteristics of Protozoans Live in water, soil, and all kinds of organisms Grouped by how they move Many are Parasites – live in or on another organism Have vacuoles Food vacuoles – help digest food Contractile vacuoles – get rid of excess water

17. There are 4 Kinds of Protozoans – based on how they move Sarcodines Flagellates Ciliates Sporozoans

18. B. CILIATES – Phylum Ciliophora Most complex protozoan Move by using CILIA – short, threadlike structures that extend from the cell membrane Can be totally covered or on special areas of the cells All cilia beat together to move organism

19. Paramecium (Ciliates: example 1) Characteristics Cilia all over 2 Nuclei Macronucleus – (Large one) controls everyday activities Micronucleus- (small one) reproduction Oral groove (mouth) Usually eats bacteria

20. Usually feed on bacteria that are slower and smaller than them. Once inside their oral groove the food moves the food vacuole. Then out the anal pore and back into the water.

21. Swimming Paramecium

22. Stentor (Ciliates: example 2) Has cilia only around mouth Vorticella (Ciliates: example 3) Attached with cilia only around mouth Spring-like tail When frightened they coil up tight.

23. C. SARCODINE –Phylum Rhizopoda Move around & feed by temporary extensions of their cytoplasm called PSEUDOPODS (“False Feet”) AMOEBA (sarcodine: example 1) Uses pseudopods to slowly surround a food source & engulf it

25. D. FLAGELLATES –Phylum Zoomastigina 1 or many long flagella that whip through the watery environment Most are parasites

26. Example of Flagellates Trypanosoma-causes African Sleeping Sickness in humans Carried on the Tsetse Fly in Africa Causes fever, swollen glands, & a lot of sleep Lives in digestive system of termites to help them break down wood

27. E. SPOROZOANS –Phylum Sporozoa Parasitic Cannot move on their own Live in and feed on blood of organisms Ex. Plasmodium Carried on Anopheles Mosquito Causes MALARIA

28. V. IMPORTANCE OF PROTOZOANS Important food source for larger animals. Become part of the sediment at the bottom of the water source. These are helpful for scientists studying the past. Help termites digest wood. Can cause disease in humans. Giardia – diarrhea caused by fecal contaminated water. Can be contracted by drinking from a hose This is why we have boil advisories

29. VI. FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS Characteristics Act like protists and fungi Saprophtye(lives off decaying matter) Two Kinds of fungus like protists Slime Molds Water Molds

30. B. SLIME MOLDS Brightly colored (yellow, blue, orange, violet, black) Form a web-like structure over their food supply Saprophytes (lives off decaying matter) Have 3 parts to their life cycle Reproduce by spores Found on decaying logs or dead leaves,lawns, & mulch

31. C. WATER MOLDS, DOWNEY MILDEWS, & WHITE RUST Most live in water or moist places Have Cell Wall Saprophytes of dead organisms or Parasites on living plants or animals Caused Irish Famine in 1840s - nearly 1 million people died Ex: ICK – parasitic water mold that grows on fish

32. D. IMPORTANCE OF FUNGUSLIKE PROTISTS Help decompose dead organisms. Cause diseases in animals and plants. Ick, Potato Famine Downy mildew on a plant

34. End of Chapter 8 Section 1 Powdery Mildews Quick Facts... Powdery mildew is one of the most widespread and easily recognized plant diseases. Powdery mildews are characterized by spots or patches of white to grayish, talcum-powder-like growth. Powdery mildews are severe in warm, dry climates. Many plants have been developed to be resistant or tolerant to powdery mildew. Succulent tissue is more susceptible to infection. Once the disease is a problem, avoid late summer applications of nitrogen fertilizer.