This document provides information on kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, viruses, mycoplasma, and mycorrhiza. It describes the general characteristics of plants including being multicellular, photosynthetic, and having cell walls. It also describes the characteristics of animals including being multicellular and ingestive. It provides details on the structure and life cycles of viruses and mycoplasma. It concludes with short descriptions of lichens formed from algal-fungal symbiosis and mycorrhizal root-fungal associations.

1. KINGDOM PLANTAE, KINGDOM ANIMALIA, VIRUS &
MYCOPLASMA.

3.  GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
 Multicellular organisms with walled and frequently
vacuolate eukaryotic cells.
 They contain photosynthetic pigments in plastids.
 Principle mode of nutrition is Photosynthesis, but number of
plants have become absorptive.
 Primarily non-motile, living anchored to a substrate.
 Reproduction is sexual.
 Haploid generation is progressively reduced in higher
members of kingdom.

4. PLANTAE
CRYPTOGAMEA
THALLOPHYTA
BRYOPHYTA
PTERIDOPHYTA
PHANEROGAMAE
GYMNOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERMS

5. CRYPTOGA
MAE

6.  They contain chloroplasts.
 They are autotrophic.
 They are aquatic or semi-aquatic.
 The sex organs are usually unicellular and non-jacketed.
 Sporophytic and gametophytic stages are independent.
 Vascular tissue absent.
 Dominating plant phase is gametophytic.

7.  The plant body is not differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
 Absorbing and anchoring organs are rhizoids.
 Vascular and mechanical tissue are absent.
 Fertilization is internal.
 Sexual reproduction is oogamous type.
 Sex organs are multicellular and jacketed.
 Sporophytic phase is lengthy.
 Formation of sporogonium takes place.
 The dominating phase is the gametophyte.
SPHEROCARPUSGEMMAE

8.  Plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
 Vascular tissues are present.
 Sexual reproduction is of Oogamous type.
 The antheridium is sessile and reduced in size.
 They produce spores inside sporangia on leaves.
 The dominating phase is the sporophyte.

11.  The plant body is differentiated into roots, leaves and stem.
 They have vascular and mechanical tissue in them.
 Roots have symbiotic association with mycorrhiza.
 Fertilization is siphonogamous i.e. by pollen tube.
 Due development of cambium, they show secondary growth.
 Seeds are borne on structure called cones.
 The seeds are exposed and naked.

12. DIFFERENT TYPE OF CONES
MALE CONE (MICROSPOROPHYLL)
FEMALE CONE (MEGASPOROPHYLL)

14.  Plant body differentiated into roots, leaves & stem.
 They have vascular & mechanical tissue present in them.
 Produce flower which bear the reproductive structures.
 Stamens form the male reproductive structure and consist
of
 Anther &
 Filament.
 Carpel/Pistil form the female reproductive structure.
 Process of double fertilization is present.
 The ovary ripens into fruit which contains the seeds.
 The gametophytic phase is reduced and limited to the
formation of gametes.
 Based on the number of cotyledons in the developing
embryo inside the seed they are further classified as
 Monocots (having single cotyledon in the embryo)
 Dicot (having two cotyledons in the embryo)

16. KINGDOM
ANIMALIA

17.  They are multicellular organisms.
 They bear eukaryotic cells and lack cell walls.
 They are devoid of plastids and photosynthetic
pigments.
 Nutrition is primarily ingestive with digestion in an
internal cavity, but some forms are absorptive and
number of groups lack internal digestive cavity.
 Level of organization and tissue differentiation in
higher forms far exceeding that of other kingdoms,
with evolution of sensory neuromotor systems.
 They have developed cells with the ability to contract
(muscle cells) or transmit impulses (nerve cells).
 Reproduction is mainly sexual.
 Haploid stage other than gametes almost lacking
above lower phyla.

20.  It represents the better relationships in regard to
both levels of organization and nutritive modes.
 The red and brown algae and the fungi are better
placed.
 This system is better in coherence and definable
characters of kingdoms as units of classification.
 Unicellular eukaryotes like Euglena had earlier been
included in both plants and animals. By grouping
them in Protista, this anomaly has been removed.
 It succeeds in indicating the gradual evolution of
early organisms into plants and animals.
 Fungi bear its own biochemical, physiological and
structural organisation. The separation of kingdom
fungi from plants was long overdue.

21.  The distinction of the unicellular virus, the
multicellular and multinucleate conditions becomes
the line of division and difficulty.
 The Protista is a group of diverse organisms of
divergent directions of evolution.

23.  Viruses & Bacteriophages are much smaller than bacteria.
 In one sense viruses are not living organisms but large
nucleoprotein particles which enter specific kind of plant or
animal or bacteria and multiply to form new virus particles.
 Bacteriophages are also viruses which parasitize bacteria
(phage-eater).
 When viruses are outside the host they are metabolically
inert.
 They reproduce using the metabolic machinery of the host
cell, and infect chemically.
 They are made up of one of the nucleic acids DNA or RNA
(one of them) and proteins.
 Genetic material is enclosed within a protective coat of
protein.
 They show the property of living organisms, i.e they have the
property of replication.
 Since they lack a cell or cell organelles they are placed just
below the level of cellular orangisation.

26.  Scientific name is Protovirus tabacci.
 The virus particle is a long cylindrical, rod shaped,
helical virus.
 It has a length of 300 nm (3000Å) and 17.5nm (175Å)
diameter.
 X-ray crystallographic studies show that these
particles consist of two parts,
 Protein coat &
 The Nucleic acid.
 The Nucleic acid (nucleoid) is a single stranded RNA,
helically coiled forming a central core of 8nm
diameter.
 It consist of 6300 nucleotides an a molecular weight
of about 2.2 million. It consist 5.6% of total virus
composition
 It has a molecular weight of 40 million approx.

27. The protein coat (Capsid) consists of helically arranged subunits
(Capsomeres) around the nucleic acid.
A central lumen of 4nm diameter is present.
There are 49 subunits (capsomere) per three turns of the helix.
(approx. 16.5 per turn).
The total protein subunits in a capsid is 2130. Then there are 129
helical turns per particle.
Each subunit has a molecular weight of 17500 and consists of a
single polypeptide chain of 158 amino acids.

28. BACTERIOPH
AGE

29.  Bacteriophage are the virus that infect bacteria.
 It is differentiated into head and a tail.
 The length of virus particle is about 210nm.
 The head is hexagonal in outline having icosahedral
pyramidal ends.
 It is 95nm in length & 65nm in diameter.
 The head consist of outer protein coat (capsid)
composed of 2000 subunits of protiens (Capsomeres).
 The protein coat surrounds a core of nucleoid.
 The nucleoid consists of a single 50,000 nm long
double stranded DNA molecule.
 It has a mol wt of 2.5 million

30.  The tail is cylindrical having a length of 115nm &
17nm in diameter.
 Tail consist of outer protein sheath of 200 subunits
enclosing a hollow core of 10nm diameter.
 The lower end of the tail consists of a hexagonal tail
plate (basal plate).
 It has six tail pins at each corner,150nm long protein
fibres known as tail fibres.
 Tip of the tail also bears some molecules of
hydrolyzing enzyme-Lysozyme.
 The head and tail are joined to each through a short
neck having a circular proteinaceous disc called as
Collar.
 The phage particles are made up of 50% proteins &
50% nucleic acid (DNA).

33.  PPLO (Pleuropneumonia like Organism) is the causative
agent of plueropneumonia in cattle.
 Internal organisation mostly resembles typical bacterium.
 It bears Plasma membrane, Ribosomes with complete
protein synthetic machinery.
 Nucleus is not well developed and nuclear envelope is
absent.
 40 enzymes have been reported from cell of Mycoplasma.
 It is non-motile, gram negative and contains DNA and
RNA.
 Diseases caused include
 Little leaf of Brinjal
 Sandal spike
 Citrus greening
 Grassy shoot of sugarcane
 Rice yellow dwarf
 Cotton stenosis

34.  Lichens are formed due to symbiotic association of an
algae and fungus.
 The fungal component is called mycobiont and the
algal component is called phycobiont.
 They are divided into following types
Crustose Lichen
 They show Crust like growth.
 Thallus is very small in size and appears as if it is
embedded in substratum.
 Small fruiting bodies may be visible (Apothecium)
containing Asci & Ascospores.

35. Foliose Lichen
 Thallus is like dry forked leaf.
 Lichen is flat, irregularly lobed with a upper and lower
side.
 The thallus is attached with substratum by means of
Rhizines.
 The fruiting bodies are (Apothecium) and bear Asci and
Ascospores.
Fruiticose Lichen
 They are cylindrical, well branched and pendant with
hair like outgrowths.
 Thallus is usually attached to tree trunk.
 Thallus looks like a mini shurblet.
 Fruiting bodies are Apothecia which bear Asci &
Ascospores.

36.  Mycorrhiza is the root fungus association.
 The mycorrhizal roots are usually covered with
fungal woolly outgrowth.
 The association may be of two types
Ectotropic (Ecto mycorrhizae)
 When the hyphae do not penetrate deep into root and
remain superficial.
Endotropic (Endomycorrhizae)
 When hyphae grow within root surface.