Kk arterial pressure ppt
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Arterial pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels and chambers of the heart. It results from the pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries and depends on cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Arterial pressure fluctuates with each heartbeat according to the pumping of the heart and is influenced by factors like cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, blood volume, blood viscosity, and elasticity of vessel walls. Blood pressure readings have two values - systolic pressure occurring during heart contraction and diastolic pressure during heart relaxation.
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![ARTERIAL PRESSURE
Keshav Kumar Panwar [Group 9]
1st Year 2nd Semester
Kursk State Medical university
…](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/kkarterialpressureppt-210717145521/85/Kk-arterial-pressure-ppt-1-320.jpg)
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The document discusses vascular distensibility and compliance. It defines distensibility as the fractional increase in volume per mmHg pressure rise. Compliance refers to the total blood volume change per pressure rise. Veins are the most distensible vessels and provide a reservoir function. The pulmonary arteries have greater distensibility than systemic arteries due to lower operating pressures. Sympathetic stimulation increases vessel pressure at each volume, while inhibition decreases it. Pulse pressure is affected by stroke volume and arterial compliance. It rises with reduced compliance as in arteriosclerosis.
Vascular distensiblity
Vascular distensibility refers to the ability of blood vessels to accommodate the pulsatile output of the heart. Veins are more distensible than arteries due to their thinner walls. Vascular distensibility is defined as the increase in volume divided by the increase in pressure. Vascular compliance, which is equal to distensibility multiplied by volume, measures the total quantity of blood a vessel can hold. Arterial pulse pressure, the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, depends on two major factors: stroke volume output and compliance of the arteries. Mean arterial pressure is a balance between blood flow into and out of the arteries, influenced primarily by vascular resistance.
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a interesting ppt of biophysics of flow pressure and resistance in circulation guyton and hall 14th edition
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Fact aff blood_pressure
The document discusses several factors that affect blood pressure, including peripheral resistance, vessel elasticity, blood volume, and cardiac output. Peripheral resistance, which is affected by blood vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and total vessel length, has a major influence on blood pressure. Higher peripheral resistance requires more pressure to maintain blood flow. Additionally, increased blood volume or cardiac output leads to higher blood pressure, while decreased vessel elasticity also elevates pressure over time.
Cardiac output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is determined by stroke volume, heart rate, preload, afterload, and peripheral resistance. Normal cardiac output is approximately 5 liters per minute. It can increase up to 600% in athletes due to enhanced cardiac reserve. Factors such as venous return, force of contraction, heart rate, and peripheral resistance maintain cardiac output within the body.
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Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 and was honored with the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1930. He found that blood can be categorized into four main groups - A, B, AB, and O - depending on the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells. The ABO system is important for blood transfusions, as transfusing incompatible blood can cause agglutination of red blood cells and transfusion reactions. Proper matching of donor and recipient blood types is essential to ensure safe transfusions.
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events that occur with each heartbeat. It consists of systole, when the heart contracts and pumps blood, and diastole, when the heart relaxes and fills with blood. The cardiac cycle includes atrial and ventricular events. Atrial systole forces a small amount of blood into the ventricles, while atrial diastole allows the atria to fill with blood. Ventricular events include isovolumetric contraction, ejection of blood, isovolumetric relaxation, and rapid and slow filling as the ventricles refill with blood. The pressures and volumes in the heart chambers change throughout the cardiac cycle.
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The document discusses vascular distensibility and compliance. It defines distensibility as the fractional increase in volume per mmHg pressure rise. Compliance refers to the total blood volume change per pressure rise. Veins are the most distensible vessels and provide a reservoir function. The pulmonary arteries have greater distensibility than systemic arteries due to lower operating pressures. Sympathetic stimulation increases vessel pressure at each volume, while inhibition decreases it. Pulse pressure is affected by stroke volume and arterial compliance. It rises with reduced compliance as in arteriosclerosis.
Vascular distensiblity
Vascular distensibility refers to the ability of blood vessels to accommodate the pulsatile output of the heart. Veins are more distensible than arteries due to their thinner walls. Vascular distensibility is defined as the increase in volume divided by the increase in pressure. Vascular compliance, which is equal to distensibility multiplied by volume, measures the total quantity of blood a vessel can hold. Arterial pulse pressure, the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, depends on two major factors: stroke volume output and compliance of the arteries. Mean arterial pressure is a balance between blood flow into and out of the arteries, influenced primarily by vascular resistance.
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Systole and diastole human heart
Diastole and systole are two phases of the cardiac cycle. They occur as the heartbeats, pumping blood through a system of blood vessels that carry blood to every part of the body. Systole occurs when the heart contracts to pump blood out, and diastole occurs when the heart relaxes after contraction.
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The document discusses several factors that affect blood pressure, including peripheral resistance, vessel elasticity, blood volume, and cardiac output. Peripheral resistance, which is affected by blood vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and total vessel length, has a major influence on blood pressure. Higher peripheral resistance requires more pressure to maintain blood flow. Additionally, increased blood volume or cardiac output leads to higher blood pressure, while decreased vessel elasticity also elevates pressure over time.
Cardiac output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is determined by stroke volume, heart rate, preload, afterload, and peripheral resistance. Normal cardiac output is approximately 5 liters per minute. It can increase up to 600% in athletes due to enhanced cardiac reserve. Factors such as venous return, force of contraction, heart rate, and peripheral resistance maintain cardiac output within the body.
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Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 and was honored with the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1930. He found that blood can be categorized into four main groups - A, B, AB, and O - depending on the presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells. The ABO system is important for blood transfusions, as transfusing incompatible blood can cause agglutination of red blood cells and transfusion reactions. Proper matching of donor and recipient blood types is essential to ensure safe transfusions.
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events that occur with each heartbeat. It consists of systole, when the heart contracts and pumps blood, and diastole, when the heart relaxes and fills with blood. The cardiac cycle includes atrial and ventricular events. Atrial systole forces a small amount of blood into the ventricles, while atrial diastole allows the atria to fill with blood. Ventricular events include isovolumetric contraction, ejection of blood, isovolumetric relaxation, and rapid and slow filling as the ventricles refill with blood. The pressures and volumes in the heart chambers change throughout the cardiac cycle.
Foetal circulation
The document summarizes fetal circulation and the circulatory changes that occur at birth. In the fetus, blood is shunted away from the lungs through various vessels like the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale, since the lungs are not functional. At birth, with the first breath, pulmonary vascular resistance drops and blood flow to the lungs increases. The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus then close over the next few days as blood pressure changes and the vessels constrict, establishing the neonatal circulation.
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The document discusses the coronary circulation system. It describes how the heart muscle is supplied by the right and left coronary arteries. It also discusses variations in dominance between these arteries. The arteries branch into smaller vessels that run through the heart muscle. Venous drainage occurs through the coronary sinus and anterior coronary veins. Coronary blood flow fluctuates with the cardiac cycle, decreasing during systole and increasing during diastole due to changes in intramural pressure. Factors like oxygen demand, metabolites, perfusion pressure, and nerves help regulate blood flow through autoregulation.
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The document discusses the local regulation of blood flow through autoregulation. Autoregulation is the intrinsic ability of an organ to regulate a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure. It is independent of neural and hormonal influences. Autoregulation is explained by the myogenic theory, where changes in vessel stretching lead to vasoconstriction or vasodilation, and the metabolic theory, where the accumulation or washing out of metabolic byproducts causes vessel dilation or constriction to maintain normal blood flow. The mean arterial pressure of around 93 mm Hg is the major factor determining perfusion pressure and the normal range of autoregulation.
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This document discusses cardiac disorders related to heart sounds and cardiac output. It begins by explaining the four heart sounds (S1-S4) and what events cause each one. It then discusses cardiac output and how it is calculated. Various cardiac disorders are described like murmurs, valvular issues, and septal defects. Valvular stenosis, prolapse, and regurgitation are explained in detail. The document compares normal heart sounds to sounds in different disorders. In summary, it provides an overview of heart sounds, cardiac output, and how various heart conditions affect these systems and can be detected by listening to heart sounds.
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The arterial pulse is the pressure changes transmitted through the arterial wall and blood from the heart to the periphery. When the heart contracts, a pressure wave is produced on the elastic aorta wall and travels rapidly from the heart where it can be felt at peripheral arteries like the radial artery at the wrist. The central arterial pulse is transmitted to peripheral arteries depending on arterial elasticity, with more elastic arteries transmitting pulse less strongly. Pulse transmission increases with less elastic, more rigid arteries in old age. Pulse travels faster than blood flow and can be measured with accurate recording, with a delay proportional to distance from the heart.
Lect 5 aug 15 cardiac mech
The document discusses the mechanics of the heart, including:
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- How most of the heart's work output goes to moving blood from low to high pressure, while a small amount goes to accelerating blood flow.
- The pressure-volume diagram and how it relates to the cardiac cycle and external work of the left ventricle.
- How factors like preload and afterload impact heart function.
- The Frank-Starling mechanism whereby increased venous return stretches the heart muscle, enabling it to contract more forcefully and pump more blood output.
Shock
Circulatory shock refers to inadequate blood flow throughout the body and is a life-threatening condition. The main causes are decreased blood volume, increased vascular capacity, cardiac disease, or obstruction of blood flow. Common manifestations include low blood pressure, pale and cold skin, fast breathing, and fainting. Treatment focuses on restoring blood volume through transfusions, medications to constrict blood vessels, oxygen therapy, and posture changes.
Cardiology Student Notes
Valves in the heart allow blood to flow in only one direction. The atrioventricular valves between the upper and lower chambers prevent backflow. The semilunar valves at the exits of the ventricles are more robust to withstand back pressure. Damage to one ventricle can cause imbalance if the other cannot keep up with the flow rate.
Cardiac cycle ppt (2)
The cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole. During systole, the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the ventricles. During diastole, the heart relaxes and fills with blood. The cycle involves coordinated events in the atria and ventricles. It can be analyzed using a Wiggers diagram which plots various cardiac parameters over time, revealing phases like isovolumic contraction, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, and filling. Precisely measuring time intervals within the cycle using Doppler echocardiography provides clinical insights into cardiac function and timing.
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This document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs). It describes what an ECG is, how it works, the parts of an ECG waveform including the P, QRS, T, and U waves, intervals like the P-R and Q-T intervals, segments like the S-T segment, how to calculate heart rate from an ECG, the clinical significance of various ECG parameters, and common abnormalities that can be diagnosed using an ECG.
A decrease in arteriolar radius decreases blood volume and adversely affects ...
1. A decrease in arteriolar radius decreases blood volume and increases total peripheral resistance, which increases mean arterial pressure more than other factors.
2. Mean arterial pressure is closer to systolic pressure than diastolic, is directly proportional to total peripheral resistance, and is inversely proportional to blood volume.
3. Heart sound 2 occurs when the atrioventricular valves close and marks the beginning of isovolumic relaxation.
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The systemic circulation provides oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to tissues throughout the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. Factors that affect blood flow in the systemic circulation include the cross-sectional area of vessels, pressures at different points, vascular resistance, venous return, blood viscosity, and the distensibility and compliance of blood vessels. The systemic circulation supplies all body tissues except the lungs.
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle consists of repeated periods of heart contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole). It begins with an electrical signal from the sinoatrial node that triggers atrial contraction, followed by ventricular contraction. The cycle includes isovolumic contraction and relaxation phases where the ventricles change pressure but not volume. During systole, the aortic and pulmonary valves open to eject blood from the ventricles, while the mitral and tricuspid valves close. In diastole, the valves reverse and ventricles passively fill with blood from the atria and veins. The cycle repeats with each heartbeat to circulate blood through the body.
Cardiovascular changes during exercise
During exercise, the cardiovascular system undergoes changes to meet increased demands. Blood pressure typically increases during moderate exercise but remains stable during intense exercise. Cardiac output, the product of heart rate and stroke volume, also increases substantially during exercise through higher heart rates and larger stroke volumes. Trained athletes can achieve much higher maximum cardiac outputs than untrained individuals through greater maximal stroke volumes. Prolonged exercise can cause cardiovascular drift, where stroke volume decreases and heart rate increases to compensate and maintain cardiac output.
Cardiovascular system
The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels, with the heart pumping blood through the vessels to circulate nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.
- The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body.
- The sinoatrial node, located in the right atrium, acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart by producing rhythmic electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract and pump blood through the circulatory system
01 FFR Mongrain aimradial2016 - coronary blood flow
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This document discusses fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR), which are used to assess the severity of a stenosis. It notes that calculating FFR requires making assumptions and simplifications from a fluid mechanics perspective. Specifically, it assumes hydraulic models, neglects venous pressure, assumes equal myocardial resistances, and faces challenges in measuring distal pressure due to dynamic pressure effects, which are more problematic at higher flow rates. The document suggests iFR measurement of distal pressure could be even more inaccurate due to typically higher velocities during the wave-free period.Circulation
Blood flow, pressure, and resistance are key components of circulation. Resistance depends on vessel length and diameter, with smaller diameters resulting in greater resistance. Blood pressure includes systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures. The circulatory system is regulated through neural, chemical, and renal mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. Issues like hypotension, hypertension, and shock can occur if regulation is compromised.
Cardiac cycle - systole & diastole
The cardiac cycle describes the repeating sequence of events in the heart during one heartbeat. It consists of two main phases - diastole and systole. During systole, the ventricles contract and eject blood into the arteries. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria. The cardiac cycle is initiated by atrial systole, when the atria contract and push additional blood into the ventricles. This is followed by ventricular systole, when the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart. Between these events is diastole, when the heart relaxes and refills with blood.
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The document summarizes cardiac physiology, including the cardiac cycle, electrical and mechanical events of the heart, ventricular structure and function, preload and afterload, cardiac output, the action potential, and neural control of cardiac function. Key points include a description of the cardiac cycle, how the electrocardiogram represents electrical events, factors that influence ventricular function like the Frank-Starling law, and how the autonomic nervous system regulates the heart through the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways.
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Foetal circulation
The document summarizes fetal circulation and the circulatory changes that occur at birth. In the fetus, blood is shunted away from the lungs through various vessels like the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale, since the lungs are not functional. At birth, with the first breath, pulmonary vascular resistance drops and blood flow to the lungs increases. The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus then close over the next few days as blood pressure changes and the vessels constrict, establishing the neonatal circulation.
Coronary circulation
The document discusses the coronary circulation system. It describes how the heart muscle is supplied by the right and left coronary arteries. It also discusses variations in dominance between these arteries. The arteries branch into smaller vessels that run through the heart muscle. Venous drainage occurs through the coronary sinus and anterior coronary veins. Coronary blood flow fluctuates with the cardiac cycle, decreasing during systole and increasing during diastole due to changes in intramural pressure. Factors like oxygen demand, metabolites, perfusion pressure, and nerves help regulate blood flow through autoregulation.
Circulatory disorder heart attack
The heart pumps blood through the body using four chambers and a cycle of contraction and relaxation. The heart rate can be measured with a stethoscope. Coronary artery disease occurs when arteries become blocked and restrict blood flow to the heart, potentially causing chest pain, shortness of breath, heart attack, or heart failure. Risk factors include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, stenting, bypass surgery, or transplant. High blood pressure also restricts blood flow and damages blood vessels and the heart over time if not controlled.
Haemodynamics
The document discusses the local regulation of blood flow through autoregulation. Autoregulation is the intrinsic ability of an organ to regulate a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure. It is independent of neural and hormonal influences. Autoregulation is explained by the myogenic theory, where changes in vessel stretching lead to vasoconstriction or vasodilation, and the metabolic theory, where the accumulation or washing out of metabolic byproducts causes vessel dilation or constriction to maintain normal blood flow. The mean arterial pressure of around 93 mm Hg is the major factor determining perfusion pressure and the normal range of autoregulation.
Hemodynamics
Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow and circulation through the body. The circulatory system, including the heart, arteries, microcirculation, and veins, works to transport blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste, with factors like cardiac output, fluid volume, and vascular resistance influencing blood movement. Hemodynamic monitoring observes parameters over time such as blood pressure and heart rate to understand cardiovascular performance.
Cardiac disorders
This document discusses cardiac disorders related to heart sounds and cardiac output. It begins by explaining the four heart sounds (S1-S4) and what events cause each one. It then discusses cardiac output and how it is calculated. Various cardiac disorders are described like murmurs, valvular issues, and septal defects. Valvular stenosis, prolapse, and regurgitation are explained in detail. The document compares normal heart sounds to sounds in different disorders. In summary, it provides an overview of heart sounds, cardiac output, and how various heart conditions affect these systems and can be detected by listening to heart sounds.
Arterial pulse
The arterial pulse is the pressure changes transmitted through the arterial wall and blood from the heart to the periphery. When the heart contracts, a pressure wave is produced on the elastic aorta wall and travels rapidly from the heart where it can be felt at peripheral arteries like the radial artery at the wrist. The central arterial pulse is transmitted to peripheral arteries depending on arterial elasticity, with more elastic arteries transmitting pulse less strongly. Pulse transmission increases with less elastic, more rigid arteries in old age. Pulse travels faster than blood flow and can be measured with accurate recording, with a delay proportional to distance from the heart.
Lect 5 aug 15 cardiac mech
The document discusses the mechanics of the heart, including:
- The stroke work output and minute work output of the heart in converting energy to work.
- How most of the heart's work output goes to moving blood from low to high pressure, while a small amount goes to accelerating blood flow.
- The pressure-volume diagram and how it relates to the cardiac cycle and external work of the left ventricle.
- How factors like preload and afterload impact heart function.
- The Frank-Starling mechanism whereby increased venous return stretches the heart muscle, enabling it to contract more forcefully and pump more blood output.
Shock
Circulatory shock refers to inadequate blood flow throughout the body and is a life-threatening condition. The main causes are decreased blood volume, increased vascular capacity, cardiac disease, or obstruction of blood flow. Common manifestations include low blood pressure, pale and cold skin, fast breathing, and fainting. Treatment focuses on restoring blood volume through transfusions, medications to constrict blood vessels, oxygen therapy, and posture changes.
Cardiology Student Notes
Valves in the heart allow blood to flow in only one direction. The atrioventricular valves between the upper and lower chambers prevent backflow. The semilunar valves at the exits of the ventricles are more robust to withstand back pressure. Damage to one ventricle can cause imbalance if the other cannot keep up with the flow rate.
Cardiac cycle ppt (2)
The cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole. During systole, the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the ventricles. During diastole, the heart relaxes and fills with blood. The cycle involves coordinated events in the atria and ventricles. It can be analyzed using a Wiggers diagram which plots various cardiac parameters over time, revealing phases like isovolumic contraction, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, and filling. Precisely measuring time intervals within the cycle using Doppler echocardiography provides clinical insights into cardiac function and timing.
Ecg
This document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs). It describes what an ECG is, how it works, the parts of an ECG waveform including the P, QRS, T, and U waves, intervals like the P-R and Q-T intervals, segments like the S-T segment, how to calculate heart rate from an ECG, the clinical significance of various ECG parameters, and common abnormalities that can be diagnosed using an ECG.
A decrease in arteriolar radius decreases blood volume and adversely affects ...
1. A decrease in arteriolar radius decreases blood volume and increases total peripheral resistance, which increases mean arterial pressure more than other factors.
2. Mean arterial pressure is closer to systolic pressure than diastolic, is directly proportional to total peripheral resistance, and is inversely proportional to blood volume.
3. Heart sound 2 occurs when the atrioventricular valves close and marks the beginning of isovolumic relaxation.
2 systemic circulation.pptx
The systemic circulation provides oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to tissues throughout the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. Factors that affect blood flow in the systemic circulation include the cross-sectional area of vessels, pressures at different points, vascular resistance, venous return, blood viscosity, and the distensibility and compliance of blood vessels. The systemic circulation supplies all body tissues except the lungs.
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle consists of repeated periods of heart contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole). It begins with an electrical signal from the sinoatrial node that triggers atrial contraction, followed by ventricular contraction. The cycle includes isovolumic contraction and relaxation phases where the ventricles change pressure but not volume. During systole, the aortic and pulmonary valves open to eject blood from the ventricles, while the mitral and tricuspid valves close. In diastole, the valves reverse and ventricles passively fill with blood from the atria and veins. The cycle repeats with each heartbeat to circulate blood through the body.
Cardiovascular changes during exercise
During exercise, the cardiovascular system undergoes changes to meet increased demands. Blood pressure typically increases during moderate exercise but remains stable during intense exercise. Cardiac output, the product of heart rate and stroke volume, also increases substantially during exercise through higher heart rates and larger stroke volumes. Trained athletes can achieve much higher maximum cardiac outputs than untrained individuals through greater maximal stroke volumes. Prolonged exercise can cause cardiovascular drift, where stroke volume decreases and heart rate increases to compensate and maintain cardiac output.
Cardiovascular system
The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels, with the heart pumping blood through the vessels to circulate nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.
- The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body.
- The sinoatrial node, located in the right atrium, acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart by producing rhythmic electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract and pump blood through the circulatory system
01 FFR Mongrain aimradial2016 - coronary blood flow
01 FFR Mongrain aimradial2016 - coronary blood flowInternational Chair on Interventional Cardiology and Transradial Approach
This document discusses fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR), which are used to assess the severity of a stenosis. It notes that calculating FFR requires making assumptions and simplifications from a fluid mechanics perspective. Specifically, it assumes hydraulic models, neglects venous pressure, assumes equal myocardial resistances, and faces challenges in measuring distal pressure due to dynamic pressure effects, which are more problematic at higher flow rates. The document suggests iFR measurement of distal pressure could be even more inaccurate due to typically higher velocities during the wave-free period.Circulation
Blood flow, pressure, and resistance are key components of circulation. Resistance depends on vessel length and diameter, with smaller diameters resulting in greater resistance. Blood pressure includes systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures. The circulatory system is regulated through neural, chemical, and renal mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. Issues like hypotension, hypertension, and shock can occur if regulation is compromised.
Cardiac cycle - systole & diastole
The cardiac cycle describes the repeating sequence of events in the heart during one heartbeat. It consists of two main phases - diastole and systole. During systole, the ventricles contract and eject blood into the arteries. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria. The cardiac cycle is initiated by atrial systole, when the atria contract and push additional blood into the ventricles. This is followed by ventricular systole, when the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart. Between these events is diastole, when the heart relaxes and refills with blood.
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A decrease in arteriolar radius decreases blood volume and adversely affects ...
A decrease in arteriolar radius decreases blood volume and adversely affects ...
01 FFR Mongrain aimradial2016 - coronary blood flow
01 FFR Mongrain aimradial2016 - coronary blood flow
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The document summarizes cardiac physiology, including the cardiac cycle, electrical and mechanical events of the heart, ventricular structure and function, preload and afterload, cardiac output, the action potential, and neural control of cardiac function. Key points include a description of the cardiac cycle, how the electrocardiogram represents electrical events, factors that influence ventricular function like the Frank-Starling law, and how the autonomic nervous system regulates the heart through the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways.
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2. Increased cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, blood volume, blood viscosity, or vessel wall rigidity will increase blood pressure, while decreases in these factors will lower it.
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system as it relates to anesthesia. It discusses the structure and function of the heart and coronary circulation. It then covers topics such as cardiac cycle, hemodynamics, effects of the autonomic nervous system, and cardiovascular disorders including heart failure, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and cardiac tamponade. For each topic, it provides details on pathophysiology and considerations for anesthesia management.
FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE
This document discusses fractional flow reserve (FFR), which is a technique used to functionally assess the significance of coronary artery stenosis. FFR is defined as the ratio of maximum blood flow in a stenotic artery to maximum blood flow if there was no stenosis. It is calculated as the ratio of mean distal coronary pressure (Pd) to mean aortic pressure (Pa) during maximal hyperemia induced by pharmacological agents. An FFR value below 0.75 is associated with inducible ischemia, while a value above 0.80 indicates an insignificant stenosis in most cases. FFR has advantages over angiography alone in evaluating stenosis as it accounts for vessel characteristics like length and takes collateral flow into consideration.
Factors affecting blood pressure
Blood pressure is affected by several factors:
1) Blood volume - The total amount of blood in circulation affects pressure, as loss of blood through hemorrhaging lowers pressure.
2) Cardiac output - The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute depends on stroke volume and heart rate, with increases in either factor raising both systolic and diastolic pressure.
3) Peripheral resistance - Resistance from small blood vessels, especially arterioles, influences pressure levels.
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY -2.rajesh munigial
This document summarizes key concepts in cardiovascular physiology including:
1. Determinants of cardiac output which are stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume is determined by preload, afterload, and contractility as described by Frank-Starling law of the heart.
2. Control of arterial blood pressure involves immediate control by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, intermediate control by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and atrial natriuretic peptide, and long-term control through sodium and water retention in the kidneys.
3. Coronary physiology includes characteristics of coronary blood flow such as intermittent flow, autoregulation to maintain flow, and metabolic and
Peripheral circulation arterial system
The document summarizes key aspects of the peripheral circulation. It describes how oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle through the arterial system to capillaries where oxygen is exchanged, and deoxygenated blood is returned to the right atrium via the venous system. It provides details on the structure of different types of blood vessels and how arterial properties such as elasticity help dampen pressure oscillations from the heart. Blood pressure and flow characteristics at different points in the circulation are also summarized.
Cardiac physiology
This document summarizes key concepts in cardiovascular physiology presented by Dr. Rashmit Shrestha. It discusses the circulatory system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It covers cardiac cycle, ventricular structure and function, factors affecting stroke volume, preload and afterload, contractility, and more. Key contributors to cardiovascular physiology like William Harvey are also acknowledged.
CVS Part 2-1.ppt
Cardiovascular physiology. Cardiac enzymes and their effects in the body system. Cardiac output and effects increasing and decreasing it. Calculations if Ejected fraction and other cardiac parameters.
Mechanical activity of heart
This document discusses the mechanical activity of the heart, including cardiac output, stroke volume, and factors that affect them. Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped per unit time, equal to heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. Stroke volume is the difference between the ventricle volume before and after contraction. Factors like preload (ventricular stretch), afterload (resistance against ejection), contractility (strength of contraction), and heart rate influence stroke volume and thereby cardiac output. Changes in these factors can increase or decrease the blood the heart pumps with each beat.
Seminar cvs physiology
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the anatomy and physiology of the heart and blood vessels. It discusses the chambers of the heart, valves, coronary circulation, conduction system, and nerve supply. It also covers measurements of various pressures like mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. Other topics include cardiac output, stroke volume, contractility, and the determinants of cardiac performance. Graphs of the cardiac cycle and Wigger's diagram are presented showing the mechanical events in systole and diastole.
CARDIO VASCULAR HEMODYNAMICSLab[1]
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular anatomy and physiology and hemodynamic monitoring. It discusses how the heart pumps oxygenated blood to tissues and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Key points include:
- The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation and its function is important for distributing oxygen to organs.
- Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, preload, afterload and contractility determine how much blood the heart pumps.
- Hemodynamic pressures like CVP, PAP and PCWP are measured to assess preload and afterload on the right and left ventricles.
Determinants of ventricular performance
This document discusses the determinants of ventricular performance, including systolic and diastolic function. Systolic function depends on cardiac output, which equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. Stroke volume is determined by preload, afterload, contractility, and other factors. Diastolic function relates to ventricular filling and compliance. Mechanical ventilation can reduce ventricular performance by decreasing preload. Inhalational anesthetics vary in their effects, with isoflurane causing minimal depression. Succinylcholine and ketamine can increase heart rate and contractility while benzodiazepines and propofol cause little cardiovascular effect.
5. Blood Vessels.pptx
This document summarizes the structure and function of blood vessels. It discusses how blood vessels are composed of smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix lined with endothelial cells. It describes the differences between arteries, veins, capillaries and how their structures relate to their functions. It also discusses vascular diseases like atherosclerosis, aneurysms, hypertension and vasculitis at a high level.
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Anatomy, physiology & patophysiology of the cardiovascular
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Kk arterial pressure ppt
- 1. ARTERIAL PRESSURE Keshav Kumar Panwar [Group 9] 1st Year 2nd Semester Kursk State Medical university …
- 2. Arterial pressure directly corresponds to cardiac output, arterial elasticity, and peripheral vascular resistance. Arterial pressure is remarkably easy to alter and can be affected by many activities. Maintaining Arterial pressure within normal limits is essential. What is Arterial pressure ?
- 3. What is the physiology of Arterial pressure ? Arterial pressure is the force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels or chambers of the heart. The components of Arterial pressure include systolic pressure, which results from ventricular contraction, and diastolic pressure, which results from ventricular relaxation.
- 4. Arterial pressure Arterial pressure results from the pressure exerted by the blood in the large arteries. Blood pressure depends on cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. Arterial pressure fluctuates with each heart beat, according to the pumping of the heart.
- 5. Factors That Influence Arterial pressure ? • Cardiac output. • Peripheral vascular resistance. • Volume of circulating blood. • Viscosity of blood. • Elasticity of vessels walls.
- 6. Systolic blood pressure & Diastolic blood pressure Blood pressure readings are made up of two values:- Systolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart beats – while the heart muscle is contracting and pumping oxygen-rich blood into the blood vessels. Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure on the blood vessels when the heart muscle relaxes.