Cardiac output by Dr. Amruta Nitin Kumbhar Assistant Professor, Dept. of Phys...Physiology Dept
Definition of cardiac output and related terms
Measurement of cardiac output
Variations in cardiac output
Regulation of cardiac output
Cardiac output control mechanisms
Role of heart rate in control of cardiac output
Integrated control of cardiac output
Heart–lung preparation
Cardiac output by Dr. Amruta Nitin Kumbhar Assistant Professor, Dept. of Phys...Physiology Dept
Definition of cardiac output and related terms
Measurement of cardiac output
Variations in cardiac output
Regulation of cardiac output
Cardiac output control mechanisms
Role of heart rate in control of cardiac output
Integrated control of cardiac output
Heart–lung preparation
The study of movement of blood through circulatory system.
cardiovascular system is Responsible for to pump the blood and to circulate it through different parts of the body.
It is essential for the maintenance of pressure and other physical factors within the blood vessels
Anatomy & Physiology of Cardiac system with Cardiac Assessment- Diagnostic In...DR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, which is an anatomical pump, with its intricate conduits (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that traverse the whole human body carrying blood. ... The pumping action of the heart usually maintains a balance between cardiac output and venous return.
The study of movement of blood through circulatory system.
cardiovascular system is Responsible for to pump the blood and to circulate it through different parts of the body.
It is essential for the maintenance of pressure and other physical factors within the blood vessels
Anatomy & Physiology of Cardiac system with Cardiac Assessment- Diagnostic In...DR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, which is an anatomical pump, with its intricate conduits (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that traverse the whole human body carrying blood. ... The pumping action of the heart usually maintains a balance between cardiac output and venous return.
Cardiovascular physiology. Cardiac enzymes and their effects in the body system. Cardiac output and effects increasing and decreasing it. Calculations if Ejected fraction and other cardiac parameters.
THE CORONARY CIRCULATION of the heart in the bodyAsiiAyodimeji
Coronary circulation of the heart the heart is supply by two artery On the side of the heart :Right coronary artery and left coronary artery the Right coronary artery supply the Right portion of the heart the Right ventricle and Right auricle
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
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In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Objectives
At the end of the lecture, you will be able to:
• Enumerate different types of blood circulations
• Define systemic circulation
• Enlist the factor affecting blood flow & systemic circulation
• Differentiate between central venous pressure & peripheral venous
pressure.
3. CIRCULATION:
IS MOVEMENT OF BLOOD IN THE BODY.
it is divided into the
-systemic circulation and
-pulmonary circulation.
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION:
The general circulation, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the
body tissue and returning venous blood to the right atrium is called systemic
circulation.
It supplies all the tissues of the body except lungs. Its is also called as greater
circulation or peripheral circulation.
4.
5. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
• The systemic circulation provides the functional blood supply to
all body tissue. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and
picks up carbon dioxide and waste products.
• Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left
ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of
the body.
From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns
through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart.
6. Various physical characteristics of systemic circulation:
These either directly or indirectly affects the systemic circulation and are interrelated to
each other.
1.Cross sectional area of the vessels.
2. Pressure in various portions.
3. Resistance provided by various structures.
4. Venous return
5. Blood flow
6. Vascular distensiblity.
7. Vascular compliance.
7. I. Cross sectional area:
It is the diameter of the vessel. The velocity of blood flow in each segment of the circulation
is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area.
Total crossectional area (cm2) Average velocity of blood flow
Aorta 4.5 40 cm/sec
Small arteries 72 (16times that of aorta) 1.4 cm/sec
Arterioles 400 0.5 mm/sec
Capillaries 4500 (1000 times that of aorta 0.3 mm/sec
Small veins 80 1-2 cm/sec
Inferior vena cava and superior vena
cava
18 7-10 cm/sec
8. II. Pressure in various portions:
Pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the
vessel walls. It is divided as:
-arterial pressure
-venous pressure
Pressure in major vessels are as follows
Left ventricle 120 mmHg
Aorta and its larger branches 120 mmHg
Arterioles 60 mmHg
Metarterioles 40 mmHg
Capillaries 25 mmHg
Venules and larger veins 10 mmHg
Vena cava(superior and inferior) 2 mmHg
9. Venous pressure:
is pressure exerted by the contained blood in the veins. It of 2 types:
1. Central venous pressure
(CVP)
2. Peripheral venous pressure (PVP)
Blood from all systemic veins
flow into right atrium, therefore
right atrium pressure is called
central venous pressure.
Normally it is 1-6 mmHg.
It is the pressure in peripheral veins.
Large veins offer considerable resistance to
blood flow because they remain compressed
at many points by the surrounding tissues.
e.g abdominal veins by diff. organs and intra-
abdominal pressure, arm veins by first rib and
neck vein by atmospheric pressure.
It is about 10 mmHg.
10. III. VENOUS RETURN:
The quality of blood flowing from veins into the right atrium per minute
Factors affecting venous return
Venous pressure
Position of the body: From lying to standing – increase of
the blood in veins – dilation of veins in the lower part of the
body – decrease of venous return
Action of “muscular pump”
Respiration movement.
Gravity
11. IV. RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS STRUCTURES:
Arterioles, metarterioles and pre- capillary sphincters provide
internal resistance to circulation where as skin and skeletal muscle
provides peripheral resistance.
12. V. BLOOD FLOW:
Blood flow means simply the quantity of blood that passes a given point in the circulation in
a given period.
Factors determining blood flow are:
• Pressure gradient i.e.: p1- p2
Where p1 is pressure at proximal end of vessel & p2 pressure at distal end of
vessel. Pressure gradient is directly proportional to blood flow.
• Viscosity of blood: volume of blood flow is inversely proportional to
viscosity of blood.
• Diameter of blood vessels: volume of blood flow is directly proportional to
the diameter of vessel.
• Resistance to blood flow: Resistance= pressure gradient/volume of blood
flow
13. Relationship among pressure, flow and resistance:
• According to OHM’S law:
F=ΔP/R
Where F= blood flow
ΔP= pressure gradient
R= vascular resistance
14. VI. VASCULAR DISTENSIBILITY:
• When the pressure in blood vessels is increased, this dilates the blood
vessels and therefore decreases their resistance.
• The result is increased blood flow not only because of increased pressure but
also because of decreased resistance.
• The most distensible by far of all the vessels are the veins. Even slight
increases in venous pressure cause the veins to store 0.5 to 1.0 liter of extra
blood.
• Therefore, the veins provide a reservoir function for storing large quantities
of extra blood that can be called into use whenever required elsewhere in
the circulation.
15. VII. VASCULAR COMPLAINCE
• It is Important to know the total quantity of blood that can be stored in a
given portion of the circulation for each millimeter of mercury pressure rise
than to know the distensibilities of the individual vessels.
• This value is called the compliance or capacitance of the respective vascular
bed; that is,