IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document discusses LTE drive test and coverage analysis, including factors that influence LTE coverage, methods for identifying weak coverage areas and coverage holes, techniques for resolving issues like cross coverage and imbalance between uplink and downlink, and case studies on using drive tests to find problems and adjusting antenna parameters to improve coverage. Key aspects of LTE like reference signal power, RSRP measurement, and the differences between TDD and FDD are also explained.
Integrated sub-harmonically pumped up-converter antenna for spatial power com...fanfan he
This document describes the design and measurement of an integrated sub-harmonically pumped up-converter antenna array for spatial power combining. Key points:
1) A Ka-band up-converter using a substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter is designed with a conversion loss of around 7 dB.
2) An integrated up-converter antenna element is designed by combining the up-converter with a substrate integrated waveguide fed antipodal linearly tapered slot antenna.
3) A 2x2 array of the integrated up-converter antennas is fabricated and measured to have a power combining efficiency above 90% and third order intercept point EIRP of 16 dBm, showing its potential as a low-cost transmitter.
Design and Implementation of LNA at 900MHz for GSM applicationsAbdus Sami
This document summarizes the design, simulation, and implementation of a low noise amplifier (LNA) operating at 900MHz for GSM applications. The LNA was designed to have a gain of over 10dB and noise figure of less than 4dB over a 300MHz bandwidth. Simulation results showed a gain of 12dB at the center frequency with variation of ±1.3dB across the bandwidth. The noise figure was 3.9dB. The LNA achieved very high linearity and unconditional stability. The report describes the circuit design, matching network, stability considerations, and hardware implementation through layout generation and component selection.
The document discusses receiver architecture and design requirements. It covers:
1. The receiver must provide high gain of 100dB while spread across RF, IF, and baseband stages to avoid instability. It must also be sensitive to weak signals down to -110dBm and reject strong adjacent channels.
2. A superheterodyne receiver is most common as it allows for sharper filters at IF to improve selectivity. Downconverting to IF also eases image filtering requirements.
3. Automatic gain control is needed to adjust the receiver gain over a wide range of input signal levels and fit them into the baseband processing range. It helps prevent compression from strong signals exceeding the 1dB compression point.
3 g interview question & answer by telsol360Tel sol
3G (WCDMA) Interview Question and answer asked by Top recruiters like NSN global and Ericsson global.
Prepare yourself for the Interview by the help this Documents specially designed by Telsol360 technical team .
This document provides recommendations for matching a 2.4 GHz RF transceiver to achieve optimal performance. It describes measuring the transceiver output without a direct connection, then matching to 50 ohms for receive mode before tuning transmit mode. Procedures are outlined for measuring and adjusting filter and diplexer matching values to achieve low insertion loss and return loss. The document also recommends steps for combining and fine-tuning the filter and transceiver matching.
The document describes several receiver designs developed at the Analog and Mixed-Signal Center between 2000-2008, including a Bluetooth receiver, a dual-standard Bluetooth/Wi-Fi receiver ("Chameleon" receiver), and others. It provides details on the system design and individual building blocks for the Bluetooth and Chameleon receivers, such as the low-IF architecture, active complex filter, GFSK demodulator, and time-interleaved pipeline ADC. Experimental results showed the Bluetooth receiver achieved -82dBm sensitivity while the Chameleon receiver achieved -91dBm and -86.5dBm for Bluetooth and Wi-Fi modes respectively.
This document summarizes the design and implementation of an optimized differential Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) demodulator. It includes blocks for a low-noise amplifier, mixer, voltage-controlled oscillator, complex filter, limiter, received signal strength indicator, and digital demodulator. The demodulator aims to improve bit-error-rate performance over conventional designs in additive white Gaussian noise and flat fading channels. It also addresses the phase wrapping problem that occurs during phase differential detection in the demodulator implementation.
The document discusses LTE drive test and coverage analysis, including factors that influence LTE coverage, methods for identifying weak coverage areas and coverage holes, techniques for resolving issues like cross coverage and imbalance between uplink and downlink, and case studies on using drive tests to find problems and adjusting antenna parameters to improve coverage. Key aspects of LTE like reference signal power, RSRP measurement, and the differences between TDD and FDD are also explained.
Integrated sub-harmonically pumped up-converter antenna for spatial power com...fanfan he
This document describes the design and measurement of an integrated sub-harmonically pumped up-converter antenna array for spatial power combining. Key points:
1) A Ka-band up-converter using a substrate integrated waveguide bandpass filter is designed with a conversion loss of around 7 dB.
2) An integrated up-converter antenna element is designed by combining the up-converter with a substrate integrated waveguide fed antipodal linearly tapered slot antenna.
3) A 2x2 array of the integrated up-converter antennas is fabricated and measured to have a power combining efficiency above 90% and third order intercept point EIRP of 16 dBm, showing its potential as a low-cost transmitter.
Design and Implementation of LNA at 900MHz for GSM applicationsAbdus Sami
This document summarizes the design, simulation, and implementation of a low noise amplifier (LNA) operating at 900MHz for GSM applications. The LNA was designed to have a gain of over 10dB and noise figure of less than 4dB over a 300MHz bandwidth. Simulation results showed a gain of 12dB at the center frequency with variation of ±1.3dB across the bandwidth. The noise figure was 3.9dB. The LNA achieved very high linearity and unconditional stability. The report describes the circuit design, matching network, stability considerations, and hardware implementation through layout generation and component selection.
The document discusses receiver architecture and design requirements. It covers:
1. The receiver must provide high gain of 100dB while spread across RF, IF, and baseband stages to avoid instability. It must also be sensitive to weak signals down to -110dBm and reject strong adjacent channels.
2. A superheterodyne receiver is most common as it allows for sharper filters at IF to improve selectivity. Downconverting to IF also eases image filtering requirements.
3. Automatic gain control is needed to adjust the receiver gain over a wide range of input signal levels and fit them into the baseband processing range. It helps prevent compression from strong signals exceeding the 1dB compression point.
3 g interview question & answer by telsol360Tel sol
3G (WCDMA) Interview Question and answer asked by Top recruiters like NSN global and Ericsson global.
Prepare yourself for the Interview by the help this Documents specially designed by Telsol360 technical team .
This document provides recommendations for matching a 2.4 GHz RF transceiver to achieve optimal performance. It describes measuring the transceiver output without a direct connection, then matching to 50 ohms for receive mode before tuning transmit mode. Procedures are outlined for measuring and adjusting filter and diplexer matching values to achieve low insertion loss and return loss. The document also recommends steps for combining and fine-tuning the filter and transceiver matching.
The document describes several receiver designs developed at the Analog and Mixed-Signal Center between 2000-2008, including a Bluetooth receiver, a dual-standard Bluetooth/Wi-Fi receiver ("Chameleon" receiver), and others. It provides details on the system design and individual building blocks for the Bluetooth and Chameleon receivers, such as the low-IF architecture, active complex filter, GFSK demodulator, and time-interleaved pipeline ADC. Experimental results showed the Bluetooth receiver achieved -82dBm sensitivity while the Chameleon receiver achieved -91dBm and -86.5dBm for Bluetooth and Wi-Fi modes respectively.
This document summarizes the design and implementation of an optimized differential Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) demodulator. It includes blocks for a low-noise amplifier, mixer, voltage-controlled oscillator, complex filter, limiter, received signal strength indicator, and digital demodulator. The demodulator aims to improve bit-error-rate performance over conventional designs in additive white Gaussian noise and flat fading channels. It also addresses the phase wrapping problem that occurs during phase differential detection in the demodulator implementation.
IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE Handset Receiverscriterion123
This document discusses IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE handset receivers. It provides an overview of the LTE standard including that it uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. It then discusses that IIP2 requirements are challenging for modern receivers due to nonlinearities from simultaneous transmission and reception. The document outlines equations for calculating IIP2 requirements based on factors like transmitter power, duplexer isolation, and bandwidth. Meeting IIP2 requirements is important for achieving good receiver sensitivity without interference from second order intermodulation distortion.
A Review on Wide Bandwidth Low Noise Amplifier for Modern Wireless CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document reviews techniques for designing wide bandwidth low noise amplifiers for modern wireless communication. It discusses several techniques used in recent decades to improve the performance and linearity of low noise amplifiers, including wide range derivative superposition technique, direct-coupled amplifier topology, resistive shunt feedback topology, forward combining technique, and gate-inductive gain-peaking technique. The document also reviews the applications of low noise amplifiers in areas like low noise amplifier, distributed amplifier, broadband mixer, power amplifier and active balunes.
The document describes the design of a low noise amplifier (LNA) circuit for a wireless local area network (WLAN) operating at 2.4 GHz. Key goals of the design are to improve noise figure and gain performance. A single-stage LNA circuit is proposed using an NMOS transistor with inductive source degeneration. Simulation results show the designed LNA achieves a forward gain of 18.8-19.2 dB and a noise figure of 1.986 dB, with over 28 dB of reverse isolation at 2.4 GHz. The document discusses various design considerations for the LNA including gain, nonlinearity, matching, noise, output voltage swing, and stability.
This document discusses handover parameters in LTE networks. It begins by introducing handover and its importance for maintaining quality of service as users move between different areas in a network. It then describes various metrics used to optimize handover, including signal strength measurements reported by user equipment to base stations. Key parameters that control the handover process are explained, such as reference signal power, quality, thresholds, timers and offsets. Event A3, which triggers handover when a neighbor cell is better than the serving cell, is discussed in depth. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for self-optimizing algorithms to automatically configure these handover parameters and improve network performance.
TEMS tools are used at various stages of radio network design, rollout, operation and improvement. During the design and rollout phase, TEMS is used for network integration testing, initial tuning, and GPRS performance verification. In the operation and improvement phase, it is used for traditional optimization and network feature optimization. TEMS allows measurement of key performance indicators, analysis of issues like low signal strength, interference, handover problems and call setup failures. It helps identify root causes and evaluate potential solutions.
This document describes the design of a receiver for detecting radio emissions from Jupiter. Key points:
1. The receiver consists of an antenna array, RF amplifier tuned to 20.1MHz, mixer, low-pass filter limiting output to 3.3kHz, and audio amplifier.
2. The receiver requirements include an operating frequency range of 18-22MHz, sensitivity of -125dBm, and gain of 110dB to produce audible signals.
3. Studying Jupiter's radio emissions can provide information about its interior, magnetic field, and relationship with its moons. This helps scientists better understand planetary magnetic fields and interior compositions.
Introduction To Antenna Impedance Tuner And Aperture Switchcriterion123
This document discusses antenna tuning techniques for mobile devices. It describes two main antenna tuning methods: impedance tuning and aperture tuning. Impedance tuning optimizes power transfer between the RF front-end and antenna by adding a tunable matching network. Aperture tuning modifies the antenna structure and performance by integrating a switch to change the antenna's electrical length and resonance. The document provides examples of antenna tuners that use these techniques and discusses design considerations like losses to maximize performance.
This document discusses various topics related to GSM drive testing including:
1. The purpose of drive testing is to verify network performance for new or existing sites by checking coverage, troubleshooting problems, and benchmarking against competitors.
2. Types of drive tests include new site tests, benchmarking tests, migration tests after upgrades, and route tests. Proper coverage verification involves driving routes and measuring idle mode parameters like Rx Level Full.
3. Before drive testing, information like site data, maps, frequency plans, and neighbor lists should be collected, along with proper equipment and tools.
This document discusses WCDMA RF optimization processes, policies, and case studies. It describes the three steps of the WCDMA RF optimization process: single station check, base station group optimization, and whole network optimization. It then discusses common RF problems, analysis, and optimization policies for issues like call drops, discontinuity, and access failures. Finally, it presents five case studies of WCDMA network optimization including issues like handover problems, coverage gaps, high site interference, and neighbor cell list configuration errors.
LOW POWER, LOW NOISE AMPLIFIERS DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FOR RF RECEIVER FRONT END...VLSICS Design
This document summarizes the design and analysis of four low power, low noise amplifier topologies for RF receiver front ends using 90nm CMOS technology for WIMAX applications: (1) cascoded common source amplifier, (2) folded cascode amplifier, (3) shunt feedback amplifier, and (4) current reuse common gate amplifier. The amplifiers were simulated using Cadence and ADS software and their scattering parameters, noise figure, input/output matching, stability, and linearity were analyzed and compared. The cascoded common source amplifier achieved the lowest noise figure and power dissipation, while the shunt feedback amplifier achieved the highest gain but also higher noise figure. Overall, the document evaluates these amplifier designs for
This document describes the design and analysis of a single-ended inductively degenerated interstage matched common-source cascode CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA). The LNA is implemented using a 90nm CMOS process. It employs a cascode topology with single-ended source degeneration using an inductor to achieve high gain. An interstage inductor between the common source and common gate stages is used to further increase the overall gain. Simulation results show the LNA has a noise figure of 1.986dB at 2.4GHz, a voltage gain of 19.1dB, and operates with low noise and high gain as required for applications such as wireless communications.
This white paper compares two technologies for optimizing satellite capacity efficiency for IP trunking networks: adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) and signal cancellation. It analyzes a reference network delivering symmetrical and asymmetrical services from a hub in Sudan to 10 remote sites in Africa. Using conventional fixed modulation, a minimum of 3 transponders is needed for symmetrical services but asymmetrical services require too much bandwidth to fit in two transponders. The paper will evaluate if ACM or signal cancellation can provide bandwidth savings.
This chapter discusses radio transmitters and their components. It begins with an overview of transmitter fundamentals, including the basic requirements of carrier generation, modulation, power amplification, and impedance matching. It then covers various carrier generation methods using crystal oscillators, frequency synthesizers, and direct digital synthesis. The chapter also examines the three main types of power amplifiers: linear, Class C, and switching. Linear amplifiers accurately amplify signals, while Class C and switching amplifiers are more efficient but introduce distortion that requires additional circuitry. The chapter provides examples of typical circuits used for buffering, pushing, pulling, and broadening the bandwidth of radio transmitter signals.
This document describes a 4.9-6.4 Gb/s transceiver designed for backplane communications. It uses an adaptive decision feedback equalizer and achieves bit error rates below 10-15 over a 34-inch legacy FR4 backplane. Key components include a phase locked loop for clock synthesis, a transmitter with single-tap pre-emphasis, and a receiver with adaptive equalization and digital clock recovery. Measurement results demonstrate error-free performance over various backplane lengths.
In this work, a highly linear Cascode CMOS LNA is presented. Linearity issues in RF receiver frontend are discussed, followed by an analysis of the specifications and requirements of a LNA through consideration of multi-standard LNA. Device non-linear characteristics cause linearity problems in the RF front-end system. To solve this problem, Post linearization technique for inductively degenerated L-deg common source Cascode Low Noise Amplifier is presented, which improves linearity performance with small gain loss and current consumption as consequence.The LNA presented has 1.0GHz - 3.2GHz frequency range designed using TSMC 0.18µm CMOS process. The linearized LNA achieves an IIP3 of 5.0 dBm, with P-1dB of -14 dBm, 13.8 dB gain max , NF 2.03dB and power utilization of 19.4 mWat 1.8 volt power supply Gaurav R. Agrawal | Leena A. Yelmule "Linear CMOS LNA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19087.pdf
Newtec - Optimisation of Satellite Capacity Efficiency for IP Trunking Applic...Sematron UK Ltd
This white paper compares two technologies for optimizing satellite capacity efficiency for IP trunking networks: adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) and signal cancellation. It analyzes a reference network delivering symmetrical and asymmetrical services from a hub in Sudan to 10 remote sites in Africa. Using conventional fixed modulation, a minimum of 3 transponders is needed for symmetrical services but asymmetrical services require too much bandwidth to fit in two transponders. The paper will evaluate if ACM or signal cancellation can provide a more efficient implementation.
The document discusses drive test data analysis procedures. It begins with an overview of the common procedures for analyzing drive test data, which includes checking KPI requirements, coverage distributions, problematic points, and identifying and verifying solutions. It then covers specific issues that may be identified such as coverage holes, sudden signal drops, lack of a dominant server, overlapping coverage, and crossed feeders. Methods for detecting these issues through drive test data are provided. Potential causes of poor signal quality are also examined, along with solutions to improve quality issues.
An Gt101 A Microwave Power Amplifier Fundamentals 08 10 27cf_home
This document provides a summary of microwave power amplifier fundamentals. It discusses the need for amplification at microwave frequencies and describes spatially combined distributed amplifier topologies that can provide broadband, high power amplification over a decade of frequency range. Key amplifier specifications such as gain, power output, and return loss are defined. Measurement techniques for verifying amplifier performance are also reviewed.
The document discusses considerations for wiring between an in-system programmer and a fixture for programming devices. Key points:
1) As programming speeds have increased, careful wiring is needed to avoid signal degradation over the distances involved.
2) Modern devices only require a few programming lines, but memory sizes are increasing rapidly, requiring higher communication bit rates over the wiring.
3) Wiring lengths over 50cm can degrade signal integrity for some programming protocols. The programmer should be placed as close to the fixture as possible.
4) Noise and crosstalk between wires must be minimized through techniques like twisted pair cabling, ground planes, and redundant ground connections. Impedance matching is also important for signal
1) The document describes using a master-slave voting technique for supervised word sense disambiguation (WSD). It combines three approaches: Decision List as the master approach and Naive Bayes and AdaBoost as slave approaches.
2) Two experiments are conducted. The first combines Naive Bayes and Decision List, improving Naive Bayes' accuracy. The second combines AdaBoost and Decision List, further increasing accuracy.
3) A third experiment combines all three approaches, with Decision List as the master. As expected, this achieves the highest accuracy compared to the individual approaches.
The document describes the implementation of a fiber optic communication system using a developed computer program. It discusses the key components of a fiber optic system including the transmitter, fiber optic cable, and receiver. The transmitter converts an electrical input signal into an optical signal by modulating the output of a light source, such as a laser or LED. The fiber optic cable then carries this optical signal to the receiver. The computer program allows for modeling each of these components, including analyzing different transmitter circuit designs and light sources. It provides input and output forms to design an optical transmitter and model its performance parameters like rise time and data rate.
IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE Handset Receiverscriterion123
This document discusses IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE handset receivers. It provides an overview of the LTE standard including that it uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. It then discusses that IIP2 requirements are challenging for modern receivers due to nonlinearities from simultaneous transmission and reception. The document outlines equations for calculating IIP2 requirements based on factors like transmitter power, duplexer isolation, and bandwidth. Meeting IIP2 requirements is important for achieving good receiver sensitivity without interference from second order intermodulation distortion.
A Review on Wide Bandwidth Low Noise Amplifier for Modern Wireless CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document reviews techniques for designing wide bandwidth low noise amplifiers for modern wireless communication. It discusses several techniques used in recent decades to improve the performance and linearity of low noise amplifiers, including wide range derivative superposition technique, direct-coupled amplifier topology, resistive shunt feedback topology, forward combining technique, and gate-inductive gain-peaking technique. The document also reviews the applications of low noise amplifiers in areas like low noise amplifier, distributed amplifier, broadband mixer, power amplifier and active balunes.
The document describes the design of a low noise amplifier (LNA) circuit for a wireless local area network (WLAN) operating at 2.4 GHz. Key goals of the design are to improve noise figure and gain performance. A single-stage LNA circuit is proposed using an NMOS transistor with inductive source degeneration. Simulation results show the designed LNA achieves a forward gain of 18.8-19.2 dB and a noise figure of 1.986 dB, with over 28 dB of reverse isolation at 2.4 GHz. The document discusses various design considerations for the LNA including gain, nonlinearity, matching, noise, output voltage swing, and stability.
This document discusses handover parameters in LTE networks. It begins by introducing handover and its importance for maintaining quality of service as users move between different areas in a network. It then describes various metrics used to optimize handover, including signal strength measurements reported by user equipment to base stations. Key parameters that control the handover process are explained, such as reference signal power, quality, thresholds, timers and offsets. Event A3, which triggers handover when a neighbor cell is better than the serving cell, is discussed in depth. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for self-optimizing algorithms to automatically configure these handover parameters and improve network performance.
TEMS tools are used at various stages of radio network design, rollout, operation and improvement. During the design and rollout phase, TEMS is used for network integration testing, initial tuning, and GPRS performance verification. In the operation and improvement phase, it is used for traditional optimization and network feature optimization. TEMS allows measurement of key performance indicators, analysis of issues like low signal strength, interference, handover problems and call setup failures. It helps identify root causes and evaluate potential solutions.
This document describes the design of a receiver for detecting radio emissions from Jupiter. Key points:
1. The receiver consists of an antenna array, RF amplifier tuned to 20.1MHz, mixer, low-pass filter limiting output to 3.3kHz, and audio amplifier.
2. The receiver requirements include an operating frequency range of 18-22MHz, sensitivity of -125dBm, and gain of 110dB to produce audible signals.
3. Studying Jupiter's radio emissions can provide information about its interior, magnetic field, and relationship with its moons. This helps scientists better understand planetary magnetic fields and interior compositions.
Introduction To Antenna Impedance Tuner And Aperture Switchcriterion123
This document discusses antenna tuning techniques for mobile devices. It describes two main antenna tuning methods: impedance tuning and aperture tuning. Impedance tuning optimizes power transfer between the RF front-end and antenna by adding a tunable matching network. Aperture tuning modifies the antenna structure and performance by integrating a switch to change the antenna's electrical length and resonance. The document provides examples of antenna tuners that use these techniques and discusses design considerations like losses to maximize performance.
This document discusses various topics related to GSM drive testing including:
1. The purpose of drive testing is to verify network performance for new or existing sites by checking coverage, troubleshooting problems, and benchmarking against competitors.
2. Types of drive tests include new site tests, benchmarking tests, migration tests after upgrades, and route tests. Proper coverage verification involves driving routes and measuring idle mode parameters like Rx Level Full.
3. Before drive testing, information like site data, maps, frequency plans, and neighbor lists should be collected, along with proper equipment and tools.
This document discusses WCDMA RF optimization processes, policies, and case studies. It describes the three steps of the WCDMA RF optimization process: single station check, base station group optimization, and whole network optimization. It then discusses common RF problems, analysis, and optimization policies for issues like call drops, discontinuity, and access failures. Finally, it presents five case studies of WCDMA network optimization including issues like handover problems, coverage gaps, high site interference, and neighbor cell list configuration errors.
LOW POWER, LOW NOISE AMPLIFIERS DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FOR RF RECEIVER FRONT END...VLSICS Design
This document summarizes the design and analysis of four low power, low noise amplifier topologies for RF receiver front ends using 90nm CMOS technology for WIMAX applications: (1) cascoded common source amplifier, (2) folded cascode amplifier, (3) shunt feedback amplifier, and (4) current reuse common gate amplifier. The amplifiers were simulated using Cadence and ADS software and their scattering parameters, noise figure, input/output matching, stability, and linearity were analyzed and compared. The cascoded common source amplifier achieved the lowest noise figure and power dissipation, while the shunt feedback amplifier achieved the highest gain but also higher noise figure. Overall, the document evaluates these amplifier designs for
This document describes the design and analysis of a single-ended inductively degenerated interstage matched common-source cascode CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA). The LNA is implemented using a 90nm CMOS process. It employs a cascode topology with single-ended source degeneration using an inductor to achieve high gain. An interstage inductor between the common source and common gate stages is used to further increase the overall gain. Simulation results show the LNA has a noise figure of 1.986dB at 2.4GHz, a voltage gain of 19.1dB, and operates with low noise and high gain as required for applications such as wireless communications.
This white paper compares two technologies for optimizing satellite capacity efficiency for IP trunking networks: adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) and signal cancellation. It analyzes a reference network delivering symmetrical and asymmetrical services from a hub in Sudan to 10 remote sites in Africa. Using conventional fixed modulation, a minimum of 3 transponders is needed for symmetrical services but asymmetrical services require too much bandwidth to fit in two transponders. The paper will evaluate if ACM or signal cancellation can provide bandwidth savings.
This chapter discusses radio transmitters and their components. It begins with an overview of transmitter fundamentals, including the basic requirements of carrier generation, modulation, power amplification, and impedance matching. It then covers various carrier generation methods using crystal oscillators, frequency synthesizers, and direct digital synthesis. The chapter also examines the three main types of power amplifiers: linear, Class C, and switching. Linear amplifiers accurately amplify signals, while Class C and switching amplifiers are more efficient but introduce distortion that requires additional circuitry. The chapter provides examples of typical circuits used for buffering, pushing, pulling, and broadening the bandwidth of radio transmitter signals.
This document describes a 4.9-6.4 Gb/s transceiver designed for backplane communications. It uses an adaptive decision feedback equalizer and achieves bit error rates below 10-15 over a 34-inch legacy FR4 backplane. Key components include a phase locked loop for clock synthesis, a transmitter with single-tap pre-emphasis, and a receiver with adaptive equalization and digital clock recovery. Measurement results demonstrate error-free performance over various backplane lengths.
In this work, a highly linear Cascode CMOS LNA is presented. Linearity issues in RF receiver frontend are discussed, followed by an analysis of the specifications and requirements of a LNA through consideration of multi-standard LNA. Device non-linear characteristics cause linearity problems in the RF front-end system. To solve this problem, Post linearization technique for inductively degenerated L-deg common source Cascode Low Noise Amplifier is presented, which improves linearity performance with small gain loss and current consumption as consequence.The LNA presented has 1.0GHz - 3.2GHz frequency range designed using TSMC 0.18µm CMOS process. The linearized LNA achieves an IIP3 of 5.0 dBm, with P-1dB of -14 dBm, 13.8 dB gain max , NF 2.03dB and power utilization of 19.4 mWat 1.8 volt power supply Gaurav R. Agrawal | Leena A. Yelmule "Linear CMOS LNA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19087.pdf
Newtec - Optimisation of Satellite Capacity Efficiency for IP Trunking Applic...Sematron UK Ltd
This white paper compares two technologies for optimizing satellite capacity efficiency for IP trunking networks: adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) and signal cancellation. It analyzes a reference network delivering symmetrical and asymmetrical services from a hub in Sudan to 10 remote sites in Africa. Using conventional fixed modulation, a minimum of 3 transponders is needed for symmetrical services but asymmetrical services require too much bandwidth to fit in two transponders. The paper will evaluate if ACM or signal cancellation can provide a more efficient implementation.
The document discusses drive test data analysis procedures. It begins with an overview of the common procedures for analyzing drive test data, which includes checking KPI requirements, coverage distributions, problematic points, and identifying and verifying solutions. It then covers specific issues that may be identified such as coverage holes, sudden signal drops, lack of a dominant server, overlapping coverage, and crossed feeders. Methods for detecting these issues through drive test data are provided. Potential causes of poor signal quality are also examined, along with solutions to improve quality issues.
An Gt101 A Microwave Power Amplifier Fundamentals 08 10 27cf_home
This document provides a summary of microwave power amplifier fundamentals. It discusses the need for amplification at microwave frequencies and describes spatially combined distributed amplifier topologies that can provide broadband, high power amplification over a decade of frequency range. Key amplifier specifications such as gain, power output, and return loss are defined. Measurement techniques for verifying amplifier performance are also reviewed.
The document discusses considerations for wiring between an in-system programmer and a fixture for programming devices. Key points:
1) As programming speeds have increased, careful wiring is needed to avoid signal degradation over the distances involved.
2) Modern devices only require a few programming lines, but memory sizes are increasing rapidly, requiring higher communication bit rates over the wiring.
3) Wiring lengths over 50cm can degrade signal integrity for some programming protocols. The programmer should be placed as close to the fixture as possible.
4) Noise and crosstalk between wires must be minimized through techniques like twisted pair cabling, ground planes, and redundant ground connections. Impedance matching is also important for signal
1) The document describes using a master-slave voting technique for supervised word sense disambiguation (WSD). It combines three approaches: Decision List as the master approach and Naive Bayes and AdaBoost as slave approaches.
2) Two experiments are conducted. The first combines Naive Bayes and Decision List, improving Naive Bayes' accuracy. The second combines AdaBoost and Decision List, further increasing accuracy.
3) A third experiment combines all three approaches, with Decision List as the master. As expected, this achieves the highest accuracy compared to the individual approaches.
The document describes the implementation of a fiber optic communication system using a developed computer program. It discusses the key components of a fiber optic system including the transmitter, fiber optic cable, and receiver. The transmitter converts an electrical input signal into an optical signal by modulating the output of a light source, such as a laser or LED. The fiber optic cable then carries this optical signal to the receiver. The computer program allows for modeling each of these components, including analyzing different transmitter circuit designs and light sources. It provides input and output forms to design an optical transmitter and model its performance parameters like rise time and data rate.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a study on the impact of incentives for indigenous farmers (A1 and A2) on maize production in Macheke, Mashonaland East Province, Zimbabwe. The study was motivated by a decline in maize deliveries to the Grain Marketing Board in Macheke despite an increase in the number of farmers. The objectives are to understand why production has dropped and to identify incentives to boost production. The introduction provides background on maize production in Zimbabwe and Mashonaland East Province. It reviews literature on Zimbabwe's "green revolutions" in maize and the current food security challenges. The research design utilizes a mixed methods approach through questionnaires, interviews and review of production and import
This document simulates a cognitive radio system using MATLAB. It describes how cognitive radios can detect unused spectrum bands (spectrum holes) to allow secondary users to transmit without interfering with primary users. The simulation initializes 6 carrier frequency bands, modulates user data, adds the modulated signals, estimates the power spectral density, allocates unused slots to new secondary users, and empties slots when requested. The results show the cognitive radio detecting spectrum holes and assigning secondary users to the vacant bands, optimizing spectrum usage until all bands are in use.
This document summarizes a study that measured the field strength distribution of a 91.5 MHz FM radio signal across Ekiti State, Nigeria. Field strength, location coordinates, and distance from transmitter were measured along four routes moving away from the broadcast station. The path loss along each route was calculated using Friis and Okumura-Hata propagation models and compared to measured values. Okumura-Hata provided closer predictions, with a mean error of 2.68dB across routes, suggesting it is more suitable for modeling VHF path loss in Ekiti State when a 2.68dB loss factor is included.
Improving the Latency Value by Virtualizing Distributed Data Center and Auto...IOSR Journals
This document discusses improving latency in distributed cloud data centers through virtualization and automation. It begins by explaining the benefits of distributed over centralized data centers, such as lower latency and financial benefits from positioning services close to customers. Virtualizing data centers increases utilization and flexibility. Automation streamlines operations and provisioning. The document proposes using a virtual network with components like switches and virtual LANs to connect virtualized distributed data centers and improve latency. Automating configuration management avoids manual errors and complexity in managing dynamic cloud environments.
This document proposes a new approach to compressed image steganography using wavelet transform. The method embeds a compressed payload image within a cover image using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for image compression and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to select pixel locations in the cover image. Five test cases of the approach are described and evaluated. In the first case, DWT is applied to the payload image to get 32x32 approximate coefficients, DFT is applied to the cover image to select pixel locations below a threshold, and the coefficients replace the selected pixel values to create the stego-image. The other cases vary the DWT level, threshold value, and image sizes. Results show the stego-image quality
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
A Novel Approach of Text Steganography based on null spacesIOSR Journals
This document presents a new approach to text steganography that hides a secret message in a cover text by adding or removing extra whitespace (null spaces). The approach converts the secret message into binary and hides each bit by adding an extra space in the cover text for a bit value of 1, or leaving the space unchanged for a bit value of 0. Previous approaches to text steganography include substituting synonyms, abbreviations, or different spellings to encode message bits, but these can alter the meaning of the text. The proposed approach uses whitespace manipulation, which does not affect the meaning or readability of the cover text.
Hardy-Steklov operator on two exponent Lorentz spaces for non-decreasing func...IOSR Journals
The document presents theorems characterizing when the Hardy-Steklov operator is bounded from one two-exponent Lorentz space to another. Specifically, it provides conditions on weights v and w such that the operator is bounded from L(0,∞)qpv to L(0,∞)srw. It defines the Hardy-Steklov operator and two-exponent Lorentz spaces. It states two theorems that characterize the weights using inequalities involving the weights and derivatives of the functions defining the Hardy-Steklov operator. The theorems assume the functions satisfy certain conditions like being strictly increasing and having derivatives satisfying an inequality.
This document summarizes an experimental study on controlling base pressure in a suddenly expanded flow using micro jets. The study varied the area ratio of the enlarged duct, the length to diameter ratio of the duct from 10 to 1, and nozzle pressure ratios from 1.5 to 3.0. Micro jets located around the base region were used for active control. Results found that micro jets were effective at increasing base pressure and did not disturb the wall pressure distribution. For length to diameter ratios from 4 to 2, oscillations in pressure were observed at nozzle pressure ratios of 2.5 to 3.0, but these were reduced by increasing the length to diameter ratio or decreasing the nozzle pressure ratio. The micro jets provided effective control of base pressure under
Investigation of Reducing Process of Uneven Shade Problem In Case Of Compact ...IOSR Journals
This document investigates reducing uneven shade problems in compact single jersey cotton knit fabrics dyed with turquoise reactive dyes. Scanning electron microscopy shows that stripping and scouring combined increases fabric porosity compared to scouring alone, allowing better dye penetration. Color measurement testing finds that combining stripping and scouring results in more consistent dye absorption and less uneven shading than separate processes, with CMC ΔE values below 1 indicating acceptable color matches. In conclusion, performing stripping and scouring simultaneously on compact single jersey fabrics before dyeing with turquoise reduces uneven dyeing compared to conventional pretreatment methods.
Literature on safety module for vehicular driver assistance IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a literature review on safety modules for vehicular driver assistance. It describes a system designed to provide driver assistance and safety through features like anti-collision detection and lane departure warning. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor and camera to monitor surrounding vehicles and lane boundaries. It is connected to a Raspberry Pi development board to process sensor data and display warnings. The document explains the working of ultrasonic sensors to detect distance between vehicles and discusses edge detection techniques for lane monitoring using the camera. It provides a block diagram and details the hardware components of the system aimed at enhancing safety while driving.
Analysis of Organophosphate Pesticides Residue on Crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi ...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes organophosphate pesticide residue found on pumpkin crops in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Samples of pumpkin leaves were collected 3 days after being sprayed with organophosphate pesticides and analyzed using gas chromatography. Sample A contained dioxabenzeofos and phenanthrene. Sample B contained chlorethoxyfos, oxydeprofos, sulfotep, phenanthrene, and dioxabenzofos. Sample C contained chlonethoxy fos, oxydeprofos, sulfotep, phenanthrene, and dioxabenzofos. All residues were below the LD50 toxicity range for organophosphates. The
Modling of Fault Directivity of 2012 Ahar-Varzaghan Earthquake with Aftershoc...IOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes the 2012 Ahar-Varzaghan earthquakes in Iran, which included two major quakes measuring Mw 6.4 and 6.2, as well as several major aftershocks including one of Mw 5.5.
2) Using data on 498 aftershocks over 12 months, the authors created maps showing the distribution and trends of aftershocks. The maps revealed a broken plane with aftershocks concentrated in the north and cracking from west to east at lower speeds and intensities.
3) The analysis of aftershock trends indicates the presence of an active latent fault with an east-west orientation in the area, which provides useful information for construction and other activities.
This document analyzes voltage stability in power systems using line voltage stability indices and proposes enhancing stability with a TCSC. It discusses four indices - Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI), Line Quadratic Programming (LQP), Reactive Power Index (VQI), and Line Stability Index (LMN) - that can identify the most critical line and bus. Under a single line outage, a TCSC is installed at the critical line identified by the indices. Simulation results on the IEEE 14-bus system show that a TCSC can improve voltage stability by modifying the line reactance. The TCSC provides both inductive and capacitive compensation depending on its firing angle to enhance power transfer and voltage profiles.
High Performance Error Detection with Different Set Cyclic Codes for Memory A...IOSR Journals
The document presents a proposed error detection method using majority logic decoding with difference set cyclic codes. The proposed method can detect up to five bit errors in the first three decoding cycles, improving performance over traditional majority logic decoding approaches. It uses a control unit to evaluate parity check sums over the first three cycles, and can detect errors without fully decoding the codeword when no errors are found. This reduces decoding time compared to approaches that fully decode each codeword. The proposed method is also less complex than alternatives using syndrome calculation for error detection. Simulation results showed the proposed method can detect errors faster while using less memory and power than traditional approaches.
Effective Bug Tracking Systems: Theories and ImplementationIOSR Journals
The document discusses effective bug tracking systems and proposes four directions to enhance them:
1. Tool oriented improvements like making setup and installation simpler for open source tools like Bugzilla.
2. Information oriented improvements like ensuring bug reports capture essential details needed to fix issues.
3. Process oriented improvements like simplifying bug reporting and notification processes.
4. User oriented improvements like reducing complexity and improving usability.
The authors developed a prototype bug tracking application to demonstrate how following these directions can help software developers more easily understand and quickly resolve bugs.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of emotion on prosody analysis in speech. The study analyzed speech samples recorded from actors expressing different emotions like love, anger, calm, sadness and neutral. It measured acoustic parameters like vowel duration, fundamental frequency, jitter and shimmer for the different emotions. The results showed that speech expressing love had longer vowel durations, while sad speech had longer durations for certain vowels. This indicates emotion impacts prosodic features of speech, which is important for applications like speech recognition and synthesis systems.
This document provides an overview of image denoising techniques. It discusses different types of noise that can affect images, such as amplifier noise, impulsive noise, and speckle noise. It also describes various denoising methodologies, including spatial filtering techniques like mean and median filters, as well as transform domain filtering and wavelet thresholding. Spatial filters can smooth noise but also blur edges, while wavelet thresholding can preserve edges while removing noise. The document reviews noise models, denoising methods, and provides insights to determine the most effective approach based on the noise characteristics.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF 2 GHz 130nm CMOS CASCODE LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER WITH INTE...csijjournal
This work, illustrates the development of 2 GHz Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) interfaced with square truncated edge-fed right circularly polarized patch antenna. The LNA is simulated on Agilent ADS platform with TSMC 130nm RF CMOS process. The development of cascode amplifier and its optimization has been further exemplified. The developed LNA is tuned for 2 GHz and the performance is tuned for high stability factor of 4, Gain of 19 dB which is essential for any mobile device, Noise Figure (NF) of 1.15 dB with a P1dB point at -9 dBm. Further a truncated patch antenna with right circular polarization has been simulated on EMpro. The antenna has a gain of 6.1 dB in the azimuth plane. The simulated system can be further integrated to form the RF front end of TDD2000 LTE standard mobile device.
MULTISIM DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF 2.2GHz LNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONVLSICS Design
This document describes the design and simulation of a 2.2GHz low noise amplifier (LNA) for wireless communication systems. A bipolar junction transistor was used to achieve low noise and high gain. The LNA was designed to have a noise figure between 0.52-0.7dB, gain of 16.8dB across 0.4-2.2GHz, and operate with a supply voltage of 3.5V and current of 55mA. The LNA was simulated in Multisim and achieved unconditional stability with K>1 and Δ<1 across the operating frequency range. Simulated results showed a gain of 16.8dB at 2.2GHz, meeting the design goals.
Design of 10 to 12 GHz Low Noise Amplifier for Ultrawideband (UWB) SystemIJECEIAES
Balanced amplifier is the structure proposed in this article, it provides better performance. In fact, the single amplifier meets the specification for noise figure and gain but fails to meet the return loss specification due to the large mis-matches on the input & outputs. To overcome this problem one solution is to use balanced amplifier topography. In this paper, a wide-band and highgain microwave balanced amplifier constituted with branch line coupler circuit is proposed. The amplifier is unconditionally stable in the band [9-13] GHz where the gain is about 20dB. The input reflection (S11) and output return loss (S22) at 11 GHz are -33.4dB and -33.5dB respectively.
Multisim design and simulation of 2.2 g hz lna for wireless communicationVLSICS Design
This paper presents the work done on the design and simulation of a high frequency low noise amplifier for
wireless communication. The purpose of the amplifier is to amplify the received RF path of a wireless
network. With high gain, high sensitivity and low noise using Bipolar Junction transistor (BJT). The design
methodology requires analysis of the transistor for stability, proper matching, network selection and
fabrication. The BJT transistor was chosen for the design of the LNA due to its low noise and good gain at
high frequency. These properties were confirmed using some measurement techniques including Network
Analyzer, frequency analyzer Probe and Oscilloscope for the simulation and practical testing of the
amplifier to verify the performance of the designed High frequency Low noise amplifier. The design goals
of noise figure of 0.52dB-0.7dB and bias conditions are Vcc = 3.5 V and Icc= 55 mA to produce 16.8 dB
gain across the 0.4–2.2GHz band.
This document describes the design of a low noise amplifier (LNA) for wideband wireless receivers operating in the S-band frequency range of 2-4 GHz. It first discusses designing an LNA using lumped elements, achieving a maximum gain of 10 dB at 2.5 GHz and minimum noise figure of 2.4 dB at 4 GHz. It then presents an improved design using microstrip matching networks, obtaining a lower minimum noise figure of 0.424 dB at 2.6 GHz and higher maximum gain of 10.84 dB at 2.4 GHz. The microstrip design demonstrates better performance for noise figure and gain across the 2-4 GHz band compared to the lumped element approach.
Low Noise Amplifier using Darlington Pair At 90nm Technology IJECEIAES
The demand of low noise amplifier (LNA) has been rising in today’s communication system. LNA is the basic building circuit of the receiver section satellite. The design concept demonstrates the design trade off with NF, gain, power consumption. This paper reports on with analysis of wideband LNA. This paper shows the schematic of LNA by using Darlington pair amplifier. This LNA has been fabricated on 90nm CMOS process. This paper is focused on to make comparison of three stage and single stage LNA. Here, the phase mismatch between these patameters is quantitavely analyzed to study the effect on gain and noise figure (NF). In this paper, single stage LNA has shown the 23 dB measured gain, while the three stages LNA has demonstrated 29 dB measured gain. Here, LNA designed using darlington pair shows low NF of 3.3-4.8 dB, which comparable to other reported single stage LNA designs and appreciably low compared to the three stages LNA. Hence, findings from this paper suggest the use of single stage LNA designed using Darlington pair in transceiver satellite applications.
This document summarizes the design and development of a high power amplifier at 3.4 GHz for use in ranging transponders. It describes the design approach, including impedance matching networks to maximize power transfer. Simulation results show the power amplifier achieved over 27 dB of gain and met input and output return loss specifications of less than -10 dB after impedance matching. Biasing network design allowed the power amplifier to achieve 54% efficiency and output over 1 W of RF power. The document provides a literature review of similar power amplifier designs and aims to guide the design of a high power amplifier at 3.4 GHz suitable for use in ranging transponder applications.
The document discusses the design and implementation of a P-band RF low noise amplifier (LNA). It begins with an introduction to LNAs, explaining that their main function is to amplify weak signals while introducing minimal noise. It then discusses the use of pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors (pHEMTs) for LNA design due to their ability to provide high gain and low noise figure. The document outlines the objectives and methodology for the project, which is to design an LNA with specifications including a frequency range of 50MHz-1GHz, gain of at least 22dB, noise figure below 4dB and input/output impedance of 50 ohms. It provides background on relevant LNA design concepts and
IRJET- Design and Testing of 10W SSPA based S Band Transmitting ModuleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and testing of a 10W SSPA-based S-band transmitting module for use in a multifunction phased array radar system. The module consists of three amplification stages - a pre-driver, driver, and power amplifier. Each stage was simulated in Agilent ADS software to optimize impedance matching and ensure stability. A CREE GaN HEMT was selected as the power amplifier due to its high gain and efficiency capabilities. The fabricated module was tested using a vector network analyzer to validate the S-parameter measurements meet specifications.
An Ultra-Low Voltage, Wideband Low Noise Amplifier Design TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an ultra-low voltage, wideband low noise amplifier (LNA) using current reuse techniques. The LNA is a critical component in radio receivers that must provide gain while maintaining low noise figure and power consumption. The proposed LNA design uses current reuse and inductive peaking to achieve high performance metrics like gain and noise figure while keeping power dissipation low. Simulation results show the LNA has an input noise of a few microvolts, output noise of nanovolts, power dissipation of 26.854 nanowatts, and input and output return losses below -10 dB, demonstrating good matching across its operating bandwidth.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Enhancing the BER and ACLR for the HPA Using Pre-Distortion TechniqueIJECEIAES
Power amplifiers are key components in wireless transceivers. Their function is to amplify signal and generate the required Radio Frequency (RF) power that allows to transmit the signal over an appropriate range. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems are highly sensitive to nonlinear distortion introduced by High Power Amplifier (HPA). The HPA nonlinearity causes in-band and out-of-band distortions. The linearization techniques are used to compensate the nonlinear effects of the high power amplifier. These techniques correct the distortion effects resulting from nonlinearities in the transmitted signal. Many linearization techniques have been developed to improve power amplifier linearity and to decrease both Bit Error Rate (BER) and Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR). This work is set to run the high power amplifier in the nonlinear region. It is also attempting to analyze the resulting signal in terms of the BER and ACLR, next employs pre-distortion linearization techniques to reduce the distortion introduced in this region. According to Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) standard the linearization techniques, circuit and the OFDM transmitter and receiver is designed and implemented through using computer simulation of AWR Design Environment.
This document describes the design and simulation of a 10 GHz low noise amplifier (LNA) using GaAs high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). Three LNA designs are presented using different approaches for the matching and biasing networks: lumped elements, distributed elements, and radial stub elements. The best performing design uses distributed elements for matching and radial stubs for biasing. The simulation shows this LNA achieves a forward gain of 14.77 dB and noise figure of 0.775 dB at 10 GHz, demonstrating better performance than prior works. Input and output return losses were also improved compared to previous LNA designs at this frequency.
This document discusses the design and simulation of low noise amplifier (LNA) circuits with different matching circuit combinations at the input and output sides. It compares the performance of LNA circuits using 'T' and 'L' type matching networks. The circuits are simulated using Advanced Design System (ADS) software. Simulation results show that the T-L matching configuration provides better gain and noise figure than L-L, L-T, and T-T matching under stability conditions. Specifically, the T-L matching achieved a forward gain of 14.14 dB and noise figure of 1.81 dB, outperforming the other matching configurations. Stabilization circuits are also applied and analyzed.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
This document discusses the design and performance analysis of an optical transmission system using different modulation formats. It simulates a long-haul optical transmission system over single-mode fiber. Return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation formats are analyzed at 10Gb/s. The performance is investigated based on parameters like Q-factor, bit error rate, eye diagrams, and input power. Simulation results show that RZ modulation has better performance for long-distance transmission systems due to its lower bit error rate, while NRZ is suitable for shorter distances due to its smaller bandwidth requirements.
This document describes the design, implementation, and simulation of a 2-GHz low noise amplifier (LNA). The LNA is designed using both lumped elements and distributed elements approaches. Key steps in the design process are discussed, including the use of the MESFET transistor, input and output matching networks, and performance analysis using the Smith Chart. The LNA provides a noise figure of 0.358 dB, gain of 16.778 dB, and meets other specifications. Simulation results show that the lumped elements approach achieves better performance than the distributed elements approach. The document outlines the design process and evaluation of LNAs to meet requirements for wireless communication systems.
Designing and Performance Evaluation of 64 QAM OFDM SystemIOSR Journals
Abstract (11Bold) : — In this report, the performance analysis of 64 QAM-OFDM wireless communication
systems affected by AWGN in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Throughput is addressed. 64 QAM (64 ary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is the one of the effective digital modulation technique as it is more power
efficient for larger values of M(64). The MATLAB script based model of the 64 QAM-OFDM system with
normal AWGN channel and Rayleigh fading channel has been made for study error performance and
throughput under different channel conditions. This simulated model maximizes the system throughput in the
presence of narrowband interference, while guaranteeing a SER below a predefined threshold. The SER
calculation is accomplished by means of modelling the decision variable at the receiver as a particular case of
quadratic form D in complex Gaussian random variables. Lastly comparative study of SER performance of 64
QAM-OFDM simulated & 64 QAM-OFDM theoretical under AWGN channel has been given. Also
performance of the system is given in terms of throughput (received bits/ofm symbol) is given in a plot for
different SNR. Keywords (11Bold) –64 QAM, BPSK, OFDM, PDF, SNR.
Designing and Performance Evaluation of 64 QAM OFDM SystemIOSR Journals
In this report, the performance analysis of 64 QAM-OFDM wireless communication
systems affected by AWGN in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Throughput is addressed. 64 QAM (64 ary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is the one of the effective digital modulation technique as it is more power
efficient for larger values of M(64). The MATLAB script based model of the 64 QAM-OFDM system with
normal AWGN channel and Rayleigh fading channel has been made for study error performance and
throughput under different channel conditions. This simulated model maximizes the system throughput in the
presence of narrowband interference, while guaranteeing a SER below a predefined threshold. The SER
calculation is accomplished by means of modelling the decision variable at the receiver as a particular case of
quadratic form D in complex Gaussian random variables. Lastly comparative study of SER performance of 64
QAM-OFDM simulated & 64 QAM-OFDM theoretical under AWGN channel has been given. Also
performance of the system is given in terms of throughput (received bits/ofm symbol) is given in a plot for
different SNR
A novel cmos model design for 2 6 g hz wideband lna input matching using resi...IAEME Publication
This document describes a novel CMOS model design for a 2-6 GHz wideband low noise amplifier (LNA) input matching using resistive feedback topology for WiMAX applications. The proposed LNA uses a two-stage resistive shunt feedback structure with a simplified band pass filter to provide wide input impedance matching over 2-6 GHz. Simulation results show the LNA achieves a maximum gain of 16.5 dB, minimum noise figure of 4.2 dB, and input return loss of -12 dB across the band. The power consumption is 15 mW. A performance comparison with other published LNA designs demonstrates that this LNA is suitable for wideband applications like WiMAX.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735. Volume 5, Issue 3 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 65-69
www.iosrjournals.org
Design of Low Noise Amplifier for Radio over Fiber at 5.2 GHz
A. Salleh1, M. Z. A Abd Aziz1 , N. R. Mohamad1, M. A. Othman1, Z.
Zakaria1, M. H. Misran1
1
(Center for Telecommunication Research & Innovation (CeTRI), Faculty of Electronic & Computer
Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Malaysia)
Abstract : This paper presents the design and simulation of low noise amplifier (LNA) used in an active radio
access point (RAP) for Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology at 5.2 GHz. RoF is integration of optical fiber for
radio signal transmission within network infrastructures that is considered to be cost effective, practical and
relative system configuration for long haul transport of millimeter frequency band wireless signal. The LNA
designed function is to amplify extremely low signals without adding noise, thus preserving the required Signal
Noise Ratio (SNR) of system at extremely low power signal. The implementation of design is based on Agilent
ATF-5143 transistor and Microwave Office software is used to perform the simulation in S-parameters. The
design and simulation process including selecting the transistor based on RoF requirements, stability of
transistor, matching network, biasing and optimization. The design has shown an acceptable behavior with gain
of 16.046 dB and noise figure of 0.9368 dB using conjugate matching method .
Keywords - LNA, RoF, RAP, Conjugate Matching Method, S-parameters
I. INTRODUCTION
Radio over Fiber (RoF) is well established technology that used intensively worldwide for delivering
radio signal from a Central Station (CS) to RAPs via an optical fiber [1]. In new concept of wireless architecture
using this technology, all the signal processing associated with the base station, usually found in the RAP or
remote antenna unit (RAU), can now be moved to the CS. With such advantages of optical fiber as low loss,
large bandwidth and transparent characteristics, RoFs system can simultaneously support multi-standard
applications including cellular services and wireless local area networks (WLANs) [2]. 5.2 GHz frequency is
one most commonly used license free frequencies which based on IEEE802.11 standard for WLAN. RoF
systems are expected to play an important role in future wireless communication and phased array antenna
sensor systems [3-6]. Fig. 1 describes the basic diagram of RoF system [7].
Figure 1: RoF System
The only components required at the passive RAP are Electro Absorption Modulator (EAM) and
antenna where EAM is used as a remote transceiver. There are practical limitations on the power that can
produce by the passive RAP which can affect the dynamic range. The operating range limitations of the passive
picocell optical RAP in RoF system can be overcome by using amplification within the antenna unit. Picocell
has coverage range up to 100 m. To achieve this distance, RAP needs to operate in active mode, by inserting RF
amplifier between optoelectronics modulator and antenna for downlink path and inserting LNA between antenna
and optoelectronic modulator for uplink path. The LNA is possible to improve the receiver sensitivity and to
also increase the depth of the modulation that optoelectronics modulator produces on the uplink signal [1].
Fig. 2 shows the simple diagram representation of an active optical RAP [7]. Due to a bidirectional
amplifier is needed to provide amplification in both transmit and receive directions, the microwave circulators
or similar devices will be needed to provide separate uplink and downlink signal paths between the EAM and
the antenna. An advantage of using electrical amplification is that lower tolerance EAM can be used because
their lower output signals can be offset by increasing the electrical gain. This is important for WLAN
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2. Design of Low Noise Amplifier for Radio over Fiber at 5.2 GHz
applications where the cost is an important consideration. Likely the LNA of general RF system, amplifier
design for RoF involves many tradeoffs between noise figure, gain, linearity, impedance and matching [8].
Downlink
BPF PA
Central
EAM C
Station
LNA BPF
Uplink
Radio Access Point
Figure 2: Active optical radio access point
Generally, the main goal of the LNA is to decrease of the incoming noise and amplifying a desired
signal within a certain frequency range to increase the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of communication system and
improve the quality of received signal as well. Noise in optical receiver (RAP) can be divided into three
categories: the noise contributed by optical sources or optical transmission path, the noise arising from photo-
generated carriers of carriers transport over the p-n junction and the Johnson noise from the amplifier. Only the
third noise can be optimized by a proper circuit design [8]. Therefore the suitable circuit topology and noise
optimal technologies are selected to satisfy these goals.
In this paper, a 5.2 GHz LNA is designed in active RAP for RoF technology based on conjugate
matching method using Microwave Office software. The maximum gain or conjugate matching method is in the
single stage amplifier design. This method will be realized when the overall gain given by transistor, G 0 provide
a conjugate match between the amplifier source or load impedance and the transistor. The performance of LNA
is depending on S-parameters which used to determine the stability, noise figure, maximum gain and matching
network and DC biasing.
II. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
The design methodology of LNA including LNA specifications, stability, matching network and DC
biasing. LNA specifications including transistor type, matching network method, gain and noise figure is shown
in Table 1. A critical step in any LNA design is the selection of transistor which ATF-55143 transistor from
Agilent is used. The ATF-55143 is one of a family of new high dynamic range, low noise enhancement mode
pHEMT devices designed for use in low cost commercial applications in the Very High Frequency (VHF) band
through 6 GHz. Low cost Field Effect Transistor (FET) are often used due to their low noise figures, high gain
and high linearity.
When embarking on any amplifier design it is very important to spend time checking on the stability of
the device chosen, otherwise the amplifier may well turn into an oscillator. The main way of determining the
stability of a device is to calculate the Rollett’s stability factor (K) based on set of S-parameters for the device at
the frequency of operation [9]. S-parameters of transistor usually can be found from data sheet of transistor or
through simulation using Microwave Office software. The stability criteria can be written as [9].
2 2 2
1 S11 S 22
K (1)
2 S12 .S12
S11.S 22 S12 .S 21 (2)
TABLE 1: LNA Specifications
Parameters Values
Transistor Agilent ATF-55143
Gain > 12 dB
Noise Figure < 1 dB
Matching
Shunt Stub
Network
From (1) and (2), K = 1.01 and |Δ| = 0.275. The device is unconditional stability due to |Δ| < 1 and K > 1 which
mean LNA is stable for all passive source and load impedance. After the stability of the transistor have been
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3. Design of Low Noise Amplifier for Radio over Fiber at 5.2 GHz
determined, and the stable regions for reflection coefficient for source and load (ΓS and ΓL) have been located on
the Smith chart, the input and output matching section can be designed.
The matching network is important because maximum power will delivered when the load is matched
to the line. There are several types of practical matching network such as matching with lumped elements, single
stub tuning and quarter wave transformer. The important factors in the selection of a particular matching
network include complexity, bandwidth, implementation and adjustability. For this design, the input is matching
using the quarter wave transformer while the output is matched using shunt short stub. . Fig. 3 shows the source
matching and load matching.
Figure 3: Matching Network
DC biasing of the ATF-55143 is accomplished by the use of a voltage divider consisting of R1 and R2.
The voltage for the divider is derived from the drain voltage which provides a form of voltage feedback through
the use of R3 to help keep drain current constant. Resistor, R5 (approximately 10 kΩ) is added to limit the gate
current of enhancement mode devices such as the ATF-55143. This is especially important when the device is
driven to P1dB. Capacitors C2 and C5 provide a low impedance in-band RF bypass for the matching networks.
Resistors R3 and R4 provide a very important low frequency termination for the device. Capacitors C3 and C6
provide the low frequency RF bypass for resistors R3 and R4. Fig. 4 shows the DC biasing of LNA. Resistor R3
is calculated based on desired VDS, IDS and available power supply voltage. The values of R1 and R2 are
calculated based on the following formula.
V
R1 GS (3)
I BB
R2
VDS VDS R1
(4)
VGS
VDD VDS
R3 (5)
I DS I BB
Where,
VDD is the power supply voltage.
VDS is the device drain to source voltage.
IDS is the desired drain current.
IBB is the current flowing through the R1/R2 resistor voltage divider network
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4. Design of Low Noise Amplifier for Radio over Fiber at 5.2 GHz
Figure 4: DC Biasing
III. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Simulation maximum gain or conjugate matching method will be realized when matching sections
provide a conjugate match between the amplifier source or load impedance and the transistor. Fig. 5 shows the
simultaneous conjugate matching which provide the maximum power transducer gain (G T). GT is the ratio of
power delivered to the load to the power available from the source. From the simulations, three types of gain are
considered as shown in Fig. 6. The concern in the design is G T = 16.046 dB which shows the overall gain of
LNA including gain from transistor, Go and input and output matching. All the simulation results are proved by
the calculation based on following formula:
S S
in S11 12 21 L (6)
1 S 22L
GT
2
S 21 1 S
2
1
L
2
(7)
2 2
1 S 22L 1 in S
Where,
in is the input reflection coefficient.
Figure 5. Simultaneous conjugate matching [10]
Figure 6: Types of Gain (power gain, GP, transducer gain, GT, and Maximum gain, GM)
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5. Design of Low Noise Amplifier for Radio over Fiber at 5.2 GHz
The noise figure, NF of LNA is defined as the ratio of the total available noise power at the output of
the amplifier to the available noise power at the output that would result only from the thermal noise in the
source resistance. Thus NF is a measure of the excess noise added by the amplifier. The noise figure of an
amplifier generally varies as:
R 2
NF Fmin n Ys Yopt (8)
Gs
Where Ys is the source admittance, Yopt is the optimum source admittance, Fmin is the minimum noise figure, R n
is the equivalent noise resistance and G s is the real part of Ys . From (3), the NF = 1.0239 dB but the results
from the simulation is better as shown in Fig. 6, NF = 0.9368 dB.
Figure 6: Noise Figure Analysis
The LNA designed act as to boost the desired signal power while adding as little noise and distortion as
possible so that the retrieval of this signal is possible in the later stages in the system. For any two-port network,
the noise figure measures the amount of noise added to a signal transmitted through the network. As used here,
stability measures the tendency of an LNA to oscillate. Maximum available gain is a figure of merit for the
LNA, which indicates the maximum theoretical power gain when it is conjugate matched to its source and load
impedances.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper proposed designing and analysis low noise amplifier (LNA) in the RAP at 5.2 GHz for
RoF technology. In order to achieve that, the simulation model for the transistor, given from free scale, has been
used in the designing process. The achieved results given by simulations (gain of 16.046 dB and noise figure of
0.9368 dB) are meets the requirement for RoF technology. So an interesting future work would be to improve
the performance of the LNA by compare the results between fabrication process and simulations and achieve a
higher gain and lowest noise figure.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the grant number
PJP/2011/FKEKK (35C)/S00933.
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