This document investigates reducing uneven shade problems in compact single jersey cotton knit fabrics dyed with turquoise reactive dyes. Scanning electron microscopy shows that stripping and scouring combined increases fabric porosity compared to scouring alone, allowing better dye penetration. Color measurement testing finds that combining stripping and scouring results in more consistent dye absorption and less uneven shading than separate processes, with CMC ΔE values below 1 indicating acceptable color matches. In conclusion, performing stripping and scouring simultaneously on compact single jersey fabrics before dyeing with turquoise reduces uneven dyeing compared to conventional pretreatment methods.

1. IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE)
e-ISSN: 2348-019X, p-ISSN: 2348-0181, Volume 2, Issue 1 (Jan - Feb. 2015), PP 40-46
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/019X-0214046 www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
Investigation of Reducing Process of Uneven Shade Problem In
Case Of Compact Single Jersey Cotton Knit Fabric with
Turquoise Color Reactive Dyes
MD. Ramij Howlader1
Mohammad Abul Hasan Shibly2
Ripon kumar Prasad3
MD. Tanjibul Hasan Sajib3
MD. Rafiqul Islam4
(Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology, Bangladesh)
(Merchandiser, Orion Knit Textiles Limited, Bangladesh)
(Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, BGIFT Institute of Science & Technology, Bangladesh)
(Lecturer, (FDT), BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology, Bangladesh)
(Bangladesh University of Textiles)
Abstract: Most dyes do not chemically react with the cellulose molecule to affix the color. True chemical
reaction between cellulose and the dye molecule occurs with reactive dyes. But some of reactive colors such as
turquoise have definite properties which mostly yield even shade with the single jersey cotton fabric which GSM
ranges from 120 to 160. Because such fabrics having quite relatively compact structure that does not allow
proper penetration of dye molecules evenly into fiber polymer system. Due to those problems, the knit dyeing
factories in Bangladesh have been facing a lot of problems. In present days, these factories are practicing re-
dyeing like toping and stripping and dyeing. To solve this problem, the compact single jersey fabric may be
treated in different manner in the preparatory stage. The conventional pretreatment process involved scouring,
bleaching before dyeing. By using stripping process at preparatory stage may reduce uneven shade problem
during coloration of turquoise color of reactive dye.
Keywords - Compact Single Jersey, Grey Stripping, GSM, reactive dyes, Turquoise Color.
I. Introduction
The introduction of the paper should explain the nature of the problem, previous work, purpose, and the
contribution of the paper. A T-shirt (or T shirt, tee-shirt, or tee) is Reactive dyeing is now the most important
method for the coloration of cellulosic fibers. Reactive dyes have a low utilization degree compared to other
types of dyestuff, since the functional group also bonds to water, creating hydrolysis of Reactive Dye. Reactive
dyes have good fastness properties owing to the bonding that occurs during dyeing. Cotton is made of cellulose
molecules which react with the dye. During reactive dyeing the H atom in the cellulose molecule combines with
the Chlorine atom in the dyeing process and results in a bond. Tri-functional dyestuffs also exist [1].
Roll to roll shade variation always confused for matching the batch with standard shade and produces a
variety of shade within a batch. This is a result of mixing of fabric roll produced from different fiber lot, yarn
count, GSM, structure and even sometime for different machines. So to avoid such problems one has to avoid
mixing of different types of fabrics. Patchy is the real uneven dyeing; this may result of uneven absorbency,
electrolytes (salt) alkaline pH, uneven and sudden alkali dosing, wrong dye combinations, improper mixing of
dyes, improper neutralization after scouring-bleaching and dyeing, fabric entanglement during process etc. If
above mentioned points are under controlled then possibility of patchy is very low. It is the solution only for
batch to batch shade variation but uneven shade problem need to be considered in case of compact single jersey
fabrics. Color spot is the result of improper color mixing (very serious issue in case of turquoise dyes as their
dye molecules are comparatively larger), water hardness and presence of heavy metal sulphate, sulphides,
sulphites & alkali especially caustic soda. Water treatment plant, sequestering agent and proper mixing of dyes
are fundamental solution of this problem. White specks are mainly yarn problem i.e. dead or immature fibers.
Moreover contamination in water, improper dissolve of alkali and presence of silica based chemical before
dyeing also arise white spots. Excluding yarn quality; WTP, proper handling of caustic and de-finishing
removing silica based finishes, incase processing of finished fabric with such finishing chemicals, are necessary
to solve such problem. Only color spot can be removed by above this process but uneven shade problem may
not be reduced by using this process. So need to be considered solution for reducing uneven shade problem in
the knit fabric. Meter to meter shade variation is a typical shade variation problem. Very short dyeing arise
unleveled dyeing. Furthermore, it was found that, imbalance dosing time, run time and temperature gradient of
each step with cycle time of fabric is responsible for meter-to-meter shade variation. Six batches are dyed with
linear dosing system, in case of alkali & per-oxide dosing of scouring bleaching and dyes, salt, alkali of dyeing,
on this aspect and described in methodology and result section. By controlling proper addition of dyes,

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DOI: 10.9790/019X-0214046 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
electrolytes, and alkali dosing, meter to meter shade variation can be removed but random uneven shade
problem may be minimized by adopting grey fabric stripping process in the compact single jersey [1].
Roll to roll shade variation, patchy dye, color spot could be minimized by controlling knitting process,
dyeing parameter etc. but uneven shade problem may be minimized by grey fabric stripping before dyeing. Due
to the compactness of the fabric structure dye molecules may not penetrate into the cotton fiber core. Stripping
may reduce the compactness of the fabric as well as increase the size of the porosity of cotton fiber so that the
dye molecules may enter the fiber polymer system. So stripping may be performed in the gray fabric to reduce
such type of problem. It may be the latest concept to remove uneven shade problem in case compact single
jersey with reactive turquoise colorants.
II. Materials
2.1 Material used
 Compact single jersey cotton fabric
Single jersey fabrics are based on plain structure used to produce fully fashioned knitwear. Plain is a knit
structure family, which is produced by the needles of only one set needle with all the loops intermeshed in the
same direction. Although plain knit family encompasses a great number of structures all produced on single
needle bed. The basic element of knit fabric structure is the loop intermeshed with the loops adjacent to it on
both sides and above and below it [2].
 Turquoise color reactive dyes
In 1954, dyes were discovered which containing dichlorotriazinyl group could be applied from aqueous solution
and caused to form a covalent bond with cellulose by increasing the pH. This discovery resulted in the first
commercial reactive dyes for cellulose, the procion dyes, being marketed in 1956 [3].
 Hydrose
 Custic soda
 Hydrosen peroxide
 Sequestering agent
 Detergent
 Sodium carbonate etc.
III. Different Process/Method
3.1 Scouring process
Scouring is performed to remove any impurities present in the fabric. The impurities (i.e. oil & wax,
lubricants, dirt, surfactants, residual tints) are removed using an alkaline solution, typically sodium hydroxide, at
high temperatures to breakdown or emulsify and saponify impurities.
Recipe
Fino wet-OSR (Detergent) : 1 gm/L
Caustic soda : 5 gm/L (Dosing at 600
C for 10 min)
Albafluid C (Anti-creasing) : 1 gm/L
Arboquest 340 (Sequestering) : 0.5 gm/L
Time : 40 min
Temperature : 900
C
Neutralization
Acetic acid : 1 gm/L
Time : 10 min
Temperature : 600
C
3.2 Stripping and scouring combined process
Place illustrations the gray compact single jersey cotton fabric has been subjected to scouring and
stripping process for removal natural impurities such as wax, pectin, fat, oil etc from cotton fibers. Here
scouring and stripping was carried out by using suitable recipe with maintaining proper time and temperature.
After treatment the fabric was washed off two times i.e. hot wash and cold wash and then dried.
Recipe
Fino wet-OSR (Detergent) : 1 gm/L
Caustic soda : 5 gm/L (Dosing at 600
C for 10 min)
Hydrose : 6 gm/L (Dosing at 800
C for 10 min)
Albafluid C (Anti-creasing) : 1 gm/L
Arboquest 340 (Sequester) : 0.5 gm/L
Time : 40 min
Temperature : 900
C

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Neutralization
Acetic acid : 1 gm/L
Time : 10 min
Temperature : 600
C
3.3 Dyeing method
Reactive dyes can be applied by a conventional batch wise dyeing method for cellulosic materials. Dye
auxiliaries were taken into the dye bath along with the samples. Then the dye solution was poured into the dye
bath for absorption that was carried out by the gluber salt and migration was done at 800
C for 30 min. Finally
sodium carbonate was dosed at 500
C for 20 min for fixation. Then the dyed samples were neutralized, hot
washed and cold washed.
Recipe
GSS (Leveling agent) : 0.12 gm/L
Arboquest 340 (Sequester) : 1 gm/L
Albafluid C (Anti-creasing) : 1 gm/L
Glauber salt : 35 gm/L
Reactive Turquoise Blue H2GP : 2.52%
Reatobond Blue RR : 0.06%
Indofix yellow ME4GL : 0.64%
Sodium carbonate : 15 gm/L (at 500
C for 20 min.)
Time : 30 min
Temperature : 600
C
Cold wash
Acetic acid : 1.5 gm/L
Time : 15 min
Temperature : 400
C
Hot wash
Jintex (Detergent) : 1 gm/L
Time : 20 min.
Temperature : 900
C
Cold wash
Time : 10 min.
Temperature : 400
C
3.4 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test
The characterization of textile materials has employed many microscopic techniques such as optical
and electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) uses electrons rather than light to form an
image. An SEM can produce high resolution and depth of field of images, and provides useful tools for
examining structural and surface characteristics of textile materials. The specimen to be observed in the SEM
must remain at a constant potential during examination. Specimens that are not naturally conductive have to be
coated with a thin layer of a conductive material. A development in electron microscopy in the form of an
ESEM opens up new possibilities for textile research. In the ESEM, specimens can be hydrated or dehydrated
by controlling the temperature of the specimens and the chamber pressure in favor of water condensation or
evaporation at different relative humidity. The SEM is specifically suited to dynamic experimentation of the
micron scale and below. SEM technology allows dynamic experiments at a range of pressures, temperatures and
under a variety of gases/fluids. Some accessories can also be added into an SEM to expand its observation
capacity for characterizing textile materials. The SEM is able to physically examine virtually any textile
materials without any special preparation or conductive coating. [4].
Rapid, high resolution imaging with identification of elements present. Spatially resolved quantitative
EDX (EDA) analysis of user defined areas on sample surface. Characterization of particulates and defects.
Examination of grain structure and segregation effects. Coating thickness measurement using cross sectional
imaging of polished sections.
Fig.1: Scanning Electron Microscope tester

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3.5 CMC value measurement
The color of an object depends on the relative quantity of the light reflected or transmitted at different
wavelengths within the visible range (400-700 nm). Spectrophotometric measurements provide the numerical
description of the reflection or transmission of light by an object. The reflection or transmission spectrum gives
the fraction of the incident light that an object reflects or transmits as a function of wavelength. For color
measurement on textiles correct sampling is important.
The result was analyzed by a CIELAB color system. CIE (Commission Internationale de I’Eclairage)
color coordinates include color qualities in terms of L* (lightness and darkness), a* (redness and greenness), b*
(yellowness and blueness), C* (chroma) and H (hue angle, the angle of the anticlockwise movement from an
axis of +a* direction, that is, +a*=00, +b*=900, -a*=1800, and –b*= 2700). The ΔE values of differently dyed
fabrics. ΔE value contains the information of color depth, shade, and the hue of a sample [5]. ΔE value is
calculated by using the CIE L*, a*, and b* values with the equation;
ΔE = (ΔL*2 + Δa*2 + Δb*2)1/2
where ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb* values were the difference between L*, a*, and b* values of a pair of color standard
and sample.
The values of C* and H are calculated from a* and b* as;
C* = (a*2 + b*2)1/2
H = tan-1(b*/a*)
The larger the ΔE value, the greater would be the color difference between this pair of color standard and
sample. The experiment was carried out under light source of D 65 at 100 and the outputs showed satisfactory
results remarked as “pass” for pairs of samples having a value of CMC DE value less than 1.00 will be an
acceptable match.
3.6 K/S value measurement
Colorant formulation procedures for spectrophotometric matching use the Kubelka–Munk equation
relating the absorption and scattering coefficients and the concentrations of the colorants in the sample with its
overall reflectance [5]. The global Kubelka–Munk K/S value at a given wavelength is:
K/S = (1-R) 2/2R
Where K and S are the respective values of the absorption and scattering coefficients of the various dyed and of
the undyed textile materials. R is the reflectance of a sample of fabric that is sufficiently thick to prevent light
transmission through it.
IV. Results And Discussions
4.1 SEM result
Following mention the pictorial representation of scoured white fabric and combined striped & scoured fabric
surface structure.
Fig.2: SEM representation of the scoured white fabric

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Fig.3: SEM representation of the combined stripped & scoured white fabric
The SEM result of scoured white fabric showed that the fabric appeared brighter may reflect more light
due to its compactness and finer cross-section (5.6 μm, 10.1 μm, 12.8 μm, 16.2 μm etc.) was found that express
the smaller size porosity than the combined stripped & scoured white fabric. That may limit the dye molecules
absorption by the fabric. But combined stripped & scoured white fabric absorb more light due to the looseness
of fabric structure and coarser cross-section (9.43 μm, 14.2 μm, 19.3 μm, 21.7 μm etc.) was found that occupied
larger size porosity on its surface which might allow easily penetration of lager size dye molecules that may
reduce the uneven shade problem.
4.2 CMC value test result
Fig.4: Graphical presentation of CMC value
In the comparison between separate stripping & scouring verses combinedly stripped & scoured
samples gave CMC DE value 0.12 (sample 1) and 0.50 (sample 2) that express pass because their dye molecules
absorption were same. In the comparison between separately stripped & scoured verses scoured samples gave
CMC DE value 1.36 (sample 1) and 1.29 (sample 2) that express fail because their dye molecules absorption
were not same. Similarly In the comparison between combined stripping scouring verses scouring gave CMC
DE value 1.26 (sample 1) and 1.59 (sample 2) that express fail because their dye molecules absorption were not
same.

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4.3 K/S value test result
Fig.5: Graphical presentation of K/S value of different dyed samples
The reflection of a standard sample closely matched that of dyed samples using a mixture of similar
dyes, where the pairs of samples had a CMC DE value less than 1.00, the value of K/S for the standard sample
at any wavelength was approximately equal to that for the matching dyeing at that wavelength. Where the pairs
of samples had a CMC DE value more than 1.00, the reflections was not matched as well as the K/S values were
also unequal. These outcomes showed the instrumental compare for color matching assessments.
V. Conclusion
The study found that grey fabric stripping reduced in uneven shade in case of compact single jersey
knit fabric when it was dyed with turquoise color of reactive dye. On the other hand conventional dyeing
process gives uneven shade and need to be stripped after dyeing and re-dyeing to match the shade with losing
fabric strength and other fabric quality. Different types of physical quality tests also exhibited that the combined
stripping and scouring process gave better result than other processes. Ball bursting strength of the separately
stripped and scoured dyed fabric is 1.95 N less than that of the grey fabric. The wash fastness and rubbing
fastness tests of different dyed samples may not be revealed significant difference. In the comparison of
combined stripped & scoured dyed fabric and separately stripped & scoured dyed fabric would be tabulated pass
with CMC DE value 0.12 (sample 1) and 0.50 (sample 2) but in the comparison of combined stripped & scoured
dyed fabric with the scoured dyed fabric would be showed failed with CMC DE value 1.36 (sample 1) and 1.29
(sample 2) due to non-uniform absorbency of dye molecules. In case of SEM combined stripped & scoured
fabric would be shown larger porous on the cotton fabric surface due to the action of hydrose but only scoured
would not shown larger porous on the cotton fabric surface due to the absence of action of hydrose because
partial breakage of hydrogen bonds. As a result larger turquoise color dye molecules could be penetrated more
evenly into the cotton fiber core of the combined stripped & scoured dyed which might help to reduce uneven
shade problem in case compact single jersey knit fabric. Due to the lack of larger capacity machine, higher
amount of sample could not be dyed at a time that deviate the exact result in the different physical quality tests.
Hand feel, softness, hairiness could not be determined due to lack suitable testing equipments. Stripping only
carried out by using hydrose but it may be carried out by bleaching powder or enzyme.
Acknowledgement
At first the author would like to express his heart-felt thanks to Almighty Allah for his kind blessing for
completion of his project work successfully.The author like to express my sincerest gratuity to his respectable
supervising teacher Abdul Hannan, Associate professor, Department of Textile Engineering, DUET, for his kind
and valuable guidance, suggestion, encouragement. He never felt boring as the author have wasted his valuable
time and had done constructive criticism throughout the project work. The author is very great full to express
his deep feelings & heartfelt thanks to co-supervisor Mohammed Abdur Rashid, Assistant professor,
Department of Textile Engineering, DUET. The author intended to him for his valuable aid, proper guidance,
superintend, encouragement and concrete help during project work period. His thoughtful evidence, untiring
efforts make possible for author to get information from different organization. He guided the author like a
family member and again inquires the author to project work procedure and gave the author tips for gathering
knowledge and information from the factory.The author is really great full to the Managing Director, HR,
Admin & Compliance, management authority who has permitted him for doing this work and him also grateful
to all of the staffs of the factory.The author also likes to thank Mr. Seminur and all the staff of Bangabandgu
Textile Engineering College.
Finally, the author would like to thank the people, who have made a significant contribution to make
this report. Their guidelines, suggestions for performing this difficult task & inspiration helped me a lot.

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Reference
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[3] Ahmed, A. I. (1995). Reactive Dyes Development: A Review. Textile Dyer And Printer, 28, 19-24.
[4] Broadbent, A. D. (2001). Basic Principles Of Textile Coloration (Vol. 132). West Yorkshire: Society Of Dyers And Colorists.
[5] Standard, A. S. T. M. (2008). Standard Practice For Conditioning And Testing Textiles. Astm International, West Conshohocken,
Pa.