This document provides an abstract and introduction for a study on the impact of incentives for indigenous farmers (A1 and A2) on maize production in Macheke, Mashonaland East Province, Zimbabwe. The study was motivated by a decline in maize deliveries to the Grain Marketing Board in Macheke despite an increase in the number of farmers. The objectives are to understand why production has dropped and to identify incentives to boost production. The introduction provides background on maize production in Zimbabwe and Mashonaland East Province. It reviews literature on Zimbabwe's "green revolutions" in maize and the current food security challenges. The research design utilizes a mixed methods approach through questionnaires, interviews and review of production and import
Status and potential of improving crop subChimeg DB
The document discusses the status and potential of improving Mongolia's crop sub-sector. It finds that while crops currently make up a small portion of agricultural output, the crop sub-sector has potential to address food security and poverty reduction. It faces challenges such as land degradation, lack of technology, and poor infrastructure. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths like available agricultural land but also weaknesses such as low productivity and threats such as climatic hazards.
This document provides an introduction and objectives of Indian agriculture. It discusses that agriculture remains the backbone of the Indian economy despite rapid growth in the non-agriculture sector. Key points include:
- Agriculture supports 17% of the world's population on 2.3% of land area and 4.2% of water resources.
- Average farm size has reduced while productivity remains lower than world average. Mechanization has increased over time utilizing various power sources to supplement human and animal power.
- Objectives are to increase agricultural productivity and meet future food demand projections through intensification and mechanization using appropriate eco-technologies.
- Mechanization indicators show India's level of mechanization has increased over time
Role of agriculture in economic development of the ssaMulenge Peter
Sub-Saharan countries include the 48 independent countries that lie south of the Sahara desert, excluding South Africa, because its agriculture system reflects that of developed countries.
Sources of Technical Inefficiency of Smallholder Farmers in Sorghum Productio...Premier Publishers
This study aims to estimate the technical efficiency and identify sources of technical inefficiency in sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, southern Ethiopia using data collected from a sample of 124 households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land, Urea, DAP, labour, oxen and chemicals found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The mean technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Negative coefficients of education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service and soil fertility indicates that improvement in these factors results in a significant decrease in the level of technical inefficiency. Akin, positive coefficients of age, livestock holding and plots distance were found to increase households’ technical inefficiency. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
This research work examined the impact of Agriculture output on Economic Growth in Nigeria, with the objective of determining the relationship between the Agricultural sector and the Economic Growth rates in Nigeria. Thus, the research was aimed at examining the contributions of agriculture (value added) to the growth of the national economy, investigating government expenditure on agriculture in Nigeria, and determining the contributions of crop production from agriculture on the Nigerian economy. Data were collected from the World Bank Data base and CBN statistical bulletin. Co-Integration and Vector Error correction model techniques were employed as well as the Granger Causality test to determine the causality relationship between Agriculture and Economic Growth. As a result of the data collected, analyzed and interpreted, the research found that Agriculture has positive and long run impact on Economic Growth in Nigeria. The paper recommends amongst many other things that the Government of Nigeria should put in more efforts to diversify the Nigerian economy as the Nigerian agricultural sector currently suffers a lot of marginalization which has not enabled it to contribute more significantly as it should.
Labour shortage is an emerging challenge for Indian agriculture. Several factors are contributing to the declining agricultural workforce, including younger generations moving away from farming, migration to cities for better jobs and wages, and social welfare programs like MGNREGA that provide alternative employment. This is resulting in higher costs of cultivation, increased wages, and potentially lower agricultural production and food security if not addressed through strategic solutions.
Contribution of agricultural sector to GDP: Trend and Policy Implication ( Mi...MD SALMAN ANJUM
This document discusses the contribution of the agricultural sector to India's GDP over time and the implications for policymaking. It notes that while agriculture's share of GDP has declined to around 15%, it still provides livelihoods for over half of India's population. The document also outlines key trends in the agricultural sector GDP, public investment levels, important government missions to increase oilseed and horticulture production, and reforms to privatization, contract farming, and excise duties that influence agricultural policies. Main features of policies aim to promote privatization, contract farming, taxation changes, technology, and soil fertility improvements.
Status and potential of improving crop subChimeg DB
The document discusses the status and potential of improving Mongolia's crop sub-sector. It finds that while crops currently make up a small portion of agricultural output, the crop sub-sector has potential to address food security and poverty reduction. It faces challenges such as land degradation, lack of technology, and poor infrastructure. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths like available agricultural land but also weaknesses such as low productivity and threats such as climatic hazards.
This document provides an introduction and objectives of Indian agriculture. It discusses that agriculture remains the backbone of the Indian economy despite rapid growth in the non-agriculture sector. Key points include:
- Agriculture supports 17% of the world's population on 2.3% of land area and 4.2% of water resources.
- Average farm size has reduced while productivity remains lower than world average. Mechanization has increased over time utilizing various power sources to supplement human and animal power.
- Objectives are to increase agricultural productivity and meet future food demand projections through intensification and mechanization using appropriate eco-technologies.
- Mechanization indicators show India's level of mechanization has increased over time
Role of agriculture in economic development of the ssaMulenge Peter
Sub-Saharan countries include the 48 independent countries that lie south of the Sahara desert, excluding South Africa, because its agriculture system reflects that of developed countries.
Sources of Technical Inefficiency of Smallholder Farmers in Sorghum Productio...Premier Publishers
This study aims to estimate the technical efficiency and identify sources of technical inefficiency in sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, southern Ethiopia using data collected from a sample of 124 households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land, Urea, DAP, labour, oxen and chemicals found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The mean technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that, age, education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Negative coefficients of education, family size, off-farm occupation, extension service and soil fertility indicates that improvement in these factors results in a significant decrease in the level of technical inefficiency. Akin, positive coefficients of age, livestock holding and plots distance were found to increase households’ technical inefficiency. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
This research work examined the impact of Agriculture output on Economic Growth in Nigeria, with the objective of determining the relationship between the Agricultural sector and the Economic Growth rates in Nigeria. Thus, the research was aimed at examining the contributions of agriculture (value added) to the growth of the national economy, investigating government expenditure on agriculture in Nigeria, and determining the contributions of crop production from agriculture on the Nigerian economy. Data were collected from the World Bank Data base and CBN statistical bulletin. Co-Integration and Vector Error correction model techniques were employed as well as the Granger Causality test to determine the causality relationship between Agriculture and Economic Growth. As a result of the data collected, analyzed and interpreted, the research found that Agriculture has positive and long run impact on Economic Growth in Nigeria. The paper recommends amongst many other things that the Government of Nigeria should put in more efforts to diversify the Nigerian economy as the Nigerian agricultural sector currently suffers a lot of marginalization which has not enabled it to contribute more significantly as it should.
Labour shortage is an emerging challenge for Indian agriculture. Several factors are contributing to the declining agricultural workforce, including younger generations moving away from farming, migration to cities for better jobs and wages, and social welfare programs like MGNREGA that provide alternative employment. This is resulting in higher costs of cultivation, increased wages, and potentially lower agricultural production and food security if not addressed through strategic solutions.
Contribution of agricultural sector to GDP: Trend and Policy Implication ( Mi...MD SALMAN ANJUM
This document discusses the contribution of the agricultural sector to India's GDP over time and the implications for policymaking. It notes that while agriculture's share of GDP has declined to around 15%, it still provides livelihoods for over half of India's population. The document also outlines key trends in the agricultural sector GDP, public investment levels, important government missions to increase oilseed and horticulture production, and reforms to privatization, contract farming, and excise duties that influence agricultural policies. Main features of policies aim to promote privatization, contract farming, taxation changes, technology, and soil fertility improvements.
the role of agriculture in economic developmentmajesticmaths
This document discusses the role of agriculture in economic development. It notes that while agriculture's share of GDP is declining, agricultural productivity has been increasing in some regions through higher yields. However, agricultural growth did not lead to as much economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa as hoped. The document examines factors driving changes in agriculture, the relationship between agricultural growth and poverty reduction, linkages between agriculture and other sectors, and inclusion/exclusion of small farms. It questions why, despite investments, agricultural development has not resulted in more success in reducing poverty.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Status of Agricultural Food Sector: Basis for A Proposed Continuity PlanIJAEMSJORNAL
This study described the status of agriculture in the province of Nueva Ecija. It determined the current situation of the farming business in Nueva Ecija in terms of agricultural land use, its statistical profile on agriculture, crops grown by cities and municipalities and the presence of support agencies in maintaining the continuous development of farming and other forms of agriculture therein. Based on its agriculture profile, land, mostly irrigated shares the biggest portion in terms of its usage for food production. Rice, corn, onion and tomatoes are the major crops being grown in cities and municipalities. Findings revealed that rice and corn share the biggest in domestic consumption. For support agencies, bank and business agencies are found in support for farmers while the government mostly provides seminars. It was also revealed that other seeds for crops are introduced as a farmer’s option and lesser in choosing for an investment in their income. As their contingency plan, farmers opt to sell and engage in driving rather than farming during lean months. Pest attacks constitute the main problem encountered by farmers, while seeding management is a priority. The above findings point to certain sustainability that requires improvement and a continuity plan to match up with the continuous supply of goods from the farms to the demands of an increasing population for its consumption.
Agricultural Development during Structural TransformationTri Widodo W. UTOMO
(Case Study of Hachiman-cho, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)
Prepared to fulfill assignments in the Domestic Field Work Course, GSID Nagoya Universisity, 2002
By: Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
Impact of government school to-land agricultural project on rural development...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that assesses the impact of a Nigerian government program called the school-to-land agricultural project on rural development in Rivers State. The program aims to promote rural employment, livestock and food crop production, and rural income generation. Survey results from 300 farmer participants and community members reveal that the program has contributed to rural development by increasing livestock and food production. However, the adoption of modern farming techniques and constant review of agricultural policies is recommended to avoid duplication of projects.
Mainstreaming sustainability in the Nigerian agricultural transformation agendaPremier Publishers
The document discusses issues around sustainability in Nigeria's Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) program. It notes that while the ATA aims to modernize Nigerian agriculture, its heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers and ambiguous stance on GMOs could negatively impact future generations. Specifically, the program's fertilizer policy focuses on chemicals over organic alternatives, and does not take a clear position on GMOs, which have been linked to health, environmental and economic risks. The document concludes that while the ATA aims to empower farmers, its approach may actually benefit others at farmers' expense if sociological factors and sustainability are not properly incorporated.
This study analyzes the impact of liberalization and agricultural policies in India on agricultural output and factors of production. It finds that pre-liberalization, area and fertilizer positively impacted output, while pesticides had low impact. Post-liberalization, fertilizer continued to positively impact output while pesticides negatively impacted it. The National Agricultural Policy aimed to increase agricultural exports and decrease imports, but exports declined more than expected post-policy while imports declined slightly less than expected. Overall, the study finds that factors contributing to output have changed over time, and agricultural policies have not fully achieved their goals.
Nature, scope and significance of Agricultural Production EconomicsRAVI SAHU
Agricultural production economics is concerned with the productivity and efficient use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It deals with factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationships. The scope of agricultural production economics includes the economics of agricultural production, problems in the agricultural sector and remedies, agricultural credit, marketing, demand and supply of farm goods, agricultural policies and programs, and taxes on farm productivity. Agricultural production economics is significant as it applies economic theories to address agricultural issues and provides insights into the relationships between crop and animal production systems.
The role of Agriculture in Economic DevelopmentPenjaniBanda
This document summarizes the agricultural-led growth theory and its critics. The agricultural-led growth theory proposes that investment in agriculture is necessary for national economic growth, as agriculture provides surplus labor, food, markets, savings, and foreign exchange to support industrialization. However, critics argue that in open economies, high agricultural productivity can squeeze out manufacturing and that trade openness, not agriculture, drives growth by allowing countries to import food and export manufactured goods. Both agriculture and trade are important for economic growth, but agriculture's role decreases as industry increases, and open trade is also a key factor.
The economic impact of agricultural development on poverty reduction and welf...Caroline Chenqi Zhou
This study employs quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the relationship between agricultural development, poverty reduction, and income inequality. Building upon the World Bank’s Enabling the Business of Agriculture study (2016) and data from the World Development Indicators (2015) for the years 2000 to 2014, we test two hypotheses. The first pertains to agricultural development and poverty reduction to assess to what extent agricultural development reduces poverty. The second, in a similar fashion, addresses the relationship between agricultural development and income inequality. To supplement our quantitative analysis of these questions, we include a case study of agricultural development, agricultural policy reforms, and their impact in Vietnam and Tanzania. We find evidence that agricultural development reduces poverty.
1) Agriculture faces problems due to limited land supply, making sustained food imports not viable for India's needs. Increased agricultural productivity is required to ensure food security for current and future populations.
2) While services have replaced agriculture as the largest GDP contributor, agriculture remains the largest employer in India. The development of high-yielding seeds and the fertilizer-irrigation package in the 1960s led to large increases in productivity.
3) There are still significant variations in productivity across states and regions in India, highlighting the need to address disparities. Increased production is also required to meet projected demand increases for items like oilseeds, fish, eggs, and fruits by 2020-2021.
The agriculture sector continues to be the backbone of the Indian economy with around 50 per cent of population earning its livelihood from it. Contributing significantly to inclusive growth, the sector plays a vital role in India’s development journey. Despite this, agriculture is plagued by multifarious challenges. Some of the problems relate to the stagnation of yields, rising input costs, un-remunerative prices to farmers, among others. Hence it is pivotal that a turnaround is scripted in the agriculture sector which will be crucial for achieving inclusive growth. In this context, the distinctive and revolutionary vision enunciated by the Prime Minister of doubling farmer incomes by 2022 is undoubtedly praiseworthy and provides a remarkable opportunity to take the performance of Indian agriculture to a new level.
In the current issue of Economy Matters, the Focus of the Month is on “Reforming Agriculture Sector”. In Domestic Trends, we present an Economy Overview along with analysis of the latest data on Monsoon progress, IIP, Inflation, Monetary policy & Trade performance. In Policy Focus, the highlights of the key policies announced by the Government/RBI during July-August 2017. Global growth prospects and US fed policy stance is covered in Global Trends.
The document provides an overview of agricultural economics. It discusses key concepts like the definition and scope of agricultural economics, global trends in agricultural supply, and theories related to agricultural development and the role of agriculture in economic development. It also outlines the course, which covers important concepts, demand and supply mechanisms for agricultural products, government intervention in agriculture, and challenges and opportunities for Cambodian agriculture.
Concept of Economic Environment
Agricultural Sector
Status of agriculture sector in Nepalese economy
Features of Nepalese Agriculture
Issues of Agriculture Development in Nepal
The Economic Survey, 2016/17
Performance Implication of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program...ijtsrd
In a bid to revitalize the ailing agricultural sector in Nigeria, several programmes have been introduced by the government, one of such programmes is Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 Atasp 1 . Hence, this study was necessitated to look at the performance implication of the programme on participant farmers in Southeast Nigeria. The study specifically determined the effect of ATASP 1 interventions on the farm income of participants and ascertained the effect of ATASP 1 intervention on the farm profit of participants. A survey research design was adopted for the study. A total of 8,585 Rice 3248 and Cassava 5337 farmers are participating in the programme from Anambra and Enugu constituted the population for the study. A multi stage sampling technique was employed by the researcher. Taro Yamane sample size determination formula was further used to derive the sample size 730 of the study. R. Kumaison formula was adopted to allocate sample stratum for the study. Primary and secondary data were collected and used in the study. A combination of descriptive, regression and inferential statistics were utilized in data analysis. Results revealed that Pseudo R2 was 0.435 which implies that 43.5 variation in farmer's income was explained by the joint action of the programme interventions and that the Pseudo R2 was 0.300 which implies that the programme interventions explained 30.0 variation in the profit of farmers. Hence, it was concluded that ATASP 1 is a signifant and right step in the right direction to regalvanize the agricultural sector and give it the pride of place it desearves. Among others, the study recommended that there is a need for the programme to increase its efforts on financial market development intervention and that the programme implementers and policymakers are encouraged to increase their intervention in rural areas. Johnpaul Chimnedum Onyekineso | Nwankwo Frank "Performance Implication of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 (Atasp-1): A Southeast Nigeria Experience" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46410.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/46410/performance-implication-of-agricultural-transformation-agenda-support-program-phase-1-atasp1-a-southeast-nigeria-experience/johnpaul-chimnedum-onyekineso
This document analyzes the level of agricultural development in Mandla-Dindori region of Madhya Pradesh, India using secondary data collected from various sources. Fourteen indicators related to irrigation, cropping intensity, use of technology, and production are used to calculate a composite Z-score for each of the 16 community development blocks in the region. Most blocks show a moderate level of development, while three blocks are high and three are low. Deteriorating irrigation, poor water management, inappropriate technology use, and lack of infrastructure are found to be major causes of agricultural backwardness in the region.
Agriculture plays an important role in India's economic development by providing livelihoods and being a major component of national income and industry support. It can enhance or constrain economic growth depending on how countries solve their "agrarian question" of balancing agriculture and development. For India, agriculture faces challenges of stagnating major crop production, high farm input costs, soil exhaustion, groundwater depletion, and globalization impacts.
Effect of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 Atasp 1 ...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Programme Phase 1 ATASP 1 on Farmers Performance in Southeast, Nigeria. It used a well structured questionnaire to collect data from a cross section of randomly selected 730 respondents. A combination of analytical tools such as descriptive statistics, Tobit and multiple regression analysis and inferential statistics were used for analysis. The study found that 56.6 of the farmers are males with an average age of 44 years, who are 87.8 married and have 10 years of formal schooling. Apart from over 19 years farming experience, the average 6 people per household is large enough to supply cheap family labour to the farmers. The study found out that the programme interventions are classified into three important components, which are infrastructure, financial market and commodity value chain development. It was also revealed that farmers adopted the following agricultural technologies the use of improved seed varieties, the use of ICT extension facilities, and keeping a good farm processing record to track changes, among others. The study, therefore, recommended among others, that the programme implementers need to be transparent in their disbursement and implementation of the project mandates and that there is a need to improve the literacy level of the farmers, as this will go a long way to improve their possibilities of technology adoption. Johnpaul Chimnedum Onyekineso | Nwankwo Frank "Effect of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 (Atasp-1) on Farmers' Performance in Southeast, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46407.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/46407/effect-of-agricultural-transformation-agenda-support-program-phase-1-atasp1-on-farmers'-performance-in-southeast-nigeria/johnpaul-chimnedum-onyekineso
Chemical Reaction Effects on Free Convective Flow of a Polar Fluid from a Ver...IOSR Journals
This article deals with a study of two dimensional free convective flow of a polar fluid through a porous medium due to combined effects of thermal and mass diffusion in presence of a chemical reaction of first order. The objective of the present investigation is to analyze the free convective flow in the presence of prescribed wall heat flux and mass flux condition. The governing partial differential equations are non-dimensionalized and transformed into a system of non-similar equations. The resulting coupled nonlinear partial differential equations are solved numerically under appropriate transformed boundary conditions using an implicit finite difference scheme in combination with quasilinearisation technique. Computations are performed for a wide range of values of the various governing flow parameters of the velocity, angular velocity, temperature and species concentration profiles and results are presented graphically. The numerical results for local skin friction coefficient, couple stress coefficient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number are also presented. The obtained results are compared with previously published work and were to be in excellent agreement. The study reveals that the flow characteristics are profoundly influenced by the polar effects
Flash chromatography guided fractionation and antibacterial activity studies ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that fractionated extracts of Angelica archangelica roots using flash chromatography and tested the fractions for antibacterial activity. Several fractions showed promising antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 125-500 μg/ml against four bacterial strains. The most active fractions were from methanol extracts. All ethyl acetate fractions exhibited activity. Further investigation of these fractions could uncover bioactive compounds responsible for the plant's traditional medicinal uses.
the role of agriculture in economic developmentmajesticmaths
This document discusses the role of agriculture in economic development. It notes that while agriculture's share of GDP is declining, agricultural productivity has been increasing in some regions through higher yields. However, agricultural growth did not lead to as much economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa as hoped. The document examines factors driving changes in agriculture, the relationship between agricultural growth and poverty reduction, linkages between agriculture and other sectors, and inclusion/exclusion of small farms. It questions why, despite investments, agricultural development has not resulted in more success in reducing poverty.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Status of Agricultural Food Sector: Basis for A Proposed Continuity PlanIJAEMSJORNAL
This study described the status of agriculture in the province of Nueva Ecija. It determined the current situation of the farming business in Nueva Ecija in terms of agricultural land use, its statistical profile on agriculture, crops grown by cities and municipalities and the presence of support agencies in maintaining the continuous development of farming and other forms of agriculture therein. Based on its agriculture profile, land, mostly irrigated shares the biggest portion in terms of its usage for food production. Rice, corn, onion and tomatoes are the major crops being grown in cities and municipalities. Findings revealed that rice and corn share the biggest in domestic consumption. For support agencies, bank and business agencies are found in support for farmers while the government mostly provides seminars. It was also revealed that other seeds for crops are introduced as a farmer’s option and lesser in choosing for an investment in their income. As their contingency plan, farmers opt to sell and engage in driving rather than farming during lean months. Pest attacks constitute the main problem encountered by farmers, while seeding management is a priority. The above findings point to certain sustainability that requires improvement and a continuity plan to match up with the continuous supply of goods from the farms to the demands of an increasing population for its consumption.
Agricultural Development during Structural TransformationTri Widodo W. UTOMO
(Case Study of Hachiman-cho, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)
Prepared to fulfill assignments in the Domestic Field Work Course, GSID Nagoya Universisity, 2002
By: Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Commercialization of Smallholder Teff Producers in Ethiopia: Constraints and ...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to assess the smallholder farmers’ teff production and marketing constraints and opportunities in Guduru District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Two-stages sampling procedure was followed to select 154 teff producer farmers from four randomly selected kebeles. An interview schedule was used to collect household survey data during the 2016/2017 farming season. The Household Commercialization Index was used to assess the levels of market participation. The results revealed that about 78% of sampled farmers sold teff during a production year of 2016/2017. The Kendall’s coefficient of concordance result revealed that production constraints like high cost of fertilizer and delayed delivery, credit problem, shortage of land, unpredictable rainfall, limited improved seed acquisition, insufficient labor, loss of soil fertility and marketing constraints like poor road, limited alternative outlets, fluctuation of teff price, low bargaining power of farmers, inadequate market information and week farmers’ cooperative were pressing constraints of teff production and marketing in study area in order of their importance. The implication of this finding is that promotion of better access to communication facilities and institutional services may significantly contribute to promoting market participation and hence commercialization of teff producer smallholders.
Impact of government school to-land agricultural project on rural development...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that assesses the impact of a Nigerian government program called the school-to-land agricultural project on rural development in Rivers State. The program aims to promote rural employment, livestock and food crop production, and rural income generation. Survey results from 300 farmer participants and community members reveal that the program has contributed to rural development by increasing livestock and food production. However, the adoption of modern farming techniques and constant review of agricultural policies is recommended to avoid duplication of projects.
Mainstreaming sustainability in the Nigerian agricultural transformation agendaPremier Publishers
The document discusses issues around sustainability in Nigeria's Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) program. It notes that while the ATA aims to modernize Nigerian agriculture, its heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers and ambiguous stance on GMOs could negatively impact future generations. Specifically, the program's fertilizer policy focuses on chemicals over organic alternatives, and does not take a clear position on GMOs, which have been linked to health, environmental and economic risks. The document concludes that while the ATA aims to empower farmers, its approach may actually benefit others at farmers' expense if sociological factors and sustainability are not properly incorporated.
This study analyzes the impact of liberalization and agricultural policies in India on agricultural output and factors of production. It finds that pre-liberalization, area and fertilizer positively impacted output, while pesticides had low impact. Post-liberalization, fertilizer continued to positively impact output while pesticides negatively impacted it. The National Agricultural Policy aimed to increase agricultural exports and decrease imports, but exports declined more than expected post-policy while imports declined slightly less than expected. Overall, the study finds that factors contributing to output have changed over time, and agricultural policies have not fully achieved their goals.
Nature, scope and significance of Agricultural Production EconomicsRAVI SAHU
Agricultural production economics is concerned with the productivity and efficient use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It deals with factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationships. The scope of agricultural production economics includes the economics of agricultural production, problems in the agricultural sector and remedies, agricultural credit, marketing, demand and supply of farm goods, agricultural policies and programs, and taxes on farm productivity. Agricultural production economics is significant as it applies economic theories to address agricultural issues and provides insights into the relationships between crop and animal production systems.
The role of Agriculture in Economic DevelopmentPenjaniBanda
This document summarizes the agricultural-led growth theory and its critics. The agricultural-led growth theory proposes that investment in agriculture is necessary for national economic growth, as agriculture provides surplus labor, food, markets, savings, and foreign exchange to support industrialization. However, critics argue that in open economies, high agricultural productivity can squeeze out manufacturing and that trade openness, not agriculture, drives growth by allowing countries to import food and export manufactured goods. Both agriculture and trade are important for economic growth, but agriculture's role decreases as industry increases, and open trade is also a key factor.
The economic impact of agricultural development on poverty reduction and welf...Caroline Chenqi Zhou
This study employs quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the relationship between agricultural development, poverty reduction, and income inequality. Building upon the World Bank’s Enabling the Business of Agriculture study (2016) and data from the World Development Indicators (2015) for the years 2000 to 2014, we test two hypotheses. The first pertains to agricultural development and poverty reduction to assess to what extent agricultural development reduces poverty. The second, in a similar fashion, addresses the relationship between agricultural development and income inequality. To supplement our quantitative analysis of these questions, we include a case study of agricultural development, agricultural policy reforms, and their impact in Vietnam and Tanzania. We find evidence that agricultural development reduces poverty.
1) Agriculture faces problems due to limited land supply, making sustained food imports not viable for India's needs. Increased agricultural productivity is required to ensure food security for current and future populations.
2) While services have replaced agriculture as the largest GDP contributor, agriculture remains the largest employer in India. The development of high-yielding seeds and the fertilizer-irrigation package in the 1960s led to large increases in productivity.
3) There are still significant variations in productivity across states and regions in India, highlighting the need to address disparities. Increased production is also required to meet projected demand increases for items like oilseeds, fish, eggs, and fruits by 2020-2021.
The agriculture sector continues to be the backbone of the Indian economy with around 50 per cent of population earning its livelihood from it. Contributing significantly to inclusive growth, the sector plays a vital role in India’s development journey. Despite this, agriculture is plagued by multifarious challenges. Some of the problems relate to the stagnation of yields, rising input costs, un-remunerative prices to farmers, among others. Hence it is pivotal that a turnaround is scripted in the agriculture sector which will be crucial for achieving inclusive growth. In this context, the distinctive and revolutionary vision enunciated by the Prime Minister of doubling farmer incomes by 2022 is undoubtedly praiseworthy and provides a remarkable opportunity to take the performance of Indian agriculture to a new level.
In the current issue of Economy Matters, the Focus of the Month is on “Reforming Agriculture Sector”. In Domestic Trends, we present an Economy Overview along with analysis of the latest data on Monsoon progress, IIP, Inflation, Monetary policy & Trade performance. In Policy Focus, the highlights of the key policies announced by the Government/RBI during July-August 2017. Global growth prospects and US fed policy stance is covered in Global Trends.
The document provides an overview of agricultural economics. It discusses key concepts like the definition and scope of agricultural economics, global trends in agricultural supply, and theories related to agricultural development and the role of agriculture in economic development. It also outlines the course, which covers important concepts, demand and supply mechanisms for agricultural products, government intervention in agriculture, and challenges and opportunities for Cambodian agriculture.
Concept of Economic Environment
Agricultural Sector
Status of agriculture sector in Nepalese economy
Features of Nepalese Agriculture
Issues of Agriculture Development in Nepal
The Economic Survey, 2016/17
Performance Implication of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program...ijtsrd
In a bid to revitalize the ailing agricultural sector in Nigeria, several programmes have been introduced by the government, one of such programmes is Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 Atasp 1 . Hence, this study was necessitated to look at the performance implication of the programme on participant farmers in Southeast Nigeria. The study specifically determined the effect of ATASP 1 interventions on the farm income of participants and ascertained the effect of ATASP 1 intervention on the farm profit of participants. A survey research design was adopted for the study. A total of 8,585 Rice 3248 and Cassava 5337 farmers are participating in the programme from Anambra and Enugu constituted the population for the study. A multi stage sampling technique was employed by the researcher. Taro Yamane sample size determination formula was further used to derive the sample size 730 of the study. R. Kumaison formula was adopted to allocate sample stratum for the study. Primary and secondary data were collected and used in the study. A combination of descriptive, regression and inferential statistics were utilized in data analysis. Results revealed that Pseudo R2 was 0.435 which implies that 43.5 variation in farmer's income was explained by the joint action of the programme interventions and that the Pseudo R2 was 0.300 which implies that the programme interventions explained 30.0 variation in the profit of farmers. Hence, it was concluded that ATASP 1 is a signifant and right step in the right direction to regalvanize the agricultural sector and give it the pride of place it desearves. Among others, the study recommended that there is a need for the programme to increase its efforts on financial market development intervention and that the programme implementers and policymakers are encouraged to increase their intervention in rural areas. Johnpaul Chimnedum Onyekineso | Nwankwo Frank "Performance Implication of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 (Atasp-1): A Southeast Nigeria Experience" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46410.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/46410/performance-implication-of-agricultural-transformation-agenda-support-program-phase-1-atasp1-a-southeast-nigeria-experience/johnpaul-chimnedum-onyekineso
This document analyzes the level of agricultural development in Mandla-Dindori region of Madhya Pradesh, India using secondary data collected from various sources. Fourteen indicators related to irrigation, cropping intensity, use of technology, and production are used to calculate a composite Z-score for each of the 16 community development blocks in the region. Most blocks show a moderate level of development, while three blocks are high and three are low. Deteriorating irrigation, poor water management, inappropriate technology use, and lack of infrastructure are found to be major causes of agricultural backwardness in the region.
Agriculture plays an important role in India's economic development by providing livelihoods and being a major component of national income and industry support. It can enhance or constrain economic growth depending on how countries solve their "agrarian question" of balancing agriculture and development. For India, agriculture faces challenges of stagnating major crop production, high farm input costs, soil exhaustion, groundwater depletion, and globalization impacts.
Effect of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 Atasp 1 ...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Programme Phase 1 ATASP 1 on Farmers Performance in Southeast, Nigeria. It used a well structured questionnaire to collect data from a cross section of randomly selected 730 respondents. A combination of analytical tools such as descriptive statistics, Tobit and multiple regression analysis and inferential statistics were used for analysis. The study found that 56.6 of the farmers are males with an average age of 44 years, who are 87.8 married and have 10 years of formal schooling. Apart from over 19 years farming experience, the average 6 people per household is large enough to supply cheap family labour to the farmers. The study found out that the programme interventions are classified into three important components, which are infrastructure, financial market and commodity value chain development. It was also revealed that farmers adopted the following agricultural technologies the use of improved seed varieties, the use of ICT extension facilities, and keeping a good farm processing record to track changes, among others. The study, therefore, recommended among others, that the programme implementers need to be transparent in their disbursement and implementation of the project mandates and that there is a need to improve the literacy level of the farmers, as this will go a long way to improve their possibilities of technology adoption. Johnpaul Chimnedum Onyekineso | Nwankwo Frank "Effect of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 (Atasp-1) on Farmers' Performance in Southeast, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46407.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/46407/effect-of-agricultural-transformation-agenda-support-program-phase-1-atasp1-on-farmers'-performance-in-southeast-nigeria/johnpaul-chimnedum-onyekineso
Chemical Reaction Effects on Free Convective Flow of a Polar Fluid from a Ver...IOSR Journals
This article deals with a study of two dimensional free convective flow of a polar fluid through a porous medium due to combined effects of thermal and mass diffusion in presence of a chemical reaction of first order. The objective of the present investigation is to analyze the free convective flow in the presence of prescribed wall heat flux and mass flux condition. The governing partial differential equations are non-dimensionalized and transformed into a system of non-similar equations. The resulting coupled nonlinear partial differential equations are solved numerically under appropriate transformed boundary conditions using an implicit finite difference scheme in combination with quasilinearisation technique. Computations are performed for a wide range of values of the various governing flow parameters of the velocity, angular velocity, temperature and species concentration profiles and results are presented graphically. The numerical results for local skin friction coefficient, couple stress coefficient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number are also presented. The obtained results are compared with previously published work and were to be in excellent agreement. The study reveals that the flow characteristics are profoundly influenced by the polar effects
Flash chromatography guided fractionation and antibacterial activity studies ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that fractionated extracts of Angelica archangelica roots using flash chromatography and tested the fractions for antibacterial activity. Several fractions showed promising antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 125-500 μg/ml against four bacterial strains. The most active fractions were from methanol extracts. All ethyl acetate fractions exhibited activity. Further investigation of these fractions could uncover bioactive compounds responsible for the plant's traditional medicinal uses.
This document provides an overview of software fault detection and prevention mechanisms. It discusses several fault detection mechanisms used in the software development lifecycle, including automated static analysis, graph mining, and classifiers. Automated static analysis tools can find standard problems but miss many faults that could lead to failures. Graph mining uses call graph analysis to identify issues in function calling frequencies or structures. Classifiers like NaiveBayes can be trained on normal code behavior to identify abnormal events. The document also discusses fault prevention benefits, related work, and concludes with the importance of fault detection and prevention for developing high quality, reliable software.
This document presents a new technique called Frequent Pattern Mining with Serialization and De-Serialization (FPMSD) for efficiently mining frequent patterns from large transactional databases. FPMSD uses down-level indexing to quickly identify patterns associated with individual items meeting the minimum support threshold. It also utilizes serialization to save discovered frequent patterns to a file and deserialization to load previously found patterns, reducing computation time compared to analyzing the dataset from scratch. The paper describes the FPMSD algorithm and evaluates its performance against other techniques like Apriori, DHP, ECLAT and FP-Growth on several datasets, demonstrating that FPMSD has the fastest execution times, especially on larger datasets with higher minimum support values.
This document discusses developing a mobile enrollment system for universities in Nigeria. Currently, most university enrollment processes in Nigeria are done manually, which causes long wait times and errors. The authors propose creating a mobile application that would allow students to complete the enrollment process from any location using a mobile device. They conducted a survey that found undergraduate students would most favor such a system and that the main motivations for using a mobile app would be to save time and costs. The authors conclude a mobile enrollment system could speed up the process, reduce errors and provide users with increased convenience and security.
This document provides a review of different classifiers used for text classification on social media data. It discusses how social media data is often unstructured and contains users' opinions and sentiments. Various machine learning algorithms can be used to classify this social media text data, extracting meaningful information. The document focuses on describing Naive Bayes classifiers, which are commonly used for text classification tasks. It explains how Naive Bayes classifiers work by calculating the posterior probability that a document belongs to a certain class, based on applying Bayes' theorem with an independence assumption between features.
1) The study investigated the influence of branding on higher educational institutions in India. Questionnaires were distributed to students at 26 engineering institutions to understand the impact of various branding dimensions.
2) The findings showed that brand rating was statistically significantly influenced by the branding dimensions of service, innovation, quality, price, image, and external exposure. External exposure had the strongest influence on brand rating.
3) A regression analysis confirmed that all the branding dimensions, including service, innovation, quality, price, image, and external exposure, had a statistically significant impact on an institution's overall brand rating as perceived by students.
Review On Google Android a Mobile PlatformIOSR Journals
This document reviews Google's Android mobile platform. It begins by providing background on the increasing popularity of smartphones and how Android was launched as an open-source platform to compete with other mobile platforms. It then describes the architecture of the Android software stack, including the Linux kernel, runtime environment, and application framework. Finally, it discusses the Android application execution process and how Android improved on the conventional mobile approach by giving all applications equal access to system resources.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Drugs and Pharmaceuticals by Cerium (IV) ...IOSR Journals
Simple, sensitive, accurate, and precise spectrophotometric methods for quantitative determination of drugs, viz., Darifenacin (DAR), Esmolol Hydrochloride (ESM), Montelukast Sodium (MON), Sildenafil citrate (SIL),Terbinafine (TER) and Tramadol Hydrochloride (TRA) were developed. The method of each drug depends upon oxidation of drugs by Ce (IV) (Excess) and estimating the amount of unreacted Ce (IV) by amaranth dye at 523nm. The calibration curves obeyed Beer’s law over the concentration range of 1.4-7.0 μg ml-1 (DAR), 2-14 μg ml-1 (ESM), 2-10 μg ml-1 (MON), 20-70 μg ml-1 (SIL), 3-21 μg ml-1 (TER) & 2-14 μg ml-1 (TRA). The methods have been validated in terms of guidelines of ICH and applied to analysis of pharmaceuticals.
Fuzzy Logic Based Controller Effective Energy Management OfComposite Energy S...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a composite energy storage system (CESS) involving batteries and ultracapacitors for use in microgrids powered by renewable energy sources like photovoltaics. The CESS aims to address the intermittent nature of renewable power generation and fluctuating load demand. It uses both high energy density batteries and high power density ultracapacitors. DAB converters are used to interface the batteries and ultracapacitor to the DC bus. A fuzzy logic controller is proposed for effective energy management between the batteries and ultracapacitor to meet varying power needs. Simulation results demonstrate how the controller can dynamically allocate power demands and manage energy distribution between the storage components.
1. The document proposes an efficient algorithm to retrieve videos from a database using a video clip as a query.
2. Key features like color, texture, edges and motion are extracted from video shots and clusters are created using these features to reduce search time complexity.
3. When a query video is given, its features are used to search the closest cluster. Then sequential matching of additional features and shot lengths is done to find the most similar matching videos from the database.
Bus Data Acquisition and Remote Monitoring System Using Gsm & CanIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of a bus data acquisition and remote monitoring system using GSM and CAN networks. The system uses wireless data acquisition units connected to sensors to acquire signals wirelessly. The data is transmitted to a receiver unit using Zigbee wireless transmission. The receiver unit then sends the data to a remote monitoring service center using GSM. The system implements CAN networks within the bus to connect electronic control units and allow communication between nodes. The goal is to remotely monitor and control bus systems from an off-site location.
On The Effect of Perturbations, Radiation and Triaxiality on the Stability of...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the effect of perturbations, radiation, and triaxiality on the stability of triangular libration points in the restricted three-body problem. The paper established equations of motion that account for small perturbations in coriolis and centrifugal forces when the larger primary is a triaxial rigid body and the smaller primary emits radiation. It was found that these factors affect the libration points and the critical mass value for stability. The work generalizes prior equations of motion to include these additional influences on the restricted three-body problem.
Solving Age-old Transportation Problems by Nonlinear Programming methodsIOSR Journals
This document discusses solving transportation problems using nonlinear programming methods. It begins by providing background on the historical development of transportation from ancient times to modern innovations. It then describes how linear programming formulations can be used to solve traditional transportation problems by minimizing costs. However, in practice transportation costs are often nonlinear due to volume discounts. The document proposes using nonlinear programming approaches like Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions to solve transportation problems with nonlinear cost functions. It provides an example problem demonstrating how to formulate and solve a nonlinear transportation problem to minimize total costs of transporting a product across a river and the associated container costs.
An Improved Phase Disposition Pulse Width Modulation (PDPWM) For a Modular Mu...IOSR Journals
1) The document proposes an improved phase disposition pulse width modulation (PDPWM) method for a modular multilevel inverter used for photovoltaic grid connection.
2) The method, called selective virtual loop mapping (SVLM), aims to achieve dynamic capacitor voltage balance without adding an extra compensation signal.
3) It establishes the concept of virtual submodules and balances voltages by changing the loop mapping relationships between virtual and real submodules, making it suitable for modular multilevel converters with a large number of submodules.
This document describes the design of a 16-channel audio mixer. It begins with an introduction to audio mixers and their uses. It then discusses the design methodology, considering factors like the number of input/output channels, power requirements, cost, and portability. The design is divided into several stages: a power stage using a step-down transformer and rectification circuit, a stereo stage for each channel with gain, bass, and treble controls, an auxiliary stage to boost the output signal, and a volume control stage to jointly control the levels. Block diagrams and circuit diagrams are provided to illustrate the design. In conclusion, the 16-channel audio mixer is tested by connecting it to an external amplifier and speakers.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Synthesis and structural characterization of Al-CNT metal matrix composite us...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes research into synthesizing an aluminum-carbon nanotube (Al-CNT) metal matrix composite using a physical mixing method. CNTs were dispersed in aluminum nanopowder via ultrasonication and magnetic stirring to create composite samples with 0.5-2% CNT content by weight. Structural characterization with XRD, SEM and TEM showed uniform CNT distribution within the aluminum matrix without formation of aluminum carbides. This physical mixing method avoids CNT damage and maintains the mechanical and electronic properties of CNTs better than other synthesis techniques.
This document describes the design, implementation, and testing of a 16-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor. The processor was implemented on a Xilinx XC3S400 field programmable gate array (FPGA) and has an instruction set of 8 instructions. The processor design includes a 5-stage pipeline with forwarding logic to handle data hazards and a modified datapath to handle control hazards from branches. Testing was done by writing sample assembly code to the instruction memory and observing the processor's operation via serial transmission of register values and other signals. The results demonstrated stalls from data dependencies and a one clock cycle branch delay as intended.
Impact of Biomedical Waste on City Environment :Case Study of Pune India.IOSR Journals
Indian cities are facing problem of Biomedical waste management in the wake of urban development. The number of healthcare facilities is increasing day by day resulting in large-scale generation of bio medical waste. It has been observed that inadequate disposal of biomedical waste is creating highly unhygienic environment and posing serious heath threat for inhabitants. Present paper discusses the issue of biomedical waste management from a wider perspective with special emphasis on chemical waste which is one of the most hazardous wastes in present context. Various types of biomedical waste with reference to generation, handling and disposal practices are presented. It includes study and analysis of the parameters which affect the quality of environment to explore their impact on city environments. The current practices of handling such waste is presented based on a study conducted in city of Pune, which is the second largest city in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is aimed to put forth the importance of adequate handling and treatment of biomedical waste with reference to healthy and hygienic living environment for inhabitants to live in.
The impact of government agricultural expenditure on economic growth in zimbabweAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of government agricultural expenditure on economic growth in Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2009. The study employed a log linear regression model with gross domestic product as the dependent variable and factors such as government expenditure on agriculture, investment, and consumption as explanatory variables. The regression analysis found that increased spending on agricultural research and development can improve economic growth. However, insufficient government expenditure on agricultural extension and credit assistance adversely affected economic growth in Zimbabwe. The results provide evidence that agriculture is an engine of economic growth in the country.
t-Emphasis on the impact of weather contribution to crop production in the developing world is of
crucial as far as the agricultural sector is concerned. Meanwhile,
Factors influencing farmers participation in smallholderAlexander Decker
- The document discusses factors that influence farmers' participation in smallholder irrigation schemes in Swaziland, using Ntfonjeni Rural Development Area as a case study.
- It analyzes data collected from 96 farming households, comparing 48 participant households to 48 non-participant households.
- The study finds that participation is significantly influenced by distance to the scheme, age and occupation of household head, farm size, and access to credit and other groups. Participation in irrigation schemes improves household output and income.
Impact of Anchor Borrowers Program (ABP) on Smallholder Rice Farmers in Kebbi...BRNSSPublicationHubI
The document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of Nigeria's Anchor Borrowers Program (ABP) on smallholder rice farmers in Kebbi State. Key findings include:
1) The Chow test found a significant difference in the production functions of beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers, indicating ABP had a positive impact.
2) Analysis of output and income revealed ABP significantly increased production and income for beneficiary farmers.
3) Benefits to farmers included increased access to credit, farm inputs, and higher sales through the anchor company buyers.
The study concluded ABP successfully achieved its goals of boosting smallholder production and income in the rice sector. It recommended expanding
Although Africa’s contribution to the world’s greenhouse gas emission is the smallest compared to other continents, yet they tend to be affected most by the variability in Climate. Malawi is not an exception to this climate change, as they are not just faced with rising temperatures and variable rainfall patterns, but with reoccurring droughts and severe flooding. Agriculture has been noted to contribute significantly to not only climate change but also has significant impacts on global warming through its greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, not all farming systems impact negatively on climate change. Conservation Agriculture is a farming system that encourages no or minimum soil disturbance, maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of crop species. These three interlinked principles combined with good agricultural practices promote biodiversity and normal biotic processes, both on and under the ground surface, thereby increasing the productivity and nutrient use efficiency of water, into a more resilient farming system which will help sustain and improve agricultural production. This review looks at Conservation Agriculture practices in the Machinga Agricultural Development Division of Malawi and its role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. This paper shows that Conservation Agriculture has played an active role in the adaptation and mitigation of climate change effect by reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions but suggested there is a need for the government to formulate a CA framework that is founded on the three interlinked principles and not just based on soil and water conservation principles which are currently being advocated and practised.
Information technology in agriculture of bangladesh and other developing coun...Chittagong university
This document discusses using information and communication technologies (ICTs) for agricultural extension in developing countries like Bangladesh. It first provides background on Bangladesh's agriculture sector, which relies heavily on rice production. Traditional agricultural extension programs that aim to increase technology adoption among small-scale farmers have had mixed results. The document then explores how ICTs could help overcome issues like lack of access to information that limit technology adoption. It reviews current ICT-based agricultural extension programs and their potential to improve farmers' knowledge, adoption of new technologies, and welfare. The document concludes by recommending further research on the impact of ICT-based extension in developing countries.
Conservation agriculture practices and adoption by smallholder farmers in Zim...ICRISAT
This document summarizes a study on the adoption of Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. CA involves minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. The study found that over three years, CA plots achieved higher maize yields than conventional plots. However, the contribution of CA to household food security was limited by small plot sizes. While the use of planting basins decreased from 100% to 89% from 2004-2009, adoption of other CA components like mulching and rotations was also limited by increased labor needs and lack of input and output markets. The study recommends improved extension support for CA and policies to enhance smallholder access to markets.
MSU/IFPRI conference on “Agricultural Public Investments, Policies, and Markets for Mozambique’s Food Security and Economic Transformation”, Maputo, Mozambique, 20 November 2014
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Farmers’ Aspiration Indices and Possible Strategies to Improve Sweet Potato ...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research article that investigated farmers' aspiration indices and strategies to improve sweet potato production in South East Nigeria. The study found that the majority of sweet potato farmers were female, married, and had 8 people in their household on average. It also found that farmers highly aspired to invest money in sweet potato farming for future income, increase farm size, increase marketing channels, and mechanize farms. The top strategies identified to improve production were decentralizing training on practices and providing rural infrastructure like roads, electricity, and water. The document recommends establishing information centers, a special funding trust for producing states, and guiding farmers' aspirations through extension services.
Influence of Farmer Group Membership on the Practice of Improved Agricultural...paperpublications3
The study examined the influence of farmer group membership on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed. The analysed data was presented using tables. From the analysis 229(75.3%) of the farmers belonged to a farmer group while 75(24.7%) were not members of any farmer group. The results indicated that the relationship was significant at 0.005 and 0.006 for the practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination respectively. It can be concluded that membership in a farmer group increased the chance of a farmer practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination. The study recommends that government should facilitate the Farmer Groups to transform their organizations into cooperatives in order to gain legal identify to transact business, increase their bargaining power and intensify their collective voices in policy engagement.
Effects of Rice Liberalization Law on Rice Production, Farmers’ Wages and Gov...IJAEMSJORNAL
- The document analyzes the effects of the Rice Liberalization Law on rice production, farmers' wages, and government budgets in Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
- Quantitative analysis using time series data from 2010-2019 finds that government budgets have a significant positive effect on rice production, while low production negatively impacts farmers' wages and income.
- The study aims to determine if liberalizing rice trade through the Rice Liberalization Law significantly impacted the current rice market situation in Nueva Ecija.
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national
consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of
improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department
of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers
with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with
propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties
on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii)
school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption
of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health
expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On
the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure
invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by
which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
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1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 18, Issue 1, Ver. III (Jan – Feb. 2016), PP 115-127
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0661-1813115127 www.iosrjournals.org 115 | Page
“The Impact Of Incentives To Indigenous Farmers (A1 And A 2)
In Maize Production In Zimbabwe” A Case Of Mashonaland East
Province, Macheke, Zimbabwe.
Charles Mavhunga (MBA)
(Part Time Tutor: Zimbabwe Open University Harare Region (ZOU)
Abstract: The current study was concerned with the need to establish incentives for farmers to boost
production of maize in Macheke, Mashonaland East Province, in Zimbabwe. This study was motivated by an
observation that there was a serious disparity between government `s expectation to guarantee food security in
the country, and the activities of New Farmers in the area of Macheke. The full production capacity of the Grain
Marketing Board of Macheke is 72 000 metric tonnes per year but for the past five years since 2010, the GMB is
receiving a mere 1000 tonnes of maize deliveries or less. The research design was mainly descriptive and both
quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to capture the data. Questionnaires and interviews
were employed as the main research instruments and the response rate was very high. Questionnaires and
interviews were the main instruments for data collection. The study engaged A1 and A2 farmers, GMB staff and
Officials from the ministry of Agriculture as the main informants. The researcher faced challenges of limited
resources and access to confidential information, but had to employ mitigatory strategies to meet the research
needs to access classified information relevant to the study. The major findings of the research were that
farmers lacked financial resources to boost production in Macheke area. The government was providing
fertilizers, and seed inputs to A1 and A2 farmers through various schemes, but these schemes remained
ineffective to boost production owing to lack of timeliness of inputs supply, inadequacy of inputs and relevance
of inputs to individual farmers. Production in farms is boosted if farmers have access to cash loans through
which banks have to offer support. A commission dealing with strategic crops (Maize) may need to be appointed
to monitor usage of agriculture loan schemes and implementation of strategic crops policy.
Key Words: Maize Production, Incentives, The New Farmer, Food security
I. Introduction
Maize is Zimbabwe‟s major staple food for the majority of people taking over from the traditional
sorghum pearl and finger millet. White maize is primarily used for human consumption as well as stock-feed
while yellow maize is used primarily for stock-feed although it is also consumed by people when necessary.
Chitsike, (2003) points out that Zimbabwean farmers produced 2,148,000 tonnes of maize in 1999 and only
525,000 tonnes of maize in 2008. Zimbabwe was once crowned the title, „The Bread Basket of Southern Africa‟
in the 1990s and was by 2008 known as „The Basket Case of Southern Africa‟. Zimbabwe‟s experience in this
case demands a closer scrutiny of issues surrounding this material change in production of maize. The study is
based on Anderson and Cook (2008)`s Community Food Security theory (CFS),which is a variation on the
concept of food security. The theory clarifies the relationship that exists between hunger, malnutrition, poverty
and development. The theory is a new conceptual framework that advocates for the development of food
systems that are decentralized, environmentally friendly, and supportive of collective means and sustainable.
The theory is useful to policy makers when establishing strategies to address food related challenges for a
particular group of people. Chitsike`s statistic rhymes well with the „bread basket versus basket case‟.
A “fast track” land reform programme was launched on the 15th
of July 2000 to address skewed land
ownership (Chitsike, (2003:3). This occasion is significant to this study because as a result of this programme,
thousands of landless black people became involved in maize production with government support of inputs
through the Grain Marketing Board (GMB). Currently, the maize value chain in Zimbabwe is in a bad state with
some key actors. Some farmers are abandoning the production of maize and switching to tobacco which is
perceived to have a viable value chain. Zimbabwe`s maize imports have become more regular since 2000 (See
Figure 1 below).
2. “The Impact Of Incentives To Indigenous Farmers (Ai And A 2) In Maize Production In …..
DOI: 10.9790/0661-1813115127 www.iosrjournals.org 116 | Page
Figure 1 Maize imports, 1980-2011 (tonnes)
Source: FAO Statistics (2011)
Figure 1 shows maize imports from 1980 to 2011, and the country`s major maize imports were in 1992
when Zimbabwe experienced a major drought. The same Figure also shows some occasions in the period from
Independence to the period of land reform – 1980, 1984, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999 as years of high
inflows of maize in the country. Each of these years were associated with production collapses, due to multiple
causes usually precipitated by drought. A notable increase of levels of variability could be noted between the
period 2002 up to 2011 causing the researcher to pose the question why? From the same figure (1), maize
inflows became a relative constant in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011 posing a further
question on food insecurity in the country.
This study was carried out in Mashonaland East Province in Macheke district and the following are the details
of the province.
1.1.1 Mashonaland East Province
According to Zimstats (2012), Mashonaland East Province has an area of 32,230 km² and a population
of approximately 1.35 million people. The province has nine districts and the provincial capital is called
Marondera (See figure 2 below).
3. “The Impact Of Incentives To Indigenous Farmers (Ai And A 2) In Maize Production In …..
DOI: 10.9790/0661-1813115127 www.iosrjournals.org 117 | Page
Figure 2 Districts of Mashonaland East Province
Source :Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (2012)
Figure (2) above shows the main districts of Mashonaland East Province in Zimbabwe. The major
economic activities of the province include mining, agriculture, tourism, horticulture and animal husbandry. The
province is counted among the best in the country in terms of maize production(See Table 1 below)
The following table (1) is a comparative analysis of provincial activities in Zimbabwe, and Mashonaland East
Province is among the best: in terms of various economic activities that include maize production.
Table 1 Provincial comparative analysis of main economic activities.
Province Mining Agriculture Tourism Horticulture Plantations Animal
Husbandry
MashonalandWest Χ Χ Χ Χ - Χ
Mashonaland Central X X X X - X
Mashonaland East Χ Χ Maize Χ Χ - Χ
Manicaland Χ Χ Χ Χ Χ Χ
Masvingo Χ - Χ - - -
Midlands Χ - Χ - - Χ
Mat South Χ - - Χ - Χ
Mat.North Χ - Χ - - Χ
Harare Metro Χ Χ - Χ
Bulawayo Metro - - Χ Χ Χ -
Source: Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (2012)
Table 1 shows the main economic activities of provinces in Zimbabwe. The ecological variation in the
regions of the country confers certain distinct advantages on a province by province basis. The high veld regions
of Mashonaland East, Mashonaland Central, and Mashonaland West and Manicaland provinces have higher than
average rainfall. The above stated provinces appear to be the heart of the country`s agriculture based economic
activity of which the production of maize is ideally suitable. The focus of this study is mainly Mashonaland East
Province and is one of the most important provinces of the country in terms of agriculture. The province was
also the first to initiate the fast track land reform programme under the guidance of Chief Svosve who led the
protest to motivate the government to redistribute land in Zimbabwe. The main question now is why Zimbabwe
is importing maize yet the number of farmers has increased, particularly in Mashonaland East province in
Macheke in Murehwa district.
4. “The Impact Of Incentives To Indigenous Farmers (Ai And A 2) In Maize Production In …..
DOI: 10.9790/0661-1813115127 www.iosrjournals.org 118 | Page
II. Statement of the problem
Maize deliveries at Macheke Grain Marketing Board (GMB) have significantly dropped from an
average annual delivery of 700,000 tonnes per year at full capacity down to less than1,000 tonnes per year
between the period 2008 to 2015 (Macheke GMB records 2015).The latest annual delivery at the GMB for the
year 2015 was merely 176 tonnes of maize .The sharp drop in the delivery of Maize in Macheke begs the
question, why? Yet the number of farmers has increased from 70 old resettlement farms up to 4517 A1 farmers
plus 296 A2 farmers (See Table 2).The increase in the population of farmers should have necessitated an
increase in the production of maize to full capacity at the Grain Marketing Board of Macheke, but current results
appear to be producing the opposite, Why?.Zimbabwe is on the record of increasing its budget on maize
imports, yet the country has all the necessary basic needs for the full production of the product. According to
Butamucho,the periods between 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and earlier in 1980 and 1984 were associated
with production collapses, due to multiple causes usually precipitated by drought, and maize imports are
justified here, but the other years that follow, Zimbabwe continues to receive normal and above normal rains,
although they may be cases of poor distribution throughout the season. This study therefore seeks to answer the
question why farmers in Macheke were failing to meet maize production needs of the country?
1.3 The study objectives
1.3.1To establishes reasons why production of maize has dropped in Macheke yet the number of farmers has
increased?
1.3.2 To identify incentives for new farmers to boost production of maize for the national economy in Macheke
area?
1.4 The main research questions
1.4.1 Why has the production of Maize dropped in Macheke area, in Mashonaland East province, yet the
number of farmers has increased?
1.4.2 What could be the necessary incentives to boost maize production in Macheke area in Mashonaland East
province?
1.5 Literature Review
In terms of maize production, some researchers argue that there were two green revolutions that took
place in Zimbabwe (Rukuni et al, (1994, 2006). However, others disagree with this discourse citing that a green
revolution has to be structural not accidental and that it must have globally competitive yields (Mano, 2001).
This has not been the case in Zimbabwe. With global yields having reached more than 10 tonnes per hectare
some may argue that it is premature to refer the unstructured growth in the Zimbabwean maize yields as a
green revolution (FAO, 2006). However, those who agree with this discourse, argue that Zimbabwe‟s
first green revolution (1960-80) was spearheaded by the white commercial farmers (Eicher, 1995). During
this period, maize exports grew by 18.8% due to the growing demand of starch in England‟s industries
(Masters, 1993). Land ordinances assured white supremacy to the detriment of the blacks through dispossession
of land and suppression of wages where black labourers were subjected to a system next to servitude without
remuneration. The licensing act of 1942 made it mandatory for all commercial farmers to buy licence plate
from the Rhodesian national farmers union which was renamed commercial farmers union (CFU). This was
described as the „stroke of organisational brilliance‟ as it assured a strong financial base for the union (Masters,
1993).
The preconditions for the green revolution were both technical and institutional. The new technology
in research and investment in human, biological and physical capital such as roads, dams and irrigation to name
a few were among the prime movers. In addition, investment in farm support institutions such as marketing,
credit, as well as fertiliser and seed distribution systems were among the principal preconditions. New maize
varieties such as SR-1 (1949) and SR-52 (1960) increased the yields. Federation of the late 1950s led to the
establishment of the regional research network and the substitution of maize for tobacco due to reduction
in relative profitability of tobacco in the 1960s (Eicher, 1995).
The second green revolution (1980-1986) was led by smallholder farmers who in 1980 with a
population of 700 000 owned half of the arable land with the other half being owned by the 5000 commercial
farmers (Rukuni et al, 2006). The smallholder farmer maize production doubled in six years from 1980 to
1986 and this was attributed to a number of factors (Jayne and Nuppenau,(1991). These factors included the
use of land abandoned during war, use of hybrid varieties and inorganic fertilisers. In addition, the removal of
racial and institutional barriers and the expansion of the marketing services were also identified as the
preconditions for this second revolution (Eicher, 1995). This occurred at a time when the region was in deficit
for instance a famine killed more than a million people in Ethiopia in 1984/85. Again the success of this
revolution awarded President Mugabe the African Leadership Award in 1988. A critical lesson from this period
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is that infrastructure such as roads and institutions such as extension services, research and and development,
Financialr services played a critical role in boosting maize productivity and therefore analysis should go
beyond price incentives as the only factor affecting production response.
The current situation in Zimbabwe shows that the nation needs more than 2 million tonnes of cereal
including 1.7 million tonnes for direct human consumption (FAOSTAT, 2010). From a food provision
perspective, the country requires approximately 1.5 million tonnes of maize annually (Rukuni & Eicher,
1994; 2006). Whilst Zimbabwe traditionally imported wheat, its maize industry used to be one of the
largest in the SADC region (Jayne et al, 2006). The Zimbabwean maize sub-sector was traditionally a
net-exporting sector and played a prominent role in regional grain markets through maize grain exports
mainly to Zambia, Malawi, Mauritius, Kenya and Mozambique. However, Zimbabwe‟s self-sufficiency ratio
of maize dropped from 21% in 1985 (Jayne et al., 1994; 2006) to 67% by 2004 (FAO, 2010), signifying the
country‟s shift from a net exporter to a net importer of maize. As a result, Zimbabwe‟s maize trade policy
has seen imposition of export bans, and after the onset of the food crisis, the issuing of government
tenders for the importation of subsidized maize.
The earth, God‟s gift to humanity, and a garden for all creation, needs to be tended responsibly,
recognizing the limitations in land space as well as legal and moral grounds for such kind of treatment. In
highly developed societies, it is possible to measure sustainability and productivity through scientific tools.
Thus to have titles over the land is not to license one to be irresponsible, and as such being entitled to land
demands accountability towards the integrity of the land. This, guards against the capitalist extractive economic
strategies of the west on African resources (Rasmussen, 1996:124). Farmers in Macheke should understand that
land reform was done from a poverty alleviation perspective, mindful of people‟s spiritual convictions (Mbaya,
2001). During colonization, acquisition of large land tracts impoverished most African populations who were
reduced to farm workers during all the time colonialists ruled Zimbabwe. This led to a legacy of poor
commercial farm workers, “the largest proportion of Zimbabwe‟s proletariat”, with neither land nor housing
rights (Magaramombe, 2001:1). The Fast Track Land Reform Program (FTLRP) thus promised to tackle the
poverty disparity created by lack of land ownership and use among the landless poor workers. Now that the
black majority has land, production must be motivated.
III.Research Design
In conducting the study, the researcher used the mixed method. Mixed method is a procedure for
collecting, analyzing and “mixing” both qualitative and quantitative data (Creswell, 2002). The rationale for
mixing was that neither qualitative nor quantitative methods were sufficient enough to capture the trends and
details of the situation. When used in combination, qualitative and quantitative methods
complemented.Questionnares and interviews were the main instruments for data collection. The target
population were ,Grain Marketing Board Officials in Macheke, Extension Officers in Macheke, New Farmers in
Macheke ward 22,23 and 24 (See the Table 2 below)
Table 2 Study Population
Ward A1 A2 Total
Ward 22 1 682 141 1823
Ward 23 1 223 57 1280
Ward 24 1 612 98 1710
Extension Officers 5 3 8
GMB staff 10
Ministry of Agriculture 10
Total 4522 299 4841
Source: This data was collected from Macheke Agritex Offices
Macheke Area Farm Statistics
Key
A1 – Small Scale Farms
A2- Medium Scale Farms
1.6.1 Sample size
To determine the size of the sample used, the Yamani Taro (cited in Yilma 2005) formula was used. It
states that the desired sample size is a function of the target population and the maximum acceptable margin of
error (also known as the sampling error) and is expressed mathematically thus:
n = N
1 + Ne
2
Where:
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n = sample size
N = target population (4841)
e = maximum acceptable margin of error (5%)
Sample size calculation
n = 4841
1 + 4841(0.0025)
n = 4841/13.1025
n = 369
The study sampled 369 participants namely A1 and A2 Farmers,GMB officials and Agriculture
Extension officers in Macheke area. The New farmers used in this study were the creation of the land reform
program initiated by the government in the year 2000. The study used both quota sampling and s imple random
sampling technique to capture all the categories of the research participants. Personally administered
questionnaires we re used to collect data. The questionnaire comprised of 20 items, out of which 5 questions
analyzed the historical production of maize in Macheke, 7 questions were related to maize production
challenges facing people in Macheke,5 focused on incentives to boost production of Maize in Macheke.369
questionnaires were distributed and a response rate of 70% was achieved.30 interviews were scheduled and 90%
of the interviews were successful. Reliability of questionnaire was checked and it was found to be.82. For the
purpose of analysis. Statistical findings of the study are given below.
1.7 Tabulation of Research Results
1.7.1 Tabulation of result showing reasons why agricultural production had dropped in Mashonaland
East area
Figure 1.7.1 shows that Farmers in Macheke were not producing owing to lack of financial support to
do their business. The majority of respondents 45% blamed lack of the necessary financial support for the
production of maize in Macheke. According to Gwara (2010), farming is a capital intensive business, and
therefore farmers in Macheke need financial support to be productive.30% of the respondents blamed lack of
equipment, and 10% blamed lack of training. The least score was 3% where farmers in Macheke indicated that
they did not have enough land for farming activities. This confirms that the land reform program was a success
because the majority got land, and the issue of land was not the main challenge causing poor production in
Macheke. This result was consistent with Gwara (2010) who highlighted that farmers were experiencing
shortage of financial support to be productive.
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1.7.2 Tabulation of results to explain why farmers were not getting financial support
1.7.2 Tabulation of results on why farmers were not getting financial support
Figure 1.7.2 shows that the majority of respondents (40%) established that inputs were too expensive
to be used in the production of Maize profitably.(35%) pointed out that maize prize was too low to be
productive, and funding in the product would be disastrous.15% have established that farming was no longer a
viable business in the country. This result was consistent with Takavarasha (2012) who pointed out that the
price of inputs such as fertilisers and seed was too expensive for the farmer. The possible explanation in this
result could be that farmers were not getting financial support because financiers were being discouraged by
viability of the maize.
1.7.3 Tabulation of incentives used by the government to motivate farmers to be productive in
Mashonaland East in Macheke.
Figure 1.7.3 Incentives from Government for Farmers (A1 and A2) in Mashonaland East Macheke
Figure 1.7.3 shows that farmers in Macheke were getting incentives to boost production. The
dominating incentive was the Fertiliser Input Scheme supported by 29% of the respondent, followed by the Seed
Input Scheme with a support base of 35%, Mechanisation program 10%,and finally GMB paymen t program at
20%.The least being the cash loan with 1%.This result shows that the government did not have enough cash
resources to offer to farmers to buy own inputs. Supply of seed was very dominating, and this result was
consistent with the findings of Gwara (2011) who established that farmers in Zimbabwe were getting some
support from the government to boost production. Programs such as Operation Maguta, and the Grain Loan
Scheme were some of the initiatives to encourage farmers to be productive, but the major question remained on
the reasons why production remained poor. It was therefore important to establish the effectiveness of
government support to boost production.
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1.7.4 Tabulation of results to establish the effectiveness of government incentives to boost maize
production in Mashonaland East Macheke.
Extent of Effectiveness
of the incentive scheme
Ministry Officials
(N=5)
F1
A1 andA2 Farmers
N =20
F2
GMB Officials
N=5
F3
X F 1 XF1 F2 XF2 F3 XF3
1.Highly effective 0 0 2 2 0 0
2.More than effective 1 2 2 4 0 0
3.Effective 1 3 5 15 2 6
4.Less than Effective 3 12 10 40 3 12
5.Disgusting 0 0 1 5 0 0
ΣF1= 5 ΣXF1 =17 ΣF2 =20 ΣXF2 = 66 ΣF3=5 ΣXF3=18
Results Mean = 3.4 Mode= 4 Mean = 3.3 Mode = 4 Mean=3.6 Mode = 4
F1 Ministry Officials: As the values of median and mode indicate low degree of effectiveness (3.4) in regard to
“incentive schemes to boost production” and also the value of mean is (4): it was apparent that the majority of
the respondents holds the view that the incentive schemes were not effective to boost production in Macheke.
F2 Farmers (A1 and A2) As the values of mean (3.3) and mode (4) indicates a low degree of effectiveness, it
was apparent that farmers in Mashonaland East were not motivated to boost production as a result of the
schemes.
F3 GMB Officials: As the values of mean (3.6) and mode (4) indicate a low degree of effectiveness in regard
to incentive schemes for farmers to boost production in Macheke,it was also apparent that GMB officials were
not satisfied with the effectiveness of the incentive schemes to boost production of farmers in the area of
Macheke.
On the whole, the question of less effectiveness of incentive schemes to boost production was quite
significant. These results were in agreement with those of Ross et al (2010) who highlighted that Zimbabwe`s
agriculture production was deteriorating despite the government support in form of inputs and other logistical
needs. This result could have been influenced by the fact that farmers failed to utilize the inputs as detailed in
Gwara 2011.
1.7.5 Tabulation of results to establish why government Agriculture incentives were not being effective
Figure 1.7.5 The Reasons why incentives for Farmers in Macheke were not effective to boost production.
Figure 4.13 tabulates reasons why farmers in Mashonaland East Macheke were not being productive
despite government efforts to provide incentives. The majority of respondents (30%) have indicated that
timeliness of the delivery of incentives was the major factor. This could mean that delivery of inputs could be
done in January or late December, when the farming season has already started, and some of the farmers with
enough inputs would have started production. This was followed (20%) poor distribution of
incentives,(20%)inadequacy of incentives and (20%)under utilisation of the incentives.Respodents had an equal
judgement of the reasons why incentives were not being effective in terms of the items listed. This result could
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mean that a multitude of problems marred the incentives for them to be effective. Poor distribution could be a
result of timeliness and an unfair distribution of inputs by the authorities. This result was consistent with the
findings of Mavedzenge (2010) who established that farmers need to be monitored to ensure that the inputs are
reaching them on time or else resources were being wasted owing to logistical challenges facing farmer input
schemes.
1.7.6 Tabulation of results showing Farm Utilisation by Farmers in Macheke
Figure 1.7.6 Farm utilization by Farmers against the possible
Figure 1.7.7 seem to suggest that the majority of farmers in Macheke have failed to utilize the land
given to them at full capacity between the period 2011 and 2015.The variance averaged 83%.This result implies
that farmers in Macheke were only using 15% of the total land allocated to them through the land reform
program. This result could mean that farmers were having serious challenges in the production of maize because
land utilization variance was too high.The implication of the result could be that the government needs to take
action to ensure that farmers utilize land given to themthrough the land reformprogram. Farmers appear to keep
the land for inheritance purposes instead of production threatening food security in the country. Feresu, 2011
established that FTLR had the potential for increased agricultural production; however, it needed financial and
technical resources to profitably and sustainably use acquired land. This endeavor can also be viewed in terms
of the Millennium Development Goals, “to eradicate extreme poverty”. It thus could not be possible to achieve
this without considering use of appropriate technology to intensify on agricultural production rather than on
increasing the area under utilization.
1.7.7 Tabulation of areas that need to be improved to boost production of New Farmers in Mashonaland
East Macheke
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Figure 1.7.7 Areas of improvement to boost production of New Farmers in Mashonaland East Macheke
Figure 1.7.7 show that policy issues on strategic crops (Maize), Farm management, and training of
farmers have dominated the study.Futhermore, policy on inputs was also an issue whereby 20% of the
respondents have indicated that farmers need training to boost production. Policy on production of maize
implies that farmers need to be encouraged to grow the crop as a requirement to ensure that the product is
available in the country. This result was consistent with Ndlela (2011) who established that the government
policy on farmers in the A1 and A2 category was not clear enough to motivate them to boost production of
maize in the country. The implication of this result in the current study is that the government need to adjust the
spanners on input schemes, maize production as a strategic crop, and farm management to ensure that
Agriculture production is boosted.
1.7.8 Tabulation of input distribution strategies to motivate Farmers in Macheke to boost production
Figure 1.7.8 Input distribution strategies to motivate farmers in Macheke to boost production
Figure 1.7.8 seems to suggest that selective distribution was dominant and got the support of 45% of
the participants. This was followed by Exclusive distribution strategy supported by 37%,and intensive
distribution was supported by 8%.This result would mean that selective distribution of inputs appeared more
popular, and the strategy implies that distributors of inputs identify farmers who are serious with production,
and provide them with inputs. This result is consistent with the findings of Etzel et al (2004) that there is greater
partnership and contact between seller and reseller and results in a great deal of loyalty. In a bid to explain
exclusive distribution, (Etzel et al., 2004) say “suppliers agree to sell their products only to a single given
market. This kind of distribution is used when suppliers of inputs are interested in the maintenance and control
the service level and service outputs of farmers. Intensive distribution was not supported by the mainly because,
the strategy does not select farmers to get inputs. Some of them will end up under-utilizing the inputs. This
result meant that the government should identify farmers to support with inputs and monitor the distribution up
to finality to ensure that there is effective utilization of the inputs.
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1.7.9 Tabulation of loan conditions for A1 and A2 Farmers
Figure 1.7.9 Loan Conditions for A1and A2 Farmers
Figure 1.7.9 show loan conditions that farmers advocate for inclusion when borrowing funding from
financial institutions. The dominating feature is that loans need to be assessed on the basis of production that the
farmer estimates, and the level of experience that farmers have in the production of the crop.55% of the
respondents had the view that a production oriented loan facility means farmers borrow as per a detailed
schedule of the inputs and expected yield as detailed in the production schedules prescribed by experts.30% of
the respondents have subscribed to the view that loans need to be guaranteed by assets of farmers to boost
production. Some of the respondents (10%) have argued that loans need not to have conditions at all, to ensure
that farmers get what they want to boost production. This result was consistent with what is happening in
Nebraska where the National Bank is offering a cash incentive to all farmers using the following stated NIFA
(2010) conditions:
Interest rate and all other loan terms are negotiated purely between the borrower and lender
Lender‟s interest rate offered to the borrower must be below the normal interest rate
Anyone can lend - a lending institution such as a bank, a private seller-lender using a land contract, or a
private investor lender
Loan cannot go beyond 30 years
No farming Experience required.
The implication of the above result shows that farmers were advocating for cheaper and reasonable
loan conditions to access funding for production pruposes.Given the NEBRASKA status, Zimbabwe will be
able to boost production if farmers get the support that they need.
IV. The study Conclusions
The study conclusion was that farmers were underutilising land at the rate of 85% owing to lack of
farming equipment and financial resources to boost production. The government was offering fertilisers and
seed inputs to farmers to, but production was low because of timeliness of the distribution of the inputs and the
methods of distribution. Farmers need financial resources to plan and prepare land for agriculture, implying that
the incentives were not serving the major purpose of boosting production. The incentives were not adequate to
meet the needs of requirements of farmers, delivery is often late, and sometimes irrelevant inputs were being
supplied to farmers. The inadequacies have contributed to the failure of incentives to motivate farmers to boost
production in Mashonaland East area. Furthermore, policy on farm management and training of farmers was
also not very clear for farmers to boost production of the strategic crop. The GMB was also contributing towards
the production of strategic crops in the country, in that farmers were not getting paid on time to prepare for the
next season. The price of maize was too low to be viable because maize inputs such as fertiliser was too
expensive to be viable, and funding was not possible when business prospects are not viable. Farmers lacked the
incentive to produce maize in Macheke and government policy was not clear about this product. The
government policy on incentives need to be revised, and guarantees for loans need to be production oriented. It
is also the conclusion of the study that farmers need to be trained to utilise farm inputs received and the land.
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Loan conditions need to be relaxed to allow farmers to access inputs and cash resources and extension officers
need to be motivated to visit farmers and continue to advise themon good farming methods.
V. Recommendations of the Study
Maize product should be treated as a strategic crop, and both A1 and A2 farmers should be encouraged
to grow the crop. Everyone in the Zimbabwe is concerned about food security; This study therefore recommends
that the government should establish a commission to implement policy meant to boost the production of maize.
The function of the commission is to monitor the effective utilization of land and incentives advanced to farmers
by the government, and root out possible challenges facing farmers. The commission will also be responsible of
training programs for farmers benefiting from the input supply program. Resources to fund the commission
should be raised from the farmers through contributions from land tax that the government collects from the
farmers. The commission must also establish markets for Agriculture output to motivate farmers to be
productive. These markets will be responsible for the entire sale of output and remove farmers from the street
selling their products using vending means. The commission would also be responsible for the formulation of
policy on farm management, production of strategic crops, agriculture loans for farmers, farm equipment and
funding proposals for farmers in need of cash resources to run their farms. The GMB need to be active in the
payment of farmers to motivate them to deliver the product to the station. Support is needed for agricultural
ventures in Macheke .Supermarkets, Industries, and other retail shops in the area of Macheke must develop a
network of support to ensure that travel costs for farmers are reduced, and farmers would be motivated by the
market incentive. If the market is ready, the farmer is motivated to become productive.
Production in farms is boosted if farmers have access to cash loans (FAO 2005).This study therefore
recommends that the Government of Zimbabwe need to adopt The Nebraska Investment Finance Authority
strategy to support farmers owning land but lacking financial resources. The government Financial institution
such as Agri-Bank should provide farmers with loans to ensure that production is increased and guaranteed by
the State. The loan evaluations should be based on production of farmers, and get a boost if the farmer manage
to increase the production level,however,the major issue is governance, and this study proposes the use of a
commission to effectively monitor loan usage to ensure that farmers do not abuse the funding structure. Loans
should be used for the purpose in which there were borrowed for, and if the loan is not used as proposed in the
application, the commission must be able to establish the challenge. This is done to motivate farmers to be
productive in Macheke.
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