DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC GEOFENCING AND ACCIDENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON...IJCSEA Journal
The main objective of this project is to design and develop an embedded system for vehicle to detect the road accident for immediate medical help as well as for security purpose in theft prevention using single shock sensor. In case of accidental mode the system should inform automatically via text message to medical rescue team indicating the position of vehicle location. When there is no car driver, vehicle should automatically go into security mode. When a person tries to steal the vehicle, this system should send an alert message to the owner. The system Geo fencing and accidental monitoring system based on AT89S52 as a central core. This includes various technologies: a shock sensor, Liquid crystal display (LCD), Dual relay and wireless communication. This system also includes Geo fencing technology. Geo fencing enables the remote monitoring of predefined set of boundaries and automatic detect when vehicle exit from these areas.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Vehicle density sensor system to manage trafficeSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this study is to solve traffic congestion which is a severe problem in many modern cities all over the world. To solve this problem, we have a framework for a dynamic and automatic traffic light control system. Generally, each traffic light on an intersection is assigned a constant green signal time. It is possible to propose a dynamic time-based coordination schemes where the green signal time of the traffic lights is assigned based on the present conditions of the traffic. In this study, we adapt the approach to take data/input/image from object/ subject/vehicle and to process the input data by Computer and Microcontroller and finally display it on the traffic light signal to control the Closed Loop System.
Voice recognition based advance patients room automationeSAT Journals
Abstract This is a unique and most useful system for totally or partially handicapped patients who are unable do basic tasks. Patients who are unable do anything have to totally depend on nurses. Hospitals have to provide a round-the-clock 24 Hour an attendant for these patients and hence total fees of hospitals gets increased. The device that we proposed here can actually help these patients and hospitals without requiring 24 hour attendant. With this system, patient can call nurse or any attendant at any time whenever required by simply voice controlled commands. This system listen voice commands and can call nurse by simply ringing bell. It can also control basic switching on/off tasks of fan, light and any device by patient voice. Keywords Automation, hospital automation, nursing, voice recognition, Atmega328 applications, Easy VR.
DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC GEOFENCING AND ACCIDENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON...IJCSEA Journal
The main objective of this project is to design and develop an embedded system for vehicle to detect the road accident for immediate medical help as well as for security purpose in theft prevention using single shock sensor. In case of accidental mode the system should inform automatically via text message to medical rescue team indicating the position of vehicle location. When there is no car driver, vehicle should automatically go into security mode. When a person tries to steal the vehicle, this system should send an alert message to the owner. The system Geo fencing and accidental monitoring system based on AT89S52 as a central core. This includes various technologies: a shock sensor, Liquid crystal display (LCD), Dual relay and wireless communication. This system also includes Geo fencing technology. Geo fencing enables the remote monitoring of predefined set of boundaries and automatic detect when vehicle exit from these areas.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Vehicle density sensor system to manage trafficeSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this study is to solve traffic congestion which is a severe problem in many modern cities all over the world. To solve this problem, we have a framework for a dynamic and automatic traffic light control system. Generally, each traffic light on an intersection is assigned a constant green signal time. It is possible to propose a dynamic time-based coordination schemes where the green signal time of the traffic lights is assigned based on the present conditions of the traffic. In this study, we adapt the approach to take data/input/image from object/ subject/vehicle and to process the input data by Computer and Microcontroller and finally display it on the traffic light signal to control the Closed Loop System.
Voice recognition based advance patients room automationeSAT Journals
Abstract This is a unique and most useful system for totally or partially handicapped patients who are unable do basic tasks. Patients who are unable do anything have to totally depend on nurses. Hospitals have to provide a round-the-clock 24 Hour an attendant for these patients and hence total fees of hospitals gets increased. The device that we proposed here can actually help these patients and hospitals without requiring 24 hour attendant. With this system, patient can call nurse or any attendant at any time whenever required by simply voice controlled commands. This system listen voice commands and can call nurse by simply ringing bell. It can also control basic switching on/off tasks of fan, light and any device by patient voice. Keywords Automation, hospital automation, nursing, voice recognition, Atmega328 applications, Easy VR.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Controlling and Reducing of Speed for Vehicles Automatically By Using Rf Tech...IJERA Editor
For vehicle safety and safety for passengers in vehicle is an important parameter. Most of the vehicles get
accident because no proper safety measures are taken especially at curves and hair pin bends humps and any
obstacles in front of the vehicle. This system can be used for the prevention of such a problem by indicating a
pre indication and also reducing the speed of vehicles by reducing the fuel rate of vehicle. As the action is in
terms of fuel rate so the vehicle automatically goes to control and avoids the accidents. At curves and hair pin
bends the line of sight is not possible for the drivers so the special kind of transmitter which is tuned at a
frequency of 433MHZ are mounted as these transmitters continuously radiate a RF signal for some particular
area. As the vehicle come within this radiation the receiver in the vehicle gets activate. The transmitter used here
is a coded transmitter which is encoded with encoder. The encoder provides a 4 bit binary data which is serially
transmitted to transmitter. The transmitter used here is ASK type (amplitude shift keying) which emits the RF
radiation.
Unifying the Global Positioning system technology this article d esigns and realizes one kind of embedded wireless system named intelligent vehicle control for criti cal remote location application using microcontroller from the hardware and software. In terms of th e hardware completed the design and connection of embedded system,GPS module,obstacle testing module,different parameter monitoring sensor modules and the GSM module. The system can achieve the purpose of long distance real time monitoring and control of vehicle. The executive results of laboratory tests show that the system fulfils real time control and functional parameter monitoring of vehicle. In our pr oposed security system we are adding new features in addition to engine immobilizer and alarm. One of the important features supported by our system is to alert the owner by sending an SMS about the thef t attempt,using GSM Technology. The system is compatible with all brands of the vehicle. F or the worst case scenario Redundancy is maintained to make the system reliable.
Presentation is designed as a part of my seminar report with reference to ieee paper which deals with the design and implementation of rescue system for women safety
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Controlling and Reducing of Speed for Vehicles Automatically By Using Rf Tech...IJERA Editor
For vehicle safety and safety for passengers in vehicle is an important parameter. Most of the vehicles get
accident because no proper safety measures are taken especially at curves and hair pin bends humps and any
obstacles in front of the vehicle. This system can be used for the prevention of such a problem by indicating a
pre indication and also reducing the speed of vehicles by reducing the fuel rate of vehicle. As the action is in
terms of fuel rate so the vehicle automatically goes to control and avoids the accidents. At curves and hair pin
bends the line of sight is not possible for the drivers so the special kind of transmitter which is tuned at a
frequency of 433MHZ are mounted as these transmitters continuously radiate a RF signal for some particular
area. As the vehicle come within this radiation the receiver in the vehicle gets activate. The transmitter used here
is a coded transmitter which is encoded with encoder. The encoder provides a 4 bit binary data which is serially
transmitted to transmitter. The transmitter used here is ASK type (amplitude shift keying) which emits the RF
radiation.
Unifying the Global Positioning system technology this article d esigns and realizes one kind of embedded wireless system named intelligent vehicle control for criti cal remote location application using microcontroller from the hardware and software. In terms of th e hardware completed the design and connection of embedded system,GPS module,obstacle testing module,different parameter monitoring sensor modules and the GSM module. The system can achieve the purpose of long distance real time monitoring and control of vehicle. The executive results of laboratory tests show that the system fulfils real time control and functional parameter monitoring of vehicle. In our pr oposed security system we are adding new features in addition to engine immobilizer and alarm. One of the important features supported by our system is to alert the owner by sending an SMS about the thef t attempt,using GSM Technology. The system is compatible with all brands of the vehicle. F or the worst case scenario Redundancy is maintained to make the system reliable.
Presentation is designed as a part of my seminar report with reference to ieee paper which deals with the design and implementation of rescue system for women safety
The Phase Theory towards the Unification of the Forces of Nature the Heart Be...IOSR Journals
A new theory has been presented, for the first time, called the "Phase Theory", which is the natural evolution of the physical thought and is considered the one beyond the super string theory. This theory solves the unsolved problems of the mysterious of matter, antimatter and interactions and makes a wide step towards the unification of the forces of nature. In this theory, the vibrating string of different frequency modes which determines the different types of elementary particles is replaced by a three dimensional infinitesimal pulsating (black)holes with the same frequency. Different types of elementary particles are determined by different phase angles associated with the same frequency. This allows the force of interactions to take place among elementary particles, without the need to invoke the notion of the force carrier particles, as the (stable) force of interactions can never take place between elementary particles at different frequencies. Besides the strong mathematical proofs given in this paper to prove its truthfulness, an experimental prediction has been given to confirm the theory presented in the form of the relation between the electron radius and quarks radii. The paper shows that quarks are direct consequence of this theory, and solves "the flavor problem" in QCD, and gives the clue to answer the questions of "Why are there so many flavors? The paper also derives the equation of the big bang theory which describes the singularity of the moment of creation of the universe.
VANET based Intelligent TransportationSystem using Li-Fi technologyIOSRJECE
VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is a wireless network in vehicle for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS).In thispaper, we propose a mechanism toprevent accidents due to sleepiness and alcohol consumption of the driver. Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) communication is the most effective solutionwe have used in order to prevent accidents using the Li-Fi technology.
Blind spot detection with automatic steeringeSAT Journals
Abstract Present days, the automotive industry is mainly focusing on the road safety measures. The automobiles have been constantly updating with new sensing technologies to detect blind spots, which can prevent road accidents. Almost 1.32 million people die in road accidents each year. Blind spot of an automobile is the region of the vehicle which cannot be observed properly while looking either through side or rear mirror view. To meet the above requirements, this paper describes detecting blind spot by using ultrasonic sensor and controlling the direction of car by automatic steering. The technology embedded in the system is capable of automatically steer the vehicle away from an obstacle if the system determines that a collision is impending or if the vehicle is in the vicinity of our car. Keywords -- Arduino Mega 2560, Ultrasonic Sensor, L293 Motor IC
The most of the technical challenges for the society to detect and find a solution for visually impaired, with increased security and service motto towards the society helped to bring a solution which would help the visually impaired in the industries and other companies. Here we had come out with a prototype as a way of finding a solution to the visually impaired. The navigation assistant technology using RFID Tag Grid minimizes the dependency. The reader used in this system is embedded in the mobile and shoes to avoid dependency on travel. The RFID reader matches with the information specified to that ID and a voice signal is generated. Wireless RF links is placed in the Bluetooth device/ headphone for voice guidance. The proximity sensing unit is an auxiliary unit is added as a solution to address unexpected and non-mapped obstacles in the user’s path. Basically it contains ultrasonic Sensor Unit interfaced with microcontroller which is inter-linked to a vibrator that would be activated when nearing obstacles. This system is technically and economically feasible and may offer a maximum benefit to the disabled.
Traffic Density Control and Accident Indicator Using WSNIJMTST Journal
Now a day’s many of the things get controlled automatically. Everything is getting controlled using the mechanical or the automated systems. In every field machines are doing the human works. But still some area is controlled manually. For example traffic controls, road control, parking controlling. Keeping these things in mind we are trying to develop the project to automate the traffic tracking for the square. To make any project more useful and acceptable by any organization we need to provide multiple features in a single project. Keeping these things in consideration proposed system is less with multiple methodologies which can be used in traffic control system It is important to know the road traffic density real time especially in mega cities for signal control and effective traffic management. In recent years, video monitoring and surveillance systems have been widely used in traffic management. Hence, traffic density estimation and vehicle classification can be achieved using video monitoring systems. In most vehicle detection methods in the literature, only the detection of vehicles in frames of the given video is emphasized. However, further analysis is needed in order to obtain the useful information for traffic management such as real time traffic density and number of vehicle types passing these roads. This paper presents emergency vehicle alert and traffic density calculation methods using IR and GPS
Automatic collision detection for an autonomous robot using proximity sensing...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Security System Based on Ultrasonic Sensor TechnologyIOSR Journals
Abstract : In this paper we design and implement a security system with an ultrasonic sensor module to enhance the system’s reliability. The ultrasonic sensor contains a transmitter and a receiver and the module is placed in a rotating motor. It is assumed that an ultrasonic sensor is set in a rotating motor to cover a wide range. The Ultrasonic transmitter periodically emits ultrasonic signals into an open area. A rotating motor is used to allow the sensor to cover whole 360 degrees. If the signal ever hits any physical objects, it will be reflected back and the receiver part of the sensor will then capture it. The microcontroller unit (MCU) will constantly check for the receiver output of the ultrasonic transmitter. If the receiver output is high, the MCU will perform distance analysis of the object from the sensor using the fact that ultrasonic waves travel in air at 340m/s. The time taken for the waves to hit the object and return can be calculated as the time taken for the receiver output to be high after the transmitter has been initiated to send ultrasonic waves. Once the distance is calculated, MCU checks whether the object is within the range threshold specified within the MCU for initiating the alert. If the object is within the range threshold, the MCU initiates a sound alarm and also the global system for mobile communications (GSM) modem to send short message service (SMS) or call to the concerned person. Keywords: GSM Module,Microcontroller unit(MCU),Motor controller driver unit,Ultrasonic sensor(obstacles detection).
A proposed model for traffic signal preemption using global positioning syste...csandit
A Traffic Signal Preemption system is an automated system that allows normal operation of
traffic lights at automated signalized intersections to be preempted. Preemption of signals is
generally done to assist emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, so that response times are
reduced and right-of-way is provided in a smooth and controlled manner. This paper proposes
an innovative and cost-effective server-centric model to facilitate preemption using a simple
mobile phone app which uses Global Positioning System (GPS) and a microcontroller which
controls traffic signals.
A PROPOSED MODEL FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL PREEMPTION USING GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTE...cscpconf
A Traffic Signal Preemption system is an automated system that allows normal operation of traffic lights at automated signalized intersections to be preempted. Preemption of signals is
generally done to assist emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, so that response times are reduced and right-of-way is provided in a smooth and controlled manner. This paper proposes an innovative and cost-effective server-centric model to facilitate preemption using a simple mobile phone app which uses Global Positioning System (GPS) and a microcontroller which controls traffic signals.
Similar to Literature on safety module for vehicular driver assistance (20)
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Literature on safety module for vehicular driver assistance
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 1, Ver. II (Jan - Feb. 2015), PP 75-79
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10127579 www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
Literature on safety module for vehicular driver assistance
Anup Thakurwar1
, Abhijeet Titarmare2
1
(Electronics and telecommunication, G.H. Raisoni college of engineering, India)
2
(Electronics and telecommunication, G.H. Raisoni college of engineering, India)
Abstract: Automatic Guided Vehicle (AGV) nothing but vehicle guideline provided by capturing images of the
road. In this paper we have design an embedded surveillance and safety systems. The system also provides full
driver assistance by determining the distance between two vehicles. The lane departure is an improved
technique in which lane boundaries are analyzed continuously and will also report to the user as soon as
vehicle is try move outside the lane or road. So this system not only helps to provide safety but also helps in
reducing the cost which is further considered to be most important factor.
Keywords: Automatic guided vehicle, embedded surveillance and Safety system, lane departure
I. Introduction
Automotive Electronics sector are getting more demand due to use of embedded system for different
applications in car day by day. Most of luxurious cars having more automatic controls like Airbags, ABS, ESP,
ECU, ESP, climate control and more. Intelligent driver assistance system nothing but provide the full assistance
to the driver when drive driving the car on the road along with considering the traffic intensity and white lane
detection. Driver assistance is the considered to be important in aspect with security of vehicles. Driving vehicle
gives a certain level of comfort to user but does not impart safety to user and hence systems must be introduced
to enhance security. In the world of automotive electronics where various systems come in market that ensures
safety like real time state monitoring, positioning, emergency services but requires large cost. The use of vision
for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is now widely considered as one of the most convenient perception
technologies [5]. Previous work in the ITS shows the involvement of more and more enhanced electronics in the
driver assistance though we have mechanical systems such as brakes, airbags etc. The user perception
sometimes becomes not as good as technology. Smart objects are aware of their environment, can perceive their
surroundings through sensors. The systems are capable of reducing of getting damage in dangerous
environment. The use of new enhanced technologies such as sensors with good processing capabilities can able
to provide better assistance to user in vehicle. The driver assistance system consists of one sensor module
connected to a raspberry pi development board along with 4.5 inches TFT screen. The sensor module used will
be ultrasonic sensor module which is capable of transmitting and receiving echoes.
Detecting edges is an important aspect in many areas of applications and is one of the most important
problems in image analysis. An edge is defined as an abrupt change in the grey level of an image or an edge
can be defined as a sudden jump in the state of a signal [6]. The road edges are often marked with white strips to
guide the user vehicle. With the help of these strips this system can be able to judge the out boundaries of road.
The detection method requires various operators and on the basis of the operator the type of technique such as
parallel or sequential are decided. These mention techniques are mentioned in [6] helps us in simplifying the
calculation.
A camera is also mounted on car windshield to monitor the upcoming and outgoing cars and that will
be monitored by display connected to raspberry pi board. The assistance provided by this system delivers safety
to vehicle by anti-collision and lane departure system. Anti- collision system uses camera mounted on
windshield of car to monitor vehicles that are very close to user vehicle and simultaneously using ultrasonic
sensors to determine the distance between these two vehicles. When undesired vehicle try to make collision with
user vehicle, it will make a sound to alert the user in this vehicle. Further, a lane departure system is introduced
in which camera also used to monitor the side boundaries of the road or lane and make aware the user in this
vehicle when vehicle is moving off road.
II. Structure And Principle
The system consists of web camera of 2.0 VGA which is used to capture video. The camera is mounted
on the windshield of the vehicle so to take the vehicle moving in front of user vehicle. The camera has an USB
interface with Raspberry Pi model. There are various types of camera available in market but cost effective
manner we are using web camera. The Raspberry Pi is special type of development board of very small
dimension 12.2 x 7.6 x 2.4 cm and The secret sauce that makes this computer so small and powerful is the
Broadcom BCM2835, a System-on-Chip that contains ARM1176JZFS with floating point, running at 700Mhz,
2. Literature on safety module for vehicular driver assistance
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10127579 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
and a Video core 4 GPU. The results will be shown on LCD screen or TV screen which provide a level of
flexibility to programmers. The programmers also given reliability in terms platform the Raspberry Pi uses
Linux kernel. The type of Linux Operating System on which it runs is Raspbian. The Raspbian can be easily
dumped on the flash card and inserted on the development board of Pi. Further command Raspbian has its own
command prompt named as LX terminal and user doesn‟t need to use additional software to dump the program
into the development board and check the results periodically. The inputs can be given with the help of USB
interfaced keyboard as well as USB interfaced Mouse. Both the hardware units (keyboard and Mouse) run
instantly as attached to the development board when system is on. An ultrasonic sensor is also interfaced
through GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins with the development board. The sensors are used to detect
the upcoming vehicles if they are in range close to the user vehicle. The ultrasonic sensors used in this system is
having range of 1feet approximately equals to 12 inches. The ultrasonic sensors used having two parts
transmitter and receiver for transmission and reception of signals. The echoes to be send from transmitter by
using high frequency oscillator and the reflected echoes of the object are received by the receiver. All these
circuitry or firmware needs to be updated before the system load all its input and output peripherals and also
need power supply of 3.0 w.
Fig 1: Block Diagram of System
III. Hardware Component
The hardware components are shown in above figure is mentioned below:
1. Ultrasonic Sensors
The work of the ultrasonic sensors in the field of robotics is adorable based on application such as the
measurement of the proximity of objects [7]. The Parallax ultrasonic distance sensor provides precise, non-
contact distance measurements from about 2 cm (0.8 inches) to 3 meters (3.3 yards). It is very easy to connect to
BASIC Stamp® or Javelin Stamp microcontrollers or other development boards. The sensor works by
transmitting an ultrasonic (well above human hearing range) burst and providing an output pulse that
corresponds to the time required for the burst echo to return to the sensor. By measuring the echo pulse width
the distance to target can easily be calculated. The time-of-flight (TOF) information of the transmitted pulse is
used for the calculation of distance between two vehicles [1]. Surface profile determination by spatial voting and
target classification by multiple reflections were studied with the help of intelligent processing of TOF
measurements and necessary calculations are done. By multiplying the time between pulse and echo t (in
seconds) with speed of sound c, you will get twice the distance d to the object in meters (since the sound
travelled the distance twice to get to the object and bounce back).
The accuracy of the distance measurement is directly proportional to the accuracy of the speed of
sound used in the calculation. The structure and type of ultrasonic sensor used is shown in figure below:
3. Literature on safety module for vehicular driver assistance
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10127579 www.iosrjournals.org 77 | Page
Fig 2: Dimensions of Ultrasonic Sensor
1.1 Features
• Supply Voltage – 5 VDC
• Supply Current – 30 mA typ; 35 mA max
• Range – 2 cm to 3 m (0.8 in to 3.3 yrds)
• Input Trigger – positive TTL pulse,
2 uS min, 5 μs typ.
• Echo Pulse – positive TTL pulse,
115 uS to 18.5 ms
• Echo Hold-off – 750 μs from fall of Trigger pulse
• Burst Frequency – 40 kHz for 200 μs
• Burst Indicator LED shows sensor activity
• Delay before next measurement – 200 μs
As per the figure the dimensions of the ultrasonic sensors are shown which are – 22 mm H x 46 mm W x 16 mm
D (0.84 in x 1.8 in x 0.6 in).
1.2 Theory Of Operation
The sensor detects objects by emitting a short ultrasonic burst and then "listening" for the echo. Under
control of a host microcontroller (trigger pulse), the sensor emits a short 40 kHz (ultrasonic) burst. This burst
travels through the air at about 1130 feet per second, hits an object and then bounces back to the sensor. The
sensor provides an output pulse to the host that will terminate when the echo is detected; hence the width of this
pulse corresponds to the distance to the target. The distance between the object is calculated by equation given
above.
Fig 3: Response time of Ultrasonic Sensor
4. Literature on safety module for vehicular driver assistance
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10127579 www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
1.3 Test Data Overview
The test data on the following pages is based on the sensor, tested in the Parallax lab, while connected
to a BASIC Stamp microcontroller module. The test surface was a linoleum floor, so the sensor was elevated to
minimize floor reflections in the data. All tests were conducted at room temperature, indoors, in a protected
environment. The target was always centered at the same elevation as the sensors.
Fig 4: Detection by Ultrasonic Sensors
2. Camera Module
VGA web camera of 0.3 megapixels is used. The VGA camera can able to give an image of resolution
of 640*480 pixels. The development board support broad range of standards in terms of megapixels but due to
performance constraints and cost issues we have used VGA camera of 0.3 megapixels. The frame rate of the
camera is set at 30 fps. The camera is used for the surveillance and edge detection system.
3. Raspberry Pi
The model used for the raspberry pi is model B+ which named as BCM2835. The development board
is the heart of the system and consists of BCM Audio-Video codec for the GPIO and having ARM 11 processor
with frequency of 700 MHz .The structure of Raspberry Pi model is shown in figure below:
Fig 5: Diagrammatic overview of Raspberry Pi
2.1 Overview
BCM2835 contains the following peripherals which may safely be accessed by the ARM:
• Timers
• Interrupt controller
• GPIO
• USB
• PCM / I2S
• DMA controller
• I2C master
• I2C / SPI slave
• SPI0, SPI1, SPI2
5. Literature on safety module for vehicular driver assistance
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10127579 www.iosrjournals.org 79 | Page
• PWM
• UART0, UART1
3. Indicators
The indicators are used basically to notify the person sitting inside the car that weather the other vehicle
is near or far to the user vehicle. The status of the indicator is shown by the LED blinking and with a sound of
alarm if moving outside the lane.
4. Lcd Screen
The LCD screens are used to monitor the front side of the vehicle. They are also playing major role in
displaying the distance between two vehicle calculated by ARM processor with the help of ultrasonic sensors.
IV. Software Implementation
The programs in raspberry pi model are executed in LX terminal which is a command prompt for
Linux kernel. The programming language used is python which cannot be able to execute the programs directly
and need to install some packages as follows:
1. Installation Of Packages
The installation packages are nothing but the libraries in the python which need to be updated and
installed before starting any executions. They include libraries such as libraries for peripheral devices like
camera, video player, codec libraries etc. The commands for these libraries to access are as follows:
$sudo apt-get install python, $sudo apt-get install update, $sudo apt-get install fswebcam, $sudo service motion
stop/start, $sudo Ifconfig, $sudo lsusb.
All the above commands are required for the configuring python libraries, installing updates, installing
drivers for camera, to start or stop camera service, to check transmission and reception of data and status of the
peripheral devices connected to the development board.
2. Image Capture From Webcamera
After that we can capture the image from the camera by using some commands. The command uses
fswebcam library to access the camera of video type YUYV of resolution 480*640 pixels. The name of image is
saves as camera1 with (.jpg) extension and the image is stored in place specified in the command line address.
V. Conclusion
The raspberry pi development board is an efficient circuit with greater capabilities and can fulfill the
operations satisfactorily required for the driver assistance system. The circuit works efficiently with other
peripherals like camera and is basically designed for real-time applications. This system works with anti-
collision system and lane departure system for the safety of the vehicle in crucial traffic conditions. In future
work, a GPS module can be added to the circuit to periodically notify the user status when in problem to the
nearest control room. The driver assistance have broad sense of application and this project only implements a
part of that but the most important thing is, it reduces the fabrication cost of the system which will be 3-4 times
more when used by other development board.
References
[1]. Ying-Wen Bai, Chen-Chien Cheng and Zi-Li Xie „‟Use of Ultrasonic Signal Coding and PIR Sensors to Enhance the Sensing
Reliability of an Embedded Surveillance System „International Jthisnal of Computer Applications Volume 95– No.16, June 2014.
[2]. Minakshee M.Patil and Narayan Pandharinath Pawar, “Driver Assistance System based on Raspberry Pi”, International Jthisnal of
Computer Applications Volume 95– No.16, June 2014.
[3]. Florian Janda, Sebastian Pangerl, Andreas Schindler, “A Road Edge Detection Approach for Marked and Unmarked Lanes Based
on Video and Radar‟‟, 16th International Conference on Information Fusion Istanbul, Turkey, July 9-12, 2013.
[4]. “Dynamic Vehicle Full-view Driver Assistance System in Vehicular Networks”, Second International Conference on Robot, Vision
and Signal Processing, 2013.
[5]. John golias, george yannis and constantinos Antoniou, “Classification of driver-assistance systems according to their impact on road
safety and traffic efficiency”, transport reviews, vol. 22, no. 2, 179±196, 2002.
[6]. Hf. Bennamoun, “edge detection: problems and solutions”,0-7SO3-4053-1/97/$10.OQ@1997 IEEE, 3164-3169, 1997.Choon-
Young Lee, Ho-Gun Choi, Jun-Sik Park, “Collision Avoidance by the Fusion of Different Beam-width Ultrasonic Sensors” 0-
7SO3-4053-1/97/$10.OQ @ 1997 IEEE.