IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Postexercise Cold Water Immersion Benefits Are Not Greater than the Placebo E...Fernando Farias
A CWI placebo is also as effective as
CWI itself in the recovery of muscle strength over 48 h.
This can likely be attributed to improved subjective ratings
of pain and readiness for exercise, suggesting that the hy-
pothesized physiological benefits surrounding CWI may
be at least partly placebo related.
Cold water immersion versus whole body cryotherapyFernando Farias
Cold-water immersion was more effective in
accelerating recovery kinetics than whole-body cryotherapy for countermovement jump
performance at 72h post-exercise. Cold-water immersion also demonstrated lower soreness
and higher perceived recovery levels across 24-48h post-exercise.
The effect of various cold‑water immersion protocolsFernando Farias
CWI for 10 min at 10 °C appears very likely to be more
effective than passive recovery at restoring force generating
capacity of muscle in a SSC, but no CWI protocol used in
the current study was effective at restoring performance in
a purely concentric movement. CWI does not attenuate the
inflammatory response to an acute bout of normothermic
high-intensity intermittent sprint exercise when compared
with passive recovery. 30-min immersions to the iliac crest
in both cool (20 °C) and cold (10 °C) water appear to exac-
erbate specific aspects of the exercise-induced inflammatory
response. Performance effects CWI used following normo-
thermic sprint exercise are not likely a result of attenuation
of the inflammatory response to this type of exercise.
Effects of seated and standing cold water immersion on recovery from repeated...Fernando Farias
There were
no significant group differences between control and either of the cold water immersion interventions. Seated cold water
immersion was associated with lower DOMS than standing cold water immersion (effect size = 1.86; P = 0.001). These
data suggest that increasing hydrostatic pressure by standing in cold water does not provide an additional recovery benefit
over seated cold water immersion, and that both seated and standing immersions have no benefit in promoting recovery
Cold water inmersion reduces anaerobic performanceFernando Farias
Many athletes compete in multiple events on the
same day such as heats and semifinals or round
robin competitions. Under these circumstances,
effective recovery is essential to ensure optimal
performance in a subsequent event or match. A
variety of recovery techniques exist including
cryotherapy (cold water immersion/ice baths,
ice massage, ice packs), whirlpool therapy, mas-
sage and contrast therapy.
fatigue following a
soccer match is multifactorial and related to dehydration,
glycogen depletion, muscle damage and mental fatigue. A
multitude of recovery strategies are currently implemented
in professional soccer clubs to target these causes of fatigue.
Recovery strategies aimed at reducing acute inflammation
from muscle damage and enhancing its rate of removal are
particularly used in professional soccer settings.
Effect of cold water immersion on skeletal muscle contractile properties in s...Fernando Farias
This study shows that repeated cold-water immersions (4
4 mins at 4-C) cause considerable alterations to muscle behavior. These alter-
ations signififiantly affect the state of muscles and their response capacity, partic-
ularly in relation to muscle stiffness and muscle contraction velocity.
Effects of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle OxygenationFernando Farias
Postexercise cold water immersion has been advocated to
athletes as a means of accelerating recovery and improving perform-
ance. Given the effects of cold water immersion on blood flflw,
evaluating in vivo changes in tissue oxygenation during cold water
immersion may help further our understanding of this recovery
modality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cold water
immersion on muscle oxygenation and performance during repeated
bouts of fatiguing exercise in a group of healthy young adults.
Postexercise Cold Water Immersion Benefits Are Not Greater than the Placebo E...Fernando Farias
A CWI placebo is also as effective as
CWI itself in the recovery of muscle strength over 48 h.
This can likely be attributed to improved subjective ratings
of pain and readiness for exercise, suggesting that the hy-
pothesized physiological benefits surrounding CWI may
be at least partly placebo related.
Cold water immersion versus whole body cryotherapyFernando Farias
Cold-water immersion was more effective in
accelerating recovery kinetics than whole-body cryotherapy for countermovement jump
performance at 72h post-exercise. Cold-water immersion also demonstrated lower soreness
and higher perceived recovery levels across 24-48h post-exercise.
The effect of various cold‑water immersion protocolsFernando Farias
CWI for 10 min at 10 °C appears very likely to be more
effective than passive recovery at restoring force generating
capacity of muscle in a SSC, but no CWI protocol used in
the current study was effective at restoring performance in
a purely concentric movement. CWI does not attenuate the
inflammatory response to an acute bout of normothermic
high-intensity intermittent sprint exercise when compared
with passive recovery. 30-min immersions to the iliac crest
in both cool (20 °C) and cold (10 °C) water appear to exac-
erbate specific aspects of the exercise-induced inflammatory
response. Performance effects CWI used following normo-
thermic sprint exercise are not likely a result of attenuation
of the inflammatory response to this type of exercise.
Effects of seated and standing cold water immersion on recovery from repeated...Fernando Farias
There were
no significant group differences between control and either of the cold water immersion interventions. Seated cold water
immersion was associated with lower DOMS than standing cold water immersion (effect size = 1.86; P = 0.001). These
data suggest that increasing hydrostatic pressure by standing in cold water does not provide an additional recovery benefit
over seated cold water immersion, and that both seated and standing immersions have no benefit in promoting recovery
Cold water inmersion reduces anaerobic performanceFernando Farias
Many athletes compete in multiple events on the
same day such as heats and semifinals or round
robin competitions. Under these circumstances,
effective recovery is essential to ensure optimal
performance in a subsequent event or match. A
variety of recovery techniques exist including
cryotherapy (cold water immersion/ice baths,
ice massage, ice packs), whirlpool therapy, mas-
sage and contrast therapy.
fatigue following a
soccer match is multifactorial and related to dehydration,
glycogen depletion, muscle damage and mental fatigue. A
multitude of recovery strategies are currently implemented
in professional soccer clubs to target these causes of fatigue.
Recovery strategies aimed at reducing acute inflammation
from muscle damage and enhancing its rate of removal are
particularly used in professional soccer settings.
Effect of cold water immersion on skeletal muscle contractile properties in s...Fernando Farias
This study shows that repeated cold-water immersions (4
4 mins at 4-C) cause considerable alterations to muscle behavior. These alter-
ations signififiantly affect the state of muscles and their response capacity, partic-
ularly in relation to muscle stiffness and muscle contraction velocity.
Effects of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle OxygenationFernando Farias
Postexercise cold water immersion has been advocated to
athletes as a means of accelerating recovery and improving perform-
ance. Given the effects of cold water immersion on blood flflw,
evaluating in vivo changes in tissue oxygenation during cold water
immersion may help further our understanding of this recovery
modality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cold water
immersion on muscle oxygenation and performance during repeated
bouts of fatiguing exercise in a group of healthy young adults.
Does static stretching reduce maximal muscle performance?Fernando Farias
Kay and Blazevich systemati-
cally examined research that showed
the effects of static stretching on mus-
cle strength and other performance
measures by separating the studies into
total stretch durations of ,30 seconds,
30 to 45 seconds, 1 to 2 minutes, or
.2 minutes. Some practical and tech-
nical considerations may be helpful in
considering their conclusion that static
stretching only impairs muscle function
with longer stretches.
Eccentric training using external loads greater than the
relative concentric training intensity is a potent stimulus for
enhancements in muscle mechanical function, and MTU
morphological and architectural adaptations. The inclusion
of eccentric loads above maximal concentric strength is
therefore an avenue to induce novel training stimuli and
effect change in key determinants, and functional metrics,
of strength, power and speed performance. Strength
improvements are largely mode-specific and arise from a
combination of neural, morphological and architectural
adaptations [8]. Increased agonist volitional drive is posited
as the primary contributing factor to the marked increases
in eccentric strength observed following training [54].
Eccentric training improves concentric muscle power and
SSC performance to a greater extent than concentric or
traditional modalities
The effects of self-myofascial release using a foam roll or roller massager on joint range of motion, muscle recovery, and performance: a systematic review
Cold water immersion alters muscle recruitment and balanceFernando Farias
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cold-water immersion on the electromyographic (EMG) response of
the lower limb and balance during unipodal jump landing. The evaluation comprised 40 individuals (20 basketball players
and 20 non-athletes). The EMG response in the lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, fibular longus, rectus femoris,
hamstring and gluteus medius; amplitude and mean speed of the centre of pressure, flight time and ground reaction force
(GRF) were analysed. All volunteers remained for 20 min with their ankle immersed in cold-water, and were re-evaluated
immediately post and after 10, 20 and 30 min of reheating
Acute effect of different combined stretching methodsFernando Farias
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of different stretching methods, during a warm-up,
on the acceleration and speed of soccer players. The acceleration performance of 20 collegiate soccer players (body height:
177.25 ± 5.31 cm; body mass: 65.10 ± 5.62 kg; age: 16.85 ± 0.87 years; BMI: 20.70 ± 5.54; experience: 8.46 ± 1.49
years) was evaluated after different warm-up procedures, using 10 and 20 m tests. Subjects performed five types of a
warm-up: static, dynamic, combined static + dynamic, combined dynamic + static, and no-stretching. Subjects were
divided into five groups. Each group performed five different warm-up protocols in five non-consecutive days. The
warm-up protocol used for each group was randomly assigned. The protocols consisted of 4 min jogging, a 1 min
stretching program (except for the no-stretching protocol), and 2 min rest periods, followed by the 10 and 20 m sprint
test, on the same day. The current findings showed significant differences in the 10 and 20 m tests after dynamic
stretching compared with static, combined, and no-stretching protocols. There were also significant differences between
the combined stretching compared with static and no-stretching protocols. We concluded that soccer players performed
better with respect to acceleration and speed, after dynamic and combined stretching, as they were able to produce more
force for a faster execution.
EFFECTS OF STRENGTH TRAINING ON SQUAT AND SPRINT PERFORMANCE IN SOCCER PLAYERSFernando Farias
We have demonstrated that a simple in-season strength training program resulted in an improvement in maximal back squat performance, which was reflected in improve- ments in short sprint performance, as identified by a decrease in sprint time over 5, 10, and 20 m, in professional soccer players, in line with the hypotheses. Furthermore, the changes in relative 1RM squat strength demonstrate strong associations with the changes in 5 (r = 0.62), 10 (r = 0.78), and 20-m (r = 0.60) sprint performances.
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown hamstring
strain injuries (HSIs) to have a high prevalence rate in many
sports, such as sprinting (11%; Lysholm & Wiklander, 1987),
Australian Rules Football (16–23%; Orchard, 2001; Orchard,
Marsden, Lord, & Garlick, 1997) and football (12–14%:
Ekstrand, Hagglund, & Walden, 2011; Hawkins, Hulse,
Wilkinson, Hodson, & Gibson, 2001). The epidemiology and
aetiology of HSI in football has received extensive attention in
the scientific literature (Ekstrand et al., 2011; Woods et al., 2004),
given the economic burden associated with professional
players missing training and competitive fixtures (Woods,
Hawkins, Hulse, & Hodson, 2002). b
Foam Rolling for Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Recovery of Dynamic Perfor...Fernando Farias
After an intense bout of exercise, foam rolling is
thought to alleviate muscle fatigue and soreness (ie, delayed-
onset muscle soreness [DOMS]) and improve muscular perfor-
mance. Potentially, foam rolling may be an effective therapeutic
modality to reduce DOMS while enhancing the recovery of
muscular performance.
A Study To Locate The Difference Between Active And Passive Recovery After St...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Exercise recovery involves a number of Post-exercise Steps that are essential for any exercise
regime, regardless of fitness level, the type of physical activity or the exercise intensity. Exercise recovery does
not take long or require much effort, but it is often neglected. The exercise recovery is mainly of two types one is
Active Recovery and the other is passive Recovery. Active Recovery is the term used for cooling down (with slow
jogging, stretching etc. ) after a high intensive work out and Passive Recovery is Stopping dead, doing nothing
again until he head out on his next run a couple of days later. The results of a study suggest that an active
recovery of 3 minutes between High intensity, short duration exercise bouts significantly increase peak power
and average power compared to a passive recovery, irrespective of changes in blood lactate levels. Several
research studies have been conducted in this specific area in the international level but the effort is supposed to
be weaker with respect to Indian Sport Scientists. Feeling the importance of recovery in the sport field and
considering its application in a wider range or rather as an effort to make it much more acceptable to the sport
society the investigator under the guidance of her supervisor envisaged to conduct the study entitled “A study to
locate the difference between active and passive recovery after strenuous workout.” The subjects for the present
study were 20 male trained athletes from Howrah and Purba Medinipur districts of West Bengal who were
selected randomly from a coaching camp. In the present study, the investigator has considered the following
things such as their – Age, sex, Height of the subject, Resting Heart Rate, Post Exercise Heart Rate, After Active
Recovery Heart Rate, After Passive Recovery Heart Rate. The scholar made the athletes to run 600 mts. and
recorded their Heart Rate just after completion of the workout and also recorded their HR after one minute of
complete rest the same procedure was repeated but in between the athletes were directed to perform active
recovery i.e. slow jogging. From data analysis it appears that the Active recovery is superior in comparison to
the Passive recovery because the recovery range is greater. Thus the scholar arrived at the explicit conclusion
that active recovery is better than passive recovery between exercise bouts or after strenuous workout.
Key Words: Active recovery, Passive Recovery, Strenuous workout.
Is self myofascial release an effective preexercise and recovery strategy?Fernando Farias
Sports participation in youth is on the rise (35). In addi-
tion, paradigms in preventive health care are shifting focus
to the benefits of exercise in the aging population, leading
to exercise prescriptions for a previously sedentary group
(14,23,36). As more individuals become active, the number
of exercise-related injuries and conditions such as delayed-
onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is likely increasing (10).
DOMS can limit physical activity or result in pain that de-
ters individuals from continuing their exercise regimen (10).
Whether the athlete is young or old, novice or elite, regular
and/or strenuous exercise can result in DOMS and forma-
tion of fibrous tissue adhesions, leading to decreased range
of motion (ROM) (4,10,15).
HIGH-INTENSITY CIRCUIT TRAINING USING BODY WEIGHTFernando Farias
Traditionally, resistance training often is
performed separately from aerobic training V
typically on two or three nonconsecutive days
each week. The American College of Sports
Medicine (ACSM) recommends 8 to 12 repeti-
tions of a resistance training exercise for each
major muscle group at an intensity of 40% to 80%
of a one-repetition max (RM) depending on the
training level of the participant.
Recovery in Soccer Part I – Post-Match Fatigue and Time Course of RecoveryFernando Farias
In elite soccer, players are frequently required to play consecutive matches
interspersed by 3 days and complete physical performance recovery may not
be achieved. Incomplete recovery might result in underperformance and in-
jury. During congested schedules, recovery strategies are therefore required
to alleviate post-match fatigue, regain performance faster and reduce the risk
of injury. This article is Part I of a subsequent companion review and deals
with post-match fatigue mechanisms and recovery kinetics of physical per-
formance (sprints, jumps, maximal strength and technical skills), cognitive,
subjective and biochemical markers.
High chronic training loads and exposure to bouts of maximal velocity running...Fernando Farias
The ability to produce high speeds is considered an important
quality for performance, with athletes shown to achieve 85–94% of
maximal velocity during team sport match-play.3 Well-developed
high-speed running ability and maximal velocity are required of
players during competition in order to beat opposition players
to possession and gain an advantage in attacking and defensive
situations.
The use of stretching in the training programs of recrea-
tional and competitive athletes has been historically common-
place. The role of stretching in enhancing athletic performance
has been debated (49). The purpose of this review was to
examine the literature regarding the effect of stretching on
performance, without regard to any of the other purported
effects of stretching, including improvements in joint range
of motion, muscle length, or recovery from or susceptibility
to injury.
Does static stretching reduce maximal muscle performance?Fernando Farias
Kay and Blazevich systemati-
cally examined research that showed
the effects of static stretching on mus-
cle strength and other performance
measures by separating the studies into
total stretch durations of ,30 seconds,
30 to 45 seconds, 1 to 2 minutes, or
.2 minutes. Some practical and tech-
nical considerations may be helpful in
considering their conclusion that static
stretching only impairs muscle function
with longer stretches.
Eccentric training using external loads greater than the
relative concentric training intensity is a potent stimulus for
enhancements in muscle mechanical function, and MTU
morphological and architectural adaptations. The inclusion
of eccentric loads above maximal concentric strength is
therefore an avenue to induce novel training stimuli and
effect change in key determinants, and functional metrics,
of strength, power and speed performance. Strength
improvements are largely mode-specific and arise from a
combination of neural, morphological and architectural
adaptations [8]. Increased agonist volitional drive is posited
as the primary contributing factor to the marked increases
in eccentric strength observed following training [54].
Eccentric training improves concentric muscle power and
SSC performance to a greater extent than concentric or
traditional modalities
The effects of self-myofascial release using a foam roll or roller massager on joint range of motion, muscle recovery, and performance: a systematic review
Cold water immersion alters muscle recruitment and balanceFernando Farias
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cold-water immersion on the electromyographic (EMG) response of
the lower limb and balance during unipodal jump landing. The evaluation comprised 40 individuals (20 basketball players
and 20 non-athletes). The EMG response in the lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, fibular longus, rectus femoris,
hamstring and gluteus medius; amplitude and mean speed of the centre of pressure, flight time and ground reaction force
(GRF) were analysed. All volunteers remained for 20 min with their ankle immersed in cold-water, and were re-evaluated
immediately post and after 10, 20 and 30 min of reheating
Acute effect of different combined stretching methodsFernando Farias
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of different stretching methods, during a warm-up,
on the acceleration and speed of soccer players. The acceleration performance of 20 collegiate soccer players (body height:
177.25 ± 5.31 cm; body mass: 65.10 ± 5.62 kg; age: 16.85 ± 0.87 years; BMI: 20.70 ± 5.54; experience: 8.46 ± 1.49
years) was evaluated after different warm-up procedures, using 10 and 20 m tests. Subjects performed five types of a
warm-up: static, dynamic, combined static + dynamic, combined dynamic + static, and no-stretching. Subjects were
divided into five groups. Each group performed five different warm-up protocols in five non-consecutive days. The
warm-up protocol used for each group was randomly assigned. The protocols consisted of 4 min jogging, a 1 min
stretching program (except for the no-stretching protocol), and 2 min rest periods, followed by the 10 and 20 m sprint
test, on the same day. The current findings showed significant differences in the 10 and 20 m tests after dynamic
stretching compared with static, combined, and no-stretching protocols. There were also significant differences between
the combined stretching compared with static and no-stretching protocols. We concluded that soccer players performed
better with respect to acceleration and speed, after dynamic and combined stretching, as they were able to produce more
force for a faster execution.
EFFECTS OF STRENGTH TRAINING ON SQUAT AND SPRINT PERFORMANCE IN SOCCER PLAYERSFernando Farias
We have demonstrated that a simple in-season strength training program resulted in an improvement in maximal back squat performance, which was reflected in improve- ments in short sprint performance, as identified by a decrease in sprint time over 5, 10, and 20 m, in professional soccer players, in line with the hypotheses. Furthermore, the changes in relative 1RM squat strength demonstrate strong associations with the changes in 5 (r = 0.62), 10 (r = 0.78), and 20-m (r = 0.60) sprint performances.
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown hamstring
strain injuries (HSIs) to have a high prevalence rate in many
sports, such as sprinting (11%; Lysholm & Wiklander, 1987),
Australian Rules Football (16–23%; Orchard, 2001; Orchard,
Marsden, Lord, & Garlick, 1997) and football (12–14%:
Ekstrand, Hagglund, & Walden, 2011; Hawkins, Hulse,
Wilkinson, Hodson, & Gibson, 2001). The epidemiology and
aetiology of HSI in football has received extensive attention in
the scientific literature (Ekstrand et al., 2011; Woods et al., 2004),
given the economic burden associated with professional
players missing training and competitive fixtures (Woods,
Hawkins, Hulse, & Hodson, 2002). b
Foam Rolling for Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Recovery of Dynamic Perfor...Fernando Farias
After an intense bout of exercise, foam rolling is
thought to alleviate muscle fatigue and soreness (ie, delayed-
onset muscle soreness [DOMS]) and improve muscular perfor-
mance. Potentially, foam rolling may be an effective therapeutic
modality to reduce DOMS while enhancing the recovery of
muscular performance.
A Study To Locate The Difference Between Active And Passive Recovery After St...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Exercise recovery involves a number of Post-exercise Steps that are essential for any exercise
regime, regardless of fitness level, the type of physical activity or the exercise intensity. Exercise recovery does
not take long or require much effort, but it is often neglected. The exercise recovery is mainly of two types one is
Active Recovery and the other is passive Recovery. Active Recovery is the term used for cooling down (with slow
jogging, stretching etc. ) after a high intensive work out and Passive Recovery is Stopping dead, doing nothing
again until he head out on his next run a couple of days later. The results of a study suggest that an active
recovery of 3 minutes between High intensity, short duration exercise bouts significantly increase peak power
and average power compared to a passive recovery, irrespective of changes in blood lactate levels. Several
research studies have been conducted in this specific area in the international level but the effort is supposed to
be weaker with respect to Indian Sport Scientists. Feeling the importance of recovery in the sport field and
considering its application in a wider range or rather as an effort to make it much more acceptable to the sport
society the investigator under the guidance of her supervisor envisaged to conduct the study entitled “A study to
locate the difference between active and passive recovery after strenuous workout.” The subjects for the present
study were 20 male trained athletes from Howrah and Purba Medinipur districts of West Bengal who were
selected randomly from a coaching camp. In the present study, the investigator has considered the following
things such as their – Age, sex, Height of the subject, Resting Heart Rate, Post Exercise Heart Rate, After Active
Recovery Heart Rate, After Passive Recovery Heart Rate. The scholar made the athletes to run 600 mts. and
recorded their Heart Rate just after completion of the workout and also recorded their HR after one minute of
complete rest the same procedure was repeated but in between the athletes were directed to perform active
recovery i.e. slow jogging. From data analysis it appears that the Active recovery is superior in comparison to
the Passive recovery because the recovery range is greater. Thus the scholar arrived at the explicit conclusion
that active recovery is better than passive recovery between exercise bouts or after strenuous workout.
Key Words: Active recovery, Passive Recovery, Strenuous workout.
Is self myofascial release an effective preexercise and recovery strategy?Fernando Farias
Sports participation in youth is on the rise (35). In addi-
tion, paradigms in preventive health care are shifting focus
to the benefits of exercise in the aging population, leading
to exercise prescriptions for a previously sedentary group
(14,23,36). As more individuals become active, the number
of exercise-related injuries and conditions such as delayed-
onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is likely increasing (10).
DOMS can limit physical activity or result in pain that de-
ters individuals from continuing their exercise regimen (10).
Whether the athlete is young or old, novice or elite, regular
and/or strenuous exercise can result in DOMS and forma-
tion of fibrous tissue adhesions, leading to decreased range
of motion (ROM) (4,10,15).
HIGH-INTENSITY CIRCUIT TRAINING USING BODY WEIGHTFernando Farias
Traditionally, resistance training often is
performed separately from aerobic training V
typically on two or three nonconsecutive days
each week. The American College of Sports
Medicine (ACSM) recommends 8 to 12 repeti-
tions of a resistance training exercise for each
major muscle group at an intensity of 40% to 80%
of a one-repetition max (RM) depending on the
training level of the participant.
Recovery in Soccer Part I – Post-Match Fatigue and Time Course of RecoveryFernando Farias
In elite soccer, players are frequently required to play consecutive matches
interspersed by 3 days and complete physical performance recovery may not
be achieved. Incomplete recovery might result in underperformance and in-
jury. During congested schedules, recovery strategies are therefore required
to alleviate post-match fatigue, regain performance faster and reduce the risk
of injury. This article is Part I of a subsequent companion review and deals
with post-match fatigue mechanisms and recovery kinetics of physical per-
formance (sprints, jumps, maximal strength and technical skills), cognitive,
subjective and biochemical markers.
High chronic training loads and exposure to bouts of maximal velocity running...Fernando Farias
The ability to produce high speeds is considered an important
quality for performance, with athletes shown to achieve 85–94% of
maximal velocity during team sport match-play.3 Well-developed
high-speed running ability and maximal velocity are required of
players during competition in order to beat opposition players
to possession and gain an advantage in attacking and defensive
situations.
The use of stretching in the training programs of recrea-
tional and competitive athletes has been historically common-
place. The role of stretching in enhancing athletic performance
has been debated (49). The purpose of this review was to
examine the literature regarding the effect of stretching on
performance, without regard to any of the other purported
effects of stretching, including improvements in joint range
of motion, muscle length, or recovery from or susceptibility
to injury.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSRJVSP) is an open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Signal Processing. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & Signal Processing concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Analysis of Interfacial Microsstructure of Post Weld Heat Treated Dissimilar ...IOSR Journals
In Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), the main vessel which contains the primary sodium and supports the
core is suspended from the roof slab. The materials for construction for main vessel and roof slab are type 316LN austenitic
stainless steel and Carbon steel of grade A48P2, respectively. As the materials of construction are different, a transition joint
between austenitic stainless steel and C-steel is necessary. In this investigation the effect of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the interfacial microstructure of as-welded and PWHTed type 316LN/C-steel joint welded with Inconel 182 was investigated. These joints were PWHTed to various temperatures between 898 to 973K for 1h and results were evaluated. From the above results, different methods to temper the martensitic structure or to change to an equilibrium structure without PWHT are also presented.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SLOW AND FAST SURYANAMASKAR ON PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONYogacharya AB Bhavanani
Numerous scientific studies have reported beneficial physiological changes after short and long term yoga training. Suryanamaskar is an integral part of modern yoga training and may be performed either in a slow or rapid manner. As there are few studies on suryanamaskar we conducted this study to study differential effect of 6 months training in the fast and slow versions. 42 school children in the age group of 12 to 16 were randomly divided into two groups of 21 each. Group I and Group II received 6 months training in performance of slow suryanamaskar (SSN) and fast suryanamaskar (FSN) respectively. Training in SSN produced a significant decrease in diastolic pressure. In contrast, training in FSN produced a significant increase in systolic pressure. Although there was a highly significant increase in hand grip strength and hand grip endurance in both the groups, the increase in hand grip endurance in FSN group was significantly more than in SSN group. MIP and MEP increased significantly in both groups and the increase of MIP in the FSN group was more significant as compared to SSN. Training in SSN reduced the resting diastolic pressure and rate-pressure-product, which, indicates a decrease in load on the heart. In contrast, FSN increased diastolic pressure and rate-pressure-product. The present study shows suryanamaskar has positive physiological benefits as evidenced by changes in pulmonary function, respiratory pressures, handgrip strength, handgrip endurance and resting cardiovascular parameters. It also demonstrates that there are differences between performance of suryanamaskar in a slow and fast manner and that the effects of FSN are similar to physical aerobic exercises whereas the effects of SSN are similar to those of Yoga training.
High intensity warm ups elicit superior performance Fernando Farias
The benefits of an active warm-up (WU) have been
attributed to increases in muscle temperature, nerve
conductivity, and the speeding of metabolic reactions.1 Non-
temperature-related benefifis include an increased blood-flflw
to working muscles, elevated baseline oxygen consumption,
and the induction of a post-activation potentiation (PAP)
effect.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
Improving Students’ Effort Capacity through Movement Games in Physical Educat...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Maintaining effort capacity is one of the goals pursued in adult physical education. Sedentary people have difficulty in sustaining an effort that is considered to be withing the usual intensity. They should receive training exercise because they have lost the physical ability through a bad conduct of life. In this research we started from the hypothesis that the use in the physical education lesson of motion games, which involves sustained efforts, will lead to a much faster increase of the students’ effort capacity. Dynamic games will determine the students to participate with greater interest and pleasure in lessons, and this will result in improved effort due to their active involvement. The goal was to highlight that motion games can also be used with success in the case of young people. The attractiveness and dynamism that characterizes the games determines the students to be more active and more involved in practicing physical exercise. The experiment was conducted on a group of 18 students from the second year of study at Faculty of Economic Sciences and Public Administration, at „Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava. The control group was formed from 18 students in the second year, the same specialization in another study group. The experiment was conducted over a period of 4 months (October 2018 – February 2019).
Effect of Yoga on Selected Physical and Physiological Variables of Physical E...iosrjce
According to medical scientists, yoga therapy is successful because of the balance created in the
nervous and endocrine systems which directly influences all the other systems and organs of the body. Yoga acts
both as a “Curative therapy”. The very essence of yoga lies in attaining mental peace, improved concentration
powers, a relaxed state of living and harmony in relationship.Regular practice of asana, pranayama and
meditation can help such diverse, ailments such as diabetes, blood pressure, digestive disorders, arthritis,
arteriosclerosis, chronic fatigue, asthma, varicose veins and heart conditions. Laboratory tests have proved the
yogi’s increased abilities of consciously controlling autonomic or involuntary functions, such as temperature,
heartbeat and blood pressure.The study was undertaken with the aim to observe the effect of yoga(asana
&pranayama) onselected physical & physiological variables of physical education B.P.ED (Bachelor of
Physical Education) and M.P.ED (Master of Physical Education) students.For this study total 40 male students
were selected as subject from SGGS Khalsa College Mahilpur, Punjab, India. Their age ranged between 18-24
years. Students were given the treatment of selected yogicasana &pranayama for 12 weeks Result shows that the
regular practice of yoga improvedphysical variables (Muscular strength & endurance of trunk; and flexibility)
& physiologicalvariables (Pulse Rate, Vital Capacity & Peak Flow Rate) significantly.
Sports Coaching Pedagogy presentation assessment on whether or not warming up & stretching prior to exercise has the potential to increase physical performace and prevent sports related injuries
Muscle activation during various hamstring exercisesFernando Farias
The main findings of this investigation demonstrate that
there are significant differences in activation within muscles
when comparing all exercises. Although one might expect
similar activation for a given muscle for activities of similar
kinematics, such as the prone leg curl and glute-ham raise,
this is not the case with the data herein
The effect of instability training on knee joint proprioception and core stre...Fernando Farias
A general 10-week IT program utilizing Swiss balls and body mass as a resistance proved effective for improving knee proprioception as well as trunk flexion and extension strength in previously inactive individuals. The present study demonstrates that the use of body weight as a resis- tance under unstable conditions can provide significant improvements in knee proprioception (for as long as 9 months after training) and trunk strength for the untrained population that should contribute to general health and functionality.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
1. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 10, Issue 6 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 14-21
e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
www.Iosrjournals.Org
www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Influence of Active & Passive Warming Up On Motor
Performance of the Athletes
Dr. Subhabrata Kar, Prof. Alok K. Banerjee
Assistant Professor, Union Christian Training College, Berhampore, Murshidabad, W.B.
Professor in Physical Education and Ex. Dean, Faculty of Education, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia,
West Bengal, India.
Abstract: Introduction: Participating in some form of a warming up prior to engaging in physical activity is
considered an acceptable and valid practice. Nonetheless, the topic has been debated among those in the sport
and physical education field for a number of years. The present study was framed to find out the influence of
various types active and passive of warming up methods on trained and untrained subjects.
Methods: Two categories of persons were taken as subjects for the study. The first category was comprised of
active trained athletes participating in sports and games for more than 5 years and they are called trained
athletes or TA. The second category was comprised of Physical Education trainee students of without any sports
back-ground (N=26) and of age group 20-25 years and they will be called Physical Education less active group
i.e. PELA.
Motor performance of the subjects was measured through strength, agility and flexibility components and that
components were measured by Pull-ups tests, Shuttle run test and Sit and Reach test (modified) respectively.
Here five conditions were introduced to test the performances of the subjects, which were No warming up
(NWU), Active unrelated warming up (AUR), Active related Warming up (AR), and Sauna bath (SB) and
Massage (MAS). All the subjects took part in each of the test once without warming-up and again after due
warming-up.
The data was analyzed by appropriate statistical method.
Results and Discussion: It was found that both active and passive warming-up had significant influence on
motor performances of both trained and untrained subjects, but the percentage of influence varied according to
their performance status. At the same time it was also found that influence of warming up varied in respect of
motor components.
Conclusion: It may finally be concluded that for TA active and passive WU has some influence on motor
performance in respect of NWU, but this influence is not significant for all cases. The mean magnitude of
increment of sit and reach performance due to active as well as passive WU is found low due to extreme
performance by some subjects in NWU case.
Key Words: Warming-up, Active and Passive WU, Motor Performance, Trained and Untrained.
II.. Introduction
Participating in some form of a warming up prior to engaging in physical activity is considered an
acceptable and valid practice. Nonetheless, the topic has been debated among those in the sport and physical
education field for a number of years. Some professionals believe warming-up is essential to physical activity,
while others believe warming-up is not necessary.
However, there are numerous physiological advantages associated with a warming-up that are difficult
to refute. A warming-up is usually performed before participating in technical sports or exercising.A warming-
up generally consists of a gradual increase in intensity in physical activity (pulse raiser), a joint mobility
exercise, stretching and a sport related activity. For example, before running or playing an intense sport one
might slowly jog to warm muscles and increase heart rate. It is important that warming ups should be specific to
the exercise that will follow, which means that exercises (of warming up) should prepare the muscles to be used
and to activate the energy systems that are required for that particular activity. The risks and benefits of
combining stretching with warming up are mixed and in some cases disputed. Warming up prepares the body
mentally and physically. Edington and Egerton state: `Warming-up is a technique to prepare the body for
exercise at a competitive rate‟.
There are some historical evidence regarding practice of warming-up in ancient times that ancient
Greeks believed that training and music should be experienced together because they both pleased man‟s spirit
and music was a key part of their warm up (Stefanovic et al.112). The athletic training of Greeks differed
depending on whether it was held in indoors or outdoors, in hot or cold weather, on wet or dry days. In the
ancient Greco-Roman tradition, wrestling warming-up drills were very important. Warming-up drills got one‟s
2. Influence of active & passive warming up on motor performance of the athletes
www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
body‟s systems going, his blood flowing, and his body was being ready for the upcoming challenges. Different
researchers like Asmussen and Boje (1945), Gregson, et al.(2002), Grose (1958), Bergh and Ekblom (1979)
and so on studied the performance of trained, moderately trained and untrained male under various WU
conditions and they showed performance increment in sprint time, peak velocity, average speed at exercise, hot
water shower, hot bath, diathermy etc in comparison to no WU. Bishop, (2003) concluded after reviewing
different studies that active warming up tends to improve slightly larger improving in short-term performance
(<10 seconds) than those achieved by passive heating alone. In another study they suggested that supra-maximal
sprints were improved by including a judicious amount of specific supra-maximal sprinting in warm-up.
Curry, et al. (2009) suggested that the variation in responses to warm-up conditions emphasizes the
unique nature of individual reactions to different warm-ups; however, there was a tendency for warm-ups with
an active component to have beneficial effects. The data suggests dynamic stretching has greater applicability to
enhance performance on power outcomes compared to static stretching in trained only.
Close, 1995; Barany, 1967; Gray, et al., 2006 suggested that muscles must be warmed up in order to
contract as fast as possible. At the same time Bishop (2003) suggested that a warm muscle reduces the viscosity
leading to more efficient contraction. Different researchers like Asmussen and Boje (1945), Gregson, et
al.(2002), Grose (1958), Bergh and Ekblom (1979), Binkhorst, et al. (1977), Clerk, et ai. (1958), Davies and
Young (1983), Ranatunga, et al.(1980), Grose (1958) and so on studied the performance of trained,
moderately trained and untrained male under various WU conditions and they showed performance increment in
isometric force, vertical jump height, hand grip strength, finger strength, knee extension etc at exercise, hot
water shower, hot bath, diathermy etc in comparison to no WU. They also showed best performance
increment for trained than moderately trained and untrained. Holmstrom, et al.(2001) suggested that short dose
of warming up exercises could be beneficial for increasing and maintaining joint and muscle flexibility and
muscle endurance for untrained male workers. Barlow, et al. (2004) suggested that a single massage of
hamstring muscle group does not significantly alter Sit & Reach performance. However, their results also seem
to indicate that percentage changes in Sit and Reach scores may be inversely proportional to pre-treatment
values. The percentage changes in Sit & Reach scores were relatively small for those with pre-treatment values
of 15 cm. and above –that is, those with relatively long reach to begin with.
II. Methodology
Selection of Subjects:
Two categories of persons were taken as subjects for the study. The first category was comprised of
active trained athletes participating in sports and games for more than 5 years and they had participated at least
one Inter-University or State Level games and sports of age group 20-25 years (N=26) and they are called
Trained athletes or TA. They were collected from 70 numbers of available subjects. The second category was
comprised of Physical Education trainee students of without any sports back-ground (N=26) and of age group
20-25 years, and they will be called Physical Education less active group i.e. PELA. They were also chosen
from 150 available subjects. All the boys were selected randomly from their respective population all over
Murshidabad and Nadia district of West Bengal.
Criterion Measure:
Motor Performance: Motor performance of the subjects was measured through standard motor
performance tests. It is to say that, to test the Physical fitness components “AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test”
batteries were used, but for researcher‟s convenience some test batteries were given up as well as some batteries
were introduced. Here Motor performance of the subjects was measured through strength, agility and flexibility
components and that components were measured by Pull-ups tests, Shuttle run test and Sit and Reach test
(modified) respectively.
Group Design:
There were two main types of warming up- 1. Active Warming-up, 2. Passive Warming-up. Active
Warming-up was subdivided into a) Through related activity. b) Through unrelated activity. Another two types
of passive warming up had been introduced; those were „Heating by Sauna bath‟ and „Use of Massage‟.
Therefore, here five conditions were introduced to test the performances of the subjects, which were No
warming up (NWU), Active unrelated warming up (AUR), Active related Warming up (AR), Sauna bath (SB)
and Massage (MAS).
Both two groups took part in each of the test once without warming-up and again after due warming-
up, that is, after following four different types of warming-up. All the 52 subjects were first of all tested without
warming up and then they were tested for motor as well as sports performance in different days or same day
after at least 4 hours of rest period after following one type of warming up.
3. Influence of active & passive warming up on motor performance of the athletes
www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
The all possible correlation coefficients (r) among the k groups had been measured. (The homogeneity
of covariance assumption requires that all of these correlation coefficients be positive and of approximately the
same magnitude). All the correlations were supposed to be positive and more or less high. Essentially, it is a
requirement that the differential effects of the k conditions were consistent among the subjects in the repeated
measures design, or among the matched sets of subjects in the randomized blocks design.
The researcher considered the ANOVA of correlated samples. It is the same structure with the
correlated- samples ANOVA with two samples, except that now the number of conditions is three or more:
NWU|AUR|AR|SB|MAS, and so forth. When the analysis involves each subject being measured under each of
the 5 conditions, it is sometimes spoken of as a repeated measures or within subjects design. When it involves
subjects matched in sets of three for k=3, four for k=4, and so on, with the subjects in each matched set
randomly assigned to one or another of the k conditions, it is described as a randomized blocks design. (In this
latter case, each set of k matched subjects constitutes a "block.") Thus, for k=5, the investigator had chosen the
repeated measure design to analyze the data.
III. Results and Discussions
The Mean and SD of performance of TA in pull-ups after no warming-up and four warming-up
conditions were 10.0385±3.143, 12.6923±3.9372, 13.1923±3.8369, 12.9231±3.7194 and 11.8462±3.802
respectively. The overall Mean and SD was found 12.1385±3.817. The Mean and SD of performance of PELA
in pull-ups after no warming up and four warming up conditions were 9.3077±2.4128, 10.1154±2.4872,
10.2692±2.5069, 10.2692±3.3589, 9.6538±2.5759 respectively. The overall mean and SD was found
9.9231±2.4609. In case of Shuttle Run the Mean and SD of performance after no warming up and four warming
up conditions for TA were 9.2812±0.3285sec. 9.0796±0.2587sec, 9.0496±0.2527sec, 9.0685±0.2586sec. and
9.1288±0.3021sec. respectively. The overall Mean and SD was found 9.1215±0.2899sec. At the same time the
Mean and SD of performance after no warming up and four warming up conditions of PELA were
9.6938±0.2429sec, 9.6742±0.2348sec, 9.6558±0.2365sec., 9.6646±0.239sec, and 9.6781±0.2396sec.
respectively. The overall Mean and SD was found 9.6733±0.2352sec. In case of Sit and Reach performance the
Mean and SD of TA after no warming up and four warming up conditions were
13.9831±3.3209cm.,14.9523±3.5062cm., 14.7519±4.4262cm., 15.0662±3.5354cm. and 14.5831±3.5536cm.
respectively. The overall Mean and SD was found 14.6673±3.6512cm. The Mean and SD of Sit & Reach
performance of PELA after no warming up and four warming up conditions were 13.5038±4.2545cm.,
13.8831±4.3093cm., 14.1027±4.4042cm, 14.0569±4.3856cm. and 13.9077±4.3982cm. respectively. The
overall Mean and Variance was found 13.8908±4.288cm. Let us now consider the ANOVA of correlated
samples. Consulting the tabulated value of F with degrees of freedom 4 and 100, the F ratios needed for
significant differences between the means were 2.46 and 3.51 at 0.05 and 0.01 levels respectively. In case of
Pull-ups test data for TA the observed value was found to be F= 57.45 and for the PELA the observed value was
found to be F= 18.86. Both the ratios (F) fall far to the right of F=3.51, i.e., our calculated F was much higher
than the tabulated value. Therefore, F was significant. When F was significant then it was said that at least two
means were significantly different. Here, Tukey‟s honestly significant difference (HSD) method was followed
for post hoc testing of differences between paired means. While considering Pull-ups test result, it may be noted
that for TA mean of NWU was significantly lower than all other four conditions. It means that performance at
NWU was lowest in comparison to four other conditions. All the differences between means were found
significant at 1% level. Differences between AUR and AR, AUR and SB as well as AR and SB were not
significant at all. In case of PELA, it May be noted that performance at NWU significantly lower than other
three Warming up conditions except MAS. Differences between the means of NWU and MAS, AUR and AR,
AUR and SB, as well as AR and SB were found not significant at all. In case of Shuttle run test data for TA the
observed value was found to be F= 30.99 and for the PELA the observed value was found to be F= 13.46. Both
the ratios (F) fall far to the right of F=3.51, i.e., our calculated F was much higher than the tabulated value.
Therefore, F was significant. While considering the Shuttle run test data, on the basis of the Statistical Analysis
it might surely be concluded that performance without warming up of TA was significantly lower than all other
four conditions. Best performance was observed at AR, but post hoc test showed it was not significantly better
than other four conditions except MAS and NWU. On the basis of the Statistical Analysis for PELA it might
surely be concluded that performance without warming up was not significantly lower than all other four
conditions. It was found lower than performance at AR and SB only. No significant increments were found in
case of performance at AUR as well as MAS. In case of Shuttle run test data for TA the observed value was
found to be F= 4.01 and for the PELA the observed value was found to be F= 14.31. Both the ratios (F) fall to
the right of F=3.51, i.e., our calculated F was higher than the tabulated value. Therefore, F was significant Post
HOC test showed that for TA, NWU mean was not always significantly lower than all other four means.
Differences between the means of NWU and AR, NWU and SB, NWU and MAS, AUR and AR, AUR and SB,
AUR and MAS, AR and SB and MAS as well as SB and MAS were not significant at all. In case of PELA it
4. Influence of active & passive warming up on motor performance of the athletes
www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
was showed that that performance without warming up was significantly lower than all other four conditions,
but differences between the means of AUR and AR, AUR and SB, AUR and MAS, AR and SB, AR vs MAS as
well as SB and MAS were found insignificant at all. Performance without warming up is significantly lower
than all other four conditions for TA and PEA so far as pull ups performance is concerned.
Table: 1-Mean and S.D. of Pull-ups performance of two groups after NWU and other WU conditions.
WU
Type
s
NWU ARU AR SB MAS OL
TA
group
10.0385±3.143 12.6923±3.9372 13.1923±3.8369 12.9231±3.7194 11.8462±3.802 12.1385
±3.817
PEL
A
group
9.3077±2.4128 10.1154±2.4872 10.2692±2.5069 10.2692±3.3589 9.6538±2.5759 9.9231±
2.4609
Table: 2-Mean and S.D. of Shuttle run performance of two groups after NWU and other WU conditions.
WU Types NWU AUR AR SB MAS OL
TA group 9.2812±0
.3285
9.0796±0.2587 9.0496±0.2527 9.0685±0.2586 9.1288±0.3021 9.1215±0.28
99
PELA
group
9.6938±0
.2429
9.6742±0.2348 9.6558±0.2365 9.6646±0.239 9.6781±0.2396 9.6733±0.23
52
Table: 3-Mean and S.D. of Sit & Reach performance of two groups after NWU and other WU conditions.
WU
Types
NWU AUR AR SB MAS OL
TA
group
13.9831±3.
3209
14.9523±3.506
2
14.7519±4.426
2
15.0662±3.535
4
14.5831±3.553
6
14.6673±3.651
2
PELA
group
13.5038±4.
2545
13.8831±4.309
3
14.1027±4.404
2
14.0569±4.385
6
13.9077±4.398
2
13.8908±4.288
Table No.-4 ANOVA Table for Pull ups test samples for TA.
Source SS df MS F P
Treatment(Between groups) 169.7385 4 42.4346 57.45* <0.0001
Error 73.8615 100 0.7386
Ss/Bl 1635.9077 25
Total 1879.5077 129
* Significant, F (4,100) = 2.46 (5%), 3.51 (1%)
Table No:5 ANOVA for Pull ups test data for PELA.
Source SS Df MS F P
Treatment(Between groups) 18.9231 4 4.7308 18.86* <.0001
Error 25.0769 100 0.2508
Ss/Bl 737.2308 25
Total 781.2308 129
* Significant, F (4,100) = 2.46 (5%), 3.51 (1%)
Table No.-6 ANOVA Table for 4x10m. Shuttle Run test for TA.
Source SS Df MS F P
Treatment(Between groups) 0.9172 4 0.2293 30.99* <0.0001
Error 0.7446 100 0.0074
Ss/Bl 9.1759 25
Total 10.8377 129
* Significant, F (4,100) = 2.46 (5%), 3.51 (1%)
5. Influence of active & passive warming up on motor performance of the athletes
www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
Table No:7 ANOVA table for 4x10m Shuttle Run test of PELA.
Source SS Df MS F P
Treatment(Between groups) 0.0215 4 0.0054 13.46* <.0001
Error 0.0398 100 .0004
Ss/Bl 7.0755 25
Total 7.1369 129
* Significant, F (4,100) = 2.46 (5%), 3.51 (1%)
Table No.- 8 ANOVA Table for Sit & Reach test of TA.
Source SS df MS F P
Treatment(Between groups) 18.791 4 4.6977 4.01* 0.004654
Error 117.1504 100 1.1715
Ss/Bl 1583.8372 25
Total 1719.7786 129
* Significant, F (4,100) = 2.46 (5%), 3.51 (1%)
Table No:9 ANOVA Table for Sit & Reach performance of PELA.
Source SS df MS F P
Treatment(Between groups) 5.7869 4 1.4467 14.31* <.0001
Error 10.1123 100 0.1011
Ss/Bl 2356.0304 25
Total 2371.9296 129
* Significant, F (4,100) = 2.46 (5%), 3.51 (1%)
Fig No.1: Mean Performance in Pull ups of two groups after NWU and different
types of WUs.
Fig No.2: Mean Performance in Shuttle run of two groups after NWU and
different types of WUs.
6. Influence of active & passive warming up on motor performance of the athletes
www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
Fig No.3: Mean Performance in Sit & Reach of two groups after NWU and different
Types of WUs.
Fig No.-4 Comparison of Percentage increment in Pull ups Performance
Of two groups.
Fig No.-5 Comparison of Percentage increment (decrement in time)
in Shuttle Run performance of two groups.
Mean Performance in Sit and Reach Test after NWU and different
types of WUs
12.5
13
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
MeanPerformance
TA
PELA
NWU AUR AR SB MAS OA
Warming Up Type
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Percentage
increment
Comparison of Percentage increment in Pull ups
Pefformance
TA
PELA
AUR AR SB MAS OL
WU Types
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
Percentage
Increment
Comparison of Percentage increment in Shuttle Run
Performance
TA
PELA
AUR AR SB MAS OL
WU Types
7. Influence of active & passive warming up on motor performance of the athletes
www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
Fig No.-5 Comparison of Percentage increment in Sit & Reach
performance of two groups.
Results indicated that AR and SB conferred a considerable performance enhancement for all Pull ups
performance relative to NWU as well as AUR and MAS also. Present study revealed that the influence of
warming up was greater on TA (Fig. No.-1, 2 & 3)) group in comparison to PELA. PELA group showed low
performance increment due to AR as well as AUR in comparison (Fig.-4,5 & 6) to TA. PELA group also
showed some performance increment due to active as well as passive WU. In case of TA best performance was
observed at AR and was significantly better than other two conditions except AUR and SB.(i.e. NWU and
MAS). For PELA best performance was observed at AR, and was significantly better than NWU and MAS only.
But performance at MAS is found to be not significantly better than performance at NWU so far as of pull ups
test data of PELA subjects are concerned. On the basis of performance TA group may be arranged as
AR≥SB≥AUR>MAS>NWU. On the basis of performance PELA group may be arranged as
AR≥SB≥AUR>MAS≥NWU. Finally, it may surely be concluded that AR and SB conferred a considerable
performance enhancement for all Pull ups performance relative to NWU as well as AUR and MAS also, but
PELA group showed low performance increment due to AR as well as AUR in comparison to TA. Different
researchers like Asmussen and Boje (1945), Gregson, et al.(2002), Grose (1958), Bergh and Ekblom (1979),
Binkhorst, et al. (1977), Clerk, et al. (1958), Davies and Young (1983), Ranatunga, et al.(1980), Grose
(1958) and so on studied the performance of trained, moderately trained and untrained male under various WU
conditions and they showed performance increment in isometric force, vertical jump height, hand grip strength,
finger strength, knee extension etc at exercise, hot water shower, hot bath, diathermy etc in
comparison to no WU. They also showed best performance increment for trained than moderately trained and
untrained. These findings are very much consistent with the present study. Results indicated that AR and SB
conferred a considerable performance enhancement for all Shuttle Run performance relative to NWU as well as
AUR and MAS also. Present study revealed that TA group ( Fig.-4,5 & 6) has shown more performance
enhancement due to AR and other WU conditions so far as Shuttle Run performance was concerned. But this
increment was lower than Pull ups. For TA best performance was observed at AR, but post hoc test showed it
was not significantly better than other four conditions except MAS and NWU. For PELA best performance was
observed at SB, but post hoc test showed it was not significantly better than other conditions except NWU and
MAS. PELA group showed low performance increment due to AR as well as AUR in comparison to TA. But
PELA group also showed some performance increment due to active as well as passive WU. On the basis of
performance TA group may be arranged as AR≥SB≥AUR≥MAS>NWU and PELA group may be arranged as
SB≥AR≥AUR≥MAS≥NWU, AR>NWU and SB>MAS>NWU. In case of Sit & Reach performance some
unusual result, in comparison to other motor performance, was found (Fig.-1 to 6). Here, two groups showed
performance increment due to active as well as passive WUs, but more consistent result was shown in case of
PELA ( Fig.-1 to 6) than TA. Results indicated that AR and SB conferred a considerable performance
enhancement for all Sit & Reach performance relative to NWU as well as AUR and MAS also. TA group
showed low performance increment due to AR, SB as well as AUR in comparison to PELA. An amazing fact
was that, there was found no effect of passive WU on the performance of TA in comparison to NWU. Statistical
analysis provided significant differences between performance at NWU and all other warming up performances.
At the same time it showed that performance in Sit and Reach was significantly improved by AUR, AR, SB as
well as MAS in comparison to NWU, but there was found no significant influence of AUR over AR, AUR over
SB, AUR over MAS and AR over SB in respect to Sit and Reach test data of PELA subjects. It was found
significant influence of AR over MAS and also SB over MAS in respect to same data. It may finally be
concluded that for TA active and passive WU has some influence on motor performance in respect of NWU, but
8. Influence of active & passive warming up on motor performance of the athletes
www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
this influence is not significant for all cases. The mean magnitude of increment of sit and reach performance due
to active as well as passive WU is found low due to extreme performance by some subjects in NWU case.
Previous research has shown it possible to obtain the increased range of motion associated with stretching
following a general warm-up. Zakas, et al.(2003) found that a general warm-up (20 minutes of jogging) alone
increased range of motion through only the ankle dorsiflexion joint. Meanwhile, passive stretching (either
following the general warm-up or alone) was found to increase range of motion in trunk flexion and each of the
lower extremity joints measured in the study (Zakas, et al., 2003). Additional research suggests the increased
range of motion may not immediately diminish after the stretch. Wenos and Konin (2004) found that a warm-
up as short as four minutes in length, but that could maintain 60% of one‟s heart rate reserve, could maintain
hamstrings flexibility gains up to fifteen minutes following a prioproceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)
stretch intervention (Wenos and Konin, 2004). The present study is very much consistent with the above
findings.
IV. Conclusion:
In case of TA best performance was observed at AR and is significantly better than other two
conditions except AUR and SB.(i.e. NWU and MAS). For PELA best performance was observed at AR, and
was significantly better than NWU and MAS only so far as strength and agility component were concerned. It
may finally be concluded that for TA active and passive WU has some influence on motor performance in
respect of NWU, but this influence is not significant for all cases. The mean magnitude of increment of sit and
reach performance due to active as well as passive WU is found low due to extreme performance by some
subjects in NWU case.
References
[1]. Alter, M.J. (2004). Science of Flexibility. Champaign: Human Kinetics Inc.
[2]. Anshel, M.H.., & Wrisberg, C.A. (1993). Reducing warm-up decrement in the performance of tennis serve. Journal of Sport and
Exercise Physiology, 15, 290-303.
[3]. Arnett, M.G. (2002). Effects of prolonged and reduced warm-ups on diurnal variation in body temperature and swim performance.
The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,Volume: 16, Issue: 2, Pages: 256-261.
[4]. Arnold, G.N., Driscoll, N.M., Landin, D.K., Young, M.A. and Schexnayder, I.C. (2005). Acute effects of passive muscle stretching
on sprint performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, May; 23(5): 449 – 454.
[5]. Asmussen, E. and Bonde-Petersen, F. (1974). Storage of elastic energy in skeletal muscles in man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
91 , pp. 385-392
[6]. Astrand, P. O., Rodahl, K., Dahl, H. A., & Stromme, S. B. (2003). Text Book of Work Physiology (4th Edition).
[7]. Berge, U. and Ekblom, B. (1979).Physical performance and peak aerobic power at different body temperatures. . of Appl. Physiol.
46:885-889.
[8]. Binkhorse, R.A. et al.(!977). Temperature and force-velocity relationship of human muscles. J Appl Physiol; 42(4); 471-5.
[9]. Bishop, D., Bonetti, D., & Dawson, B. (2001). The effect of three different warm up intensities on kayak ergometer performance.
Med Sci Sports Exerc., 33(6): 1026-32.
[10]. Bishop D. (2003).Warm up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance.
Sports Med 33: 439-454.
[11]. Brown, P.I., Hughes, M.G., & Tong R.J. (2008). The effect of warm-up on high-intensity, intermittent running using non-
motorized treadmill ergometry. The Journal of strength and conditioning research: the research journal of the NSCA, ISSN 1064-
8011, Vol. 22, Nº. 3, pages. 801-808.
[12]. Burkett, L.N., Ziuraitis, J., & Phillips, W.T. (2001). The Effect of Four Different Warm-ups on the Maximum Vertical Jump Test
Scores for Female College Athletes. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, September 22.
[13]. Burnley, M., Jones, A.M., Carter, A., and Doust, J.H. (2004).Effects of active distance on energy expenditure during simulated
competition prior heavy exercise on phase II pulmonary oxygen uptake . J. Sports Med. 25:198-204.
[14]. Burnley, M., Doust, J. H., & Jones, A.M. (2005). Effects of prior warm-up regime on severe intensity cycling performance.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 437.
[15]. Elbel E.R, Mikols W.J. (1972). The effects of Passive or Active Warm-up upon certain physiological measures. Int. Z. angew,
Physiol: 31, 41-52.
[16]. Erdman W.J., (2nd
) and Stoner E.K. (1956). Comparative heating effects of moisture and hydro-collator hot packs. Arch Phys Med
Rehabil 37: 71-74.
[17]. Evans, R.K., Parcell, A.C., Knight, K.L., Schulthies, S.S., & Draper, D.O. (2001). Effects of warm-up prior to eccentric exercise on
indirect markers of muscle damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 691s.
[18]. Gray S, Nimmo M.(2001). Effects of active, passive or no warm-up on metabolism and performance during high-intensity exercise.
Journal of Sports Sciences, Volume 19, Issue 9 September 2001 , pages 693 – 700.
[19]. Gregson, et al. (2002). The influence of Pre-warming on physiological responses to soccer-specific intermittent exercise (Part III:
Physiology and kinanthropometry). European Journal of Applied Physiology, 86, 526-533).
[20]. Grose, J.E. (1958). Dpression of muscle fatigue curves by heat and cold. Res Q Exere Sports, 29: 19-31.
[21]. Holmstrom, E. and Ahlborg, B. (2004). Morning warming-up exercise- effects on musculoskeletal fitness in construction workers.
Dept. of Physical Therapy, Lund University, University Hospital, Lasarettsgatan &, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
[22]. Ranatunga,et al.(1987) Contractions of human skeletal muscle at different temperature. J Physiol;390;383-95.
[23]. Wenos, D.L., and Konin, J.G. ( 2004) Controlled warm-up intensity enhances hip range of motion. J. Strength Cond Res 18: 529-
533.
[24]. Zakas, A. et al. (2003). The effect of stretching during warming-up on flexibility of junior handball players. Journal of Sports
Medicine and Physical Fitness, 43, 141-149.