Joints are where two or more bones meet. They provide mobility for our skeleton and hold it together. There are three main types of joints: fibrous joints which connect bones using fibrous tissue; cartilaginous joints which connect bones using cartilage; and synovial joints which contain a fluid-filled cavity between the bones. Synovial joints allow the most movement and include ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder and hip. Important joints like the knee and elbow contain ligaments and tendons which cross the joint and provide stability. Common joint issues include injuries, inflammatory conditions like arthritis, and degenerative conditions associated with aging.
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
basic information about human body joints ( arthrology) .
topics cover under this ppt are- definition, classification and clinical anatomy of joints. this may be very helpful for the medical students for understand the basic concepts about joints.
Arthrology (General Lectures) Study of Joints
(Human anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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classification of joints. example of different types of joints. different types of joints on the basis of axis of movements. clinical aspects of joints. different between arthritis.
summary of joint classification which made it easy to understand for m.b,b.s ,postgraduate student of anatomy,orthopedics,neurosurgery ,b.p.t and m.p.t.
basic information about human body joints ( arthrology) .
topics cover under this ppt are- definition, classification and clinical anatomy of joints. this may be very helpful for the medical students for understand the basic concepts about joints.
Arthrology (General Lectures) Study of Joints
(Human anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
classification of joints. example of different types of joints. different types of joints on the basis of axis of movements. clinical aspects of joints. different between arthritis.
summary of joint classification which made it easy to understand for m.b,b.s ,postgraduate student of anatomy,orthopedics,neurosurgery ,b.p.t and m.p.t.
Christmas Can’t Get Any Bigger Than This: Vol 2Abhishek Shah
Were I a philosopher, I should write a philosophy of toys, showing that nothing else in life need to be taken seriously, and that Christmas Day in the company of children is one of the few occasions on which men become entirely alive."
~ Robert Lynd (1892-1970), American sociologist.
Ramesh Krishnamurthy, CTO at World DevOps Summit 2016Indium Software
Ramesh is one of the eminent speakers in World DevOps Summit 2016, which was scheduled on 21st Oct 2016 at Bellandur, Bangalore. He will share his viewpoint on "Integrating Test Automation in DevOps"
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colocar isso em prática. Nesta palestra iremos apresentar alguns padrões de deploy que irão te ajudar a diminuir o risco ao implantar novas versões de seus sistemas e aplicativos em produção e discutiremos como estreitar a colaboração
entre as equipes de desenvolvimento e de operações para implantar DevOps na sua empresa.
Now on its 4th edition, nanoPT will be organized in Braga at the INL (The International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory). The conference will be held with the purpose of strengthen ties nationally and internationally on Nanotechnology and will encourage industry and universities working on the Nanotechnology field to know each other and to present their research.
nanoPT2016 structure will keep the fundamental features of the previous editions, providing a unique opportunity for broad interaction. However, following the success of the past 3 editions nanoPT2016 is now a 4 days conference instead of the usual 3 days.
The conference will cover a broad range of topics on current research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology from high level speakers and also an exhibition. nanoPT 2016 is an excellent platform to exchange ideas, networking, find new partners and understand the current state of the art in nanotechnology.
All human joints including axial and appendicular skeleton will clear all the concepts and doubts of learner related to joints and different classification of joints with detail. Also, help student, learner, reader to communicate.
1. Basic data of the bone articulations.
2. The classification of the bones articulations.
3. The types of continuous articulations.
4. Intermediate articulations.
5. Synovial articulations.
6. The structure of articulation.
7. The analysis of movements of the articulations.
it consist of detailed description about joints, their number and location. we briefly explained about the types of joints with colorful images. easy to understand for students with the help of pictures. language is also simple.it will be helpful for the beginners.
oint: The area where two bones are attached for the purpose of permitting body parts to move. A joint is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. Synovial Joints
General Structure
The general structure of a synovial jointcontainsfivedistinguishing features.
Articularcartilage coversthe endsof the articulatingbones.
The joint(synovial)cavityisaspace that isfilledwithsynovial fluid.
The two-layeredarticularcapsuleenclosesthe jointcavity.
Synovial fluidisaviscous,slipperyfluidthatfillsall free space withinthe jointcavity.
Reinforcingligamentscrosssynovial jointstostrengthenthe joint.
4. Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
Bursae and tendonsheathsare bagsof lubricantthatreduce frictionatsynovial joints.
5. Factors Influencingthe Stability ofSynovial Joints
ArticularSurfaces
The shapesof the articularsurfacesof bonesfoundat a synovial jointdetermine the movementsthat
occur at the joint,butplaya minimal role instabilizingthe joint.
Ligaments
Ligamentsata synovial jointpreventexcessiveorunwantedmovementsandhelptostabilizethe joint;
the greaterthe numberof ligamentsatthe jointthe greaterthe stability.
Muscle Tone
Muscle tone keepstendonscrossingjointstaut,whichisthe mostimportantfactorstabilizingjoints.
MovementsAllowedbySynovial Joints
GlidingMovements
In glidingmovementsone flat,ornearlyflat,bone surface glidesorslipsoveranother.
AngularMovements
Angularmovementsincrease ordecrease the angle betweentwobones.
Flexiondecreasesthe angle of the jointandbringsthe articulatingbonesclosertogether.
Extensionincreasesthe angle betweenthe articulatingbones.
Dorsiflexiondecreasesthe angle betweenthe topof the foot(dorsal surface) andthe anteriorsurface of
the tibia.
Plantarflexiondecreasesthe angle betweenthe sole of the foot(plantarsurface) andthe posteriorside
of the tibia.
Abductionisthe movementof alimb(orfingers) awayfromthe midlinebody(orof the hand).
Adductionisthe movementof alimb(orfingers) towardthe midline of the body(orthe hand).
Circumductionismovingalimbsothat it describesacone inthe air.
Rotation
Rotationisthe turningof a bone alongitsownlongaxis.
Special Movements
Supinationisrotatingthe forearm laterallysothatthe palmfacesanteriorlyorsuperiorly.
6. Pronationisrotatingthe arm mediallysothatthe palmfacesposteriorlyorinferiorly.
Inversionturnsthe sole of the footsothat it facesmedially.
Eversionturnsthe sole of the footso that it faceslaterally.
Protractionmovesthe mandible anteriorly,jutsthe jaw forward.
Retractionreturnsthe mandible toitsoriginal position.
Elevationmeansliftingabodypartsuperiorly.
Depressionmeanstomove anelevatedbodypartinferiorly.
Oppositionoccurswhenyoutouchyourthumbto the fingersonthe same hand.
Types ofSynovial Joints
Plane jointshave flatarticularsurfacesandallow glidingandtransitionalmovements.
Hinge jointsconsistof a cylindrical projectionthatnestsinatrough-shapedstructure,andallow
movementalongasingle plane.
Pivotjointsconsistof aroundedstructure that protrudesintoasleeve orring,andallow uniaxial
rotationof a bone aroundthe longaxis.
Condyloid,orellipsoid,jointsconsistof anoval articularsurface that nestsina complementary
depression,andpermitall angularmovements.
Saddle jointsconsistof eacharticularsurface bearingcomplementaryconcave andconvex areas,and
allowmore freedomof movementthancondyloidjoints.
Ball-and-socketjointsconsistof aspherical orhemispherical structure thatarticulateswithacuplike
structure.Theyare the mostfreelymovingjointsandallow multiaxial movements.
7. SelectedSynovial Joints
Knee Joint
Enclosedinone jointcavity,the knee jointisactuallythree jointsinone:the femoropatellarjoint,the
lateral andmedial jointsbetweenthe femoral condyles,andthe menisci of the tibia,knowncollectively
as the tibiofemoraljoint.
Many differenttypesof ligamentsstabilizeandstrengthen the capsuleof the knee joint.
The knee capsule isreinforcedbymuscle tendonssuchasthe strong tendonsof the quadricepsmuscles
and the tendonof the semimembranosus.
10. Stabilityhasbeensacrificedtoprovide the mostfreelymovingjointinthe body.
The ligamentsthathelptoreinforce the shoulderjointare the coracohumeral ligamentandthe three
glenohumeral ligaments.
The tendonsthat crossthe shoulderjointandprovide the moststabilizingeffectonthe jointare the
tendonof the longheadof the bicepsbrachii andthe four tendonsthatmake upthe rotator cuff.
11. ElbowJoint
The elbowjointprovidesastable andsmoothlyoperatinghingejointthatallowsflexionandextension
only.
The ligamentsinvolved inprovidingstabilitytothe elbow jointare the annularligament,the ulnar
collateral ligament,andthe radial collateral ligament.
Tendonsof several armmuscles,the bicepsandthe triceps,alsoprovide additional stabilitybycrossing
the elbowjoint.
Hip (Coxal) Joint
The hip jointisa ball-and-socketjointthatprovidesagoodrange of motion.
Several strongligamentsreinforce the capsule of the hipjoint.
12. The muscle tendonsthatcross the jointcontribute tothe stabilityandstrengthof the joint,butthe
majorityof the stabilityof the hipjointisdue tothe deepsocketof the acetabulumandthe ligaments.
TemporomandibularJoint
The temporomandibularjointallowsbothhinge-like movementandside-to-sidelateral excursion.
The jointcontainsan articulardiscthat dividesthe synovial cavityintocompartmentsthatsupporteach
type of movement.
The lateral aspectof the fibrouscapsule containsalateral ligamentthatreinforcesthe joint.
14. Sprains
Dislocations
Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
BursitisandTendonitis
Bursitis,aninflammationof the bursa,isusuallycausedbya blow or friction;tendonitisisinflammation
of the tendons,andisusuallycaused byoveruse.
Arthritis
Arthritisdescribesmanyinflammatoryordegenerativediseasesthatdamage the joints,resultingin
pain,stiffness,andswellingof the joint.
Osteoarthritisisthe mostcommonchronicarthritis.Itisthe resultof breakdownof articularcartilage
and subsequentthickeningof bone tissue,whichmayrestrictjointmovement.
Rheumatoidarthritisisachronicinflammatorydisorderthatisan autoimmune disease.
Gouty arthritisresultswhenuricacidisdepositedinthe softtissues of the joints.
15. Lyme Disease
Lyme disease isabacterial disease transmittedbyticksthatnormallylive onmice anddeer.Itcausesa
charachteristic"bulls-eye rash,flu-like symptoms,andmaybe accompaniedbydisruptionsincognition
and jointpainandarthritis.
Withouttreatment(antibiotics) itcanprogressto neurological disordersandirregularheartbeat.
Developmental AspectsofJoints
Jointsdevelopatthe same time asbones,resemblingadultformbyeightweeksgestation.
At late middle age and beyond,ligamentsandtendonsshortenandweaken,intervertebral discsbecome
more likelytoherniate,andthere isonsetof osteoarthritis.