The document discusses different metal joining and cutting processes. It describes welding, brazing, soldering and riveting as methods for joining metal. It also outlines cutting processes like milling, turning, threading and grinding. Additionally, it discusses surface treatment techniques such as case hardening, peening, chemical vapor deposition, thermal spraying, electroplating and anodizing. Finally, it provides details on different types of paint that can be used for painting metal surfaces.

2. Joining processes:
 Metal joining is a controlled process used to
fuse metals. There are several techniques of
metal joining of which welding is one of the
more basic forms.
 Metal joining is also include Brazing,
Soldering and Riveting process.

3. Welding:
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials
by causing coalescence. This is often done by
melting the
Work pieces and adding a filler material to form a
pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools
to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes
used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to
produce the weld.

4. Brazing:
 Brazing is a process for joining similar or
dissimilar metals using a filler metal that typically
includes a base of copper combined with silver,
nickel, zinc or phosphorus. Brazing covers a
temperature range of 450ºF -(Brazing differs from
welding in that brazing does not melt the base
metals.

5. Soldering:
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal
items are joined together by melting and flowing a
filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal
having a lower melting point than the adjoining
metal.

6. Riveting:
A rivet is essentially a two-headed and unthreaded
bolt which holds two other pieces of metal together.
Holes are drilled or punched through the two pieces
of metal to be joined. The holes being aligned, a
rivet is passed through the holes and permanent
heads are formed onto the ends of the rivet utilizing
hammers and forming dies (by either cold working
or hot working).

7. Cutting processes:
Cutting is a collection of processes where in
material is brought to a specified geometry by
removing excess material using various kinds of
tooling to leave a finished part that meets
specifications.

8. Milling:
Milling is the complex shaping of metal or other
materials by removing material to form the final
shape. It is generally done on a milling machine, a
power-driven machine that in its basic form
consists of a milling cutter that rotates about the
spindle axis (like a drill), and a worktable that can
move in multiple directions.

9. Turning:
 Turning is a metal cutting process for producing a
cylindrical surface with a single point tool. The
work piece is rotated on a spindle and the cutting
tool is fed into it radically, axially or both

10. Threading:
There are many threading processes including:
cutting threads with a tap or die, thread milling,
single-point thread cutting, thread rolling and
forming, and thread grinding. Usually threads are
produced on lathe machain.

11. Grinding:
Grinding uses an abrasive process to remove
material from the work piece. A grinding machine
is a machine tool used for producing very fine
finishes, making very light cuts, or high precision
forms using an abrasive wheel as the cutting
device.

12. Filling:
Filing is combination of grinding and saw tooth
cutting using a file. Prior to the development of
modern machining equipment it provided a
relatively accurate means for the production of
small parts, especially those with flat surfaces.

13. Surface treatment:
Surface finishing is a broad range
of industrial processes that alter
the surface of a manufactured
item to achieve a certain property.

14. Case hardening:
 Case hardening is specified by hardness and case
depth. The case depth can be specified in two ways:
total case depth or effective case depth. The total
case depth is the true depth of the case.

15. Mechanical hardening:
Peening is the process of working a metal's surface
to improve its material properties, usually by
mechanical means such as hammer blows, by
blasting with shot or blasts of light beams with
laser peening. Peening is normally a cold work
process being a notable exception.

16. Chemical vapor deposition
 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a chemical
process used to produce high-purity, high-
performance solid materials. The process is often
used in the semiconductor industry to produce thin
films. In typical CVD, the wafer is exposed to one
or more volatile precursors, which react and/or
decompose on the substrate surface to produce the
desired deposit. Frequently, volatile by-products are
also produced, which are removed by gas flow
through the reaction chamber.

17. Thermal spraying
Thermal spraying, a group of coating processes in
which finely divided metallic or nonmetallic
materials are deposited in a molten or semi molten
condition to form a coating. The coating material
may be in the form of powder, ceramic-rod, wire, or
molten materials.

18. Electroplating
Electroplating is a process that uses electrical
current to reduce dissolved metal cations so
that they form a coherent metal coating on an
electrode. The term is also used for electrical
oxidation of anions onto a solid substrate, as in
the formation silver chloride on silver wire to
make silver/silver-chloride electrodes

19. Anodizing:
Anodizing is an electrochemical process that
converts the metal surface into a decorative,
durable, corrosion-resistant, anodic oxide finish.
Aluminum is ideally suited to anodizing, although
other nonferrous metals, such as magnesium and
titanium, also can be anodized.

20. Painting:
There are painting used for surface decorations,
anti-rusting and anti-corrosion. Recently, functional
painting such as electro-conductive painting, non-
adhesive painting, and lubricating painting are in
active uses.

21. Types of Paint for Metal
 Spray Paints
 Oil-Based Paints
 Acrylic Latex Paint
 Metallic Paints

22. Spray Paints
 Spray paints are highly versatile products that
are suitable for use on metal, wood and plastic.
Often spray paints are convenient to use and
can save a painter time by simply spraying the
surface of your object and getting complete
coverage without the use of paintbrushes and
other painting accessories..

23. Oil-Based Paints
Though latex used to be the go-to paint for just
about everything, latex is not resistant against
weather conditions and rust on most metals. When
painting metal surfaces that are prone to rust, such
as toys, mailboxes and siding, it is recommended
that you use oil-based color paint.

24. Acrylic Latex Paint
Though latex paints are not suitable for most
metals, they are fine for use on aluminum surfaces.
This is because they leave a smooth finish; they are
especially found on aluminum siding of homes and
recreational vehicles. When using acrylic latex
paint, wash the surface and dry it thoroughly before
applying the paint. The paint needs to be 100
percent acrylic latex paint with no additives.

25. Metallic Paints
Metallic paints can have a different finish when
applied to metal surfaces. You can get metallic
paints in spray paint form or in oil-based paint
cans. Prior to applying metallic paints, sand the
surface of any previous rust and imperfections.
Remove flakes of old paint on the metal surface so
that the imperfections don't show when the paint
surface hits the light.