This document provides an overview of jaundice, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Jaundice occurs when bilirubin builds up in the bloodstream faster than the liver can remove it, causing a yellowing of the skin and eyes. It defines three main types of jaundice - hemolytic, hepatocellular, and obstructive - depending on where the breakdown in bilirubin metabolism occurs. Causes can include issues with the liver, gallbladder, or red blood cells. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms like itching and nausea.
Aggression: AQA 'A' Psychology A2 textbook by Mike Cardwell and Cara Flanagan, this powerpoint examines social psychology, biological explanations and evolution, more specifically: SLT, deindividuation, institutional aggression, hormones, etc.
Aggression: AQA 'A' Psychology A2 textbook by Mike Cardwell and Cara Flanagan, this powerpoint examines social psychology, biological explanations and evolution, more specifically: SLT, deindividuation, institutional aggression, hormones, etc.
Cookery rules and preservation of nutrientsmanisaikoduri
this presentation gives the information regarding cooking definition, its principles,and methods and also the protective measure to prevent nutrient loss while cooking, food preservation, and also provide information regarding food additives, its usage and its side effects, and finally preparation of 2 recepiees
Proteins classification, source, function & RDA Dhaka Gaurav
Introduction to Protein Nutrient
Attributes of Protein
Classification of Protein
Source of Protein
Functions of Protein
RDA for Protein
Excess and Deficiency of proteins
Lecture 3 Dietary requirements and guidelineswajihahwafa
1. Define the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
2. Present four (4) levels that represent five (5) food group in Malaysian Food Guide Pyramid
3. Read and understand a nutrition facts label.
4. Present the 14 key Messages of Malaysian Dietary Guidelines and 15 Key Messages Malaysian Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents
It is characterized by a yellow appearance of the (1) Skin (2) Mucous membranes and (3) Sclera caused by bilirubin deposition. It is the most specific clinical manifestation of Hepatic dysfunction.
Jaundice is usually present clinically when the plasma bilirubin concentration reaches 2 to 3 mg/dl.
When bilirubin clearance from the Liver to the Intestinal tract is impaired (as in acute hepatitis and bile duct obstruction) it may be accompanied by alcoholic (Gray coloured) stools.Solubility increases in water , soluble conjugated bilirubin leads to Tea coloured urine.
Cookery rules and preservation of nutrientsmanisaikoduri
this presentation gives the information regarding cooking definition, its principles,and methods and also the protective measure to prevent nutrient loss while cooking, food preservation, and also provide information regarding food additives, its usage and its side effects, and finally preparation of 2 recepiees
Proteins classification, source, function & RDA Dhaka Gaurav
Introduction to Protein Nutrient
Attributes of Protein
Classification of Protein
Source of Protein
Functions of Protein
RDA for Protein
Excess and Deficiency of proteins
Lecture 3 Dietary requirements and guidelineswajihahwafa
1. Define the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
2. Present four (4) levels that represent five (5) food group in Malaysian Food Guide Pyramid
3. Read and understand a nutrition facts label.
4. Present the 14 key Messages of Malaysian Dietary Guidelines and 15 Key Messages Malaysian Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents
It is characterized by a yellow appearance of the (1) Skin (2) Mucous membranes and (3) Sclera caused by bilirubin deposition. It is the most specific clinical manifestation of Hepatic dysfunction.
Jaundice is usually present clinically when the plasma bilirubin concentration reaches 2 to 3 mg/dl.
When bilirubin clearance from the Liver to the Intestinal tract is impaired (as in acute hepatitis and bile duct obstruction) it may be accompanied by alcoholic (Gray coloured) stools.Solubility increases in water , soluble conjugated bilirubin leads to Tea coloured urine.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. INTRODUCTION
Bilirubin is produced when haemoglobin is broken down as part of
the normal process of recycling old or damaged rbc. bilirubin is
carried in the blood stream to the liver, where it binds with bile.
bilirubin is then moved throuigh the bile ducts into the digestive
tract; so that it can be eliminated from the body. most of bilirubin is
eliminated in stool, but a small smount is eliminated in urine if
bilirubin cannot be moved through the liver and bile ducts quickly
enough. it builds up in the blood and is deposited in the skin that
results jaundice.
3. DEFINITION
JAUNDICE IS A YELLOW DISCOLOURATION OF BODY OR
SKIN DUE TO ALTERATION OF BILIRUBIN METABOLISM.
BILIRUBIN LEVEL EXCEEDS UPTO 3 TIMES THAN
NORMAL.
NORMAL VALUE IS 0.4-12 mg/dl.
4. TYPES
HEMOLYTIC (PREHEPATIC) JAUNDICE : IT IS DUE TO BREAKDOWN OF RBCs THAT LEADS TO
INCREASE UNCONJUGATED BILIRUBIN LEVEL IN BLOOD . LIVER FUNCTIONS ARE NORMAL.
HEPATOCELLULAR JAUNDICE : IT IS DUE TO DISFUNCTIONING OF LIVER CELLS.
OBSTRUCTION JAUNDICE : IT IS DUE TO OBSTRUCTION IN BILE DUCT THAT LEADS TO
ALTERED SECRETION OF BILE.
IT IS TWO TYPES :
EXTRA HEPATIC OBSTRUCTION : DUE TO BLOCKAGE IN BILE DUCT, E.G., GALL STONE, TUMOR.
INTRA HEPATIC CHOLESTATIS: IT OCCURS DUE TO BLOCKAGE OR SWELLING IN INTRA
HEPATIC DUCT.
5. CAUSES / ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
BLOOD TRANSUSION REACTION.
HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA.
GALLBLADDER STONES.
SICKLE CELL CRISIS.
INFECTION - HEPATITIS VIRUS
DRUG OR CHEMICAL TOXICITY.
GALLSTONES,
TUMOR
INTRA HEPATIC DUCT
6. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
YELLOWISH SKIN AND SCLERA
LIGHT GRAY OR CLAY COLORED (ALCOHOLIC ) STOOL
ITCHY SKIN
LACK OF APPETITE
NAUSEA
TEA COLOURED URUNE
LOSS OF SRENGHTH
PROTHROMBIN TIME INCREASED
7. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS
INCREASED LEVEL OF SERUM BILIRUBIN (>0.4mg/100ml) conjugated.
INCREASED INDIRECT (unconjugated) SERUM BILIRUBIN VALUES (>
0.8mg/100ml)
ABSENCE OF BILIRUBIN IN URINE.
REDUCED FETAL UROBILINOGEN (< 40mg/24HRS) BECAUSE IT DOES
NOT REACH IN INTESTINE.
PROLONGED PROTHROMBIN TIME (> 40 SECONDS)
8. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
/PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
ONLY TREATMENT OF CAUSES IS NECESSARY OR SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT.
1. ANTIHISTAMINES DRUGS E.g., LEVOCITRIZINE - 5mg , PHERENAMINE
MELEATE (AVIL) – 25mg
2.SEDATIVES FOR RESTLESSNESS AND IRRITABILITY E.g., lorenzapam ,
Diazepam
3. VIATMIN K AND B- COMPLEX.
4. PURGATIVE EMEMA IF CONSTIPATED
5. BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS
6. ANTIPYRETICS IN CASE FEVER OCCURS
7. ANALGESICS FOR PAIN MANGEMENT e.g., PCM
8. ANTIEMETICS IF VOMITING OCCURS e.g.,ondestrone
9. DIETARY MANAGEMENT
ADVICE THE PATIENT FOR RESTRICT FAT INTAKE.
PROVIDE HIGH PROTEIN DIET.
HIGH CARBOHDRATE DIET.
PROVIDE PLENTY OF FLUIDS.
GIVE GLUCOSE WATER.
10. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
SKIN INTEGRITY IMPAIRED RELATED TO PRURITIS.
RISK FOR HAEMORRHAGE RELATED TO DISTURB PROTHROMBIN FACTOR.
CONSTIPATION RELATED TO DISEASE.
ABDOMEN PAIN RELATED TO DISEASE.
ANXIETY RELATED TO THE DISEASE CONDITION.
ALTERED NUTRITION LESS THAN BODY REQUIREMENT RELATED TO CONSTIPATION
AND ABDOMINAL PAIN AND DISCOMFORT.
11. NURSING MANAGEMENT
PROVIDE COMFORT TO THE PATIENT.
AVOID BED SORES BY CHANGING POSITION OF THE BED RIDDEN PATIENTS.
MAINTAIN FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE TO PATIENT
MAINTAIIN INPUT-OUTPUT CHARTING.
GIVE HEALTH EDUCATION
PROVIDE PSYCOLOGICAL SUPPORT TO PATIENT.
12. THANKYOU FOR YOUR ACTIVE LISTENING AND
ATTENTION..
IF ANY QUERY REGARDING THE TOPIC KINDLY
ASK….
THE END.
