Dynamic nature of Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) challenges the quality of service (QoS)
because route failure probability is increased in MANET due to the mobility of nodes. Lack of fixed
infrastructure, wireless shared medium and dynamic topology makes MANET prone to different types of
attacks. Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in MANETs which is vulnerable to a
variety of security threats in ad-hoc networks. Black hole attack is an attack that drop considerable number of
packet by performing packet forwarding misbehaviour and violate the security to cause Denial-of-Service
(DoS) in Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET). In this paper we investigate different mechanism to detect and
prevent black hole attack in AODV protocol. We also discuss about advantages and disadvantages of the
methods.
Review on Grey- Hole Attack Detection and PreventionIJARIIT
These Grey Hole attacks poses a serious security threat to the routing services by attacking the reactive routing protocols resulting in drastic drop of data packets. AODV (Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector) routing being one of the many protocols often becomes an easy victim to such attacks. The survey also gives up-to-date information of all the works that have been done in this area. Besides the security issues they also described the layered architecture of MANET, their applications and a brief summary of the proposed works that have been done in this area to secure the network from Grey Hole attacks
Black Hole Attack:
A malicious node advertises the wrong paths as good paths to the source node during the pathfinding process.
When the source selects the path including the attacker node, the traffic starts passing through the adversary node and this node starts dropping the packets selectively or in whole.
Black hole region is the entry point to a large number of harmful attacks.
Review on Grey- Hole Attack Detection and PreventionIJARIIT
These Grey Hole attacks poses a serious security threat to the routing services by attacking the reactive routing protocols resulting in drastic drop of data packets. AODV (Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector) routing being one of the many protocols often becomes an easy victim to such attacks. The survey also gives up-to-date information of all the works that have been done in this area. Besides the security issues they also described the layered architecture of MANET, their applications and a brief summary of the proposed works that have been done in this area to secure the network from Grey Hole attacks
Black Hole Attack:
A malicious node advertises the wrong paths as good paths to the source node during the pathfinding process.
When the source selects the path including the attacker node, the traffic starts passing through the adversary node and this node starts dropping the packets selectively or in whole.
Black hole region is the entry point to a large number of harmful attacks.
Abstract Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANETs) is a wireless communications technology in which devices may move around. There is no fixed structure or network that all the participating nodes form. It is a very flexible network. These characteristicsof MANET make it very unsafe and prone to various attacks.Although many research focus on how to deliver packets fromone node to another, very less importance had been given tothe security. Current techniques of addressing security on thefixed structured wired network are only useful to protect thetransmitted message on the end nodes, the security of routinginformation among the mobile nodes in the hostile environmentwhere mobile Ad Hoc networks are usually used has beeninadequately addressed. Security and routing has been treatedseparately incase of wired network but that cannot be done inwireless network since routing itself can be a major reason fordata loss or theft if done in a casual manner making it prone toattack from malicious node.Hence the routing and security hasto be looked into as one and not separately. Making the routingsecured can make the MANET a more reliable network. We havemade the routing mechanism secured but extending Fuzzy logic toit. Fuzzy logic in deciding the route makes it less prone to attacksand thus ensuring enhanced security. The proposed scheme ofsecure routing will be demonstrated by using simulation on NS2. Keywords AODV, SAODV, Fuzzy Logic, Black holeattack.
Modified AODV Algorithm using Data Mining Process: Classification and Clusteringidescitation
Security of Wireless Ad hoc network has a primary
concern to provide protected communication between mobile
nodes. When we routing some packet it can use both malicious
node or authenticate node for forwarding and receiving data.
Malicious node can attack like black hole, misuse of data or
hacked information. Our aim is to discuss the feasibility of
monitoring the node of different networks, to analyze it for
providing better security in AODV routing protocol. We
implement data mining techniques for search large amount
of data according characteristic rules and patterns to detect
malicious node. We have used growing neural gas (GNS)
clustering algorithm to make clusters and analysis data. Using
soft computing technique we find patterns, analysis node and
take decision based on decision tree.
Black hole and Grey hole attack is most happening attacks in Mesh networks. Mesh networks means nonstatic
networks with making loops of networks with the help of active hotspots. In Wireless networks all the
communication between the nodes is happening wirelessly and the nodes are so much resource constraint
that it is difficult to employ any security solutions of other ad hoc networks. So they are attacked by
malicious nodes. In black hole attack the attacker windup all the information and dropped it.
In black hole attack, the series of RREQ (route request) and RREP (route reply) follows the smallest way of
networking communication. The fault node always transmit RREP message as it receives RREQ, while
managing the receivers sequence number. By the help of fault node packets are dropped. Sometimes fault
node is authorised and otherwise it is unauthorised. Black hole attack is type of routing attack and can
bring harm to whole network. Grey hole attack is the kind of denial of service attack. In this attack, the
router which is mesh behave just not well and a subset of packets are forward and handle by receiver but
leave by others. The presences of these attackers are hard to detect in wireless networks because over the
wireless link the packets are lost due to bad channel quality. This paper deals with the study of analysis of
delay occurs by these attack in Wireless Mesh networks and its types and also discuss about previous
study by which we get idea about attack occurs in networks and also study various techniques to detect and
prevent network from black hole and grey hole attack. Then we discuss about their result by using
simulator OPNET.
An Ad hoc network in a wireless system consist of an autonomous system, without centralization which results forming of mobile nodes. In MANET, each node works in a dual form that consists of a router as well as hosts. These nodes configure dynamically and communicate using hop to hop. Due to its simplicity it is used in mobile conferencing, military communication. In MANET nodes can join and leave the network so MANET becomes vulnerable. Certain factors like dynamic network configures, distribution cooperation, open medium terrorized in routing which give rise to security issues. Once such protocol AODV has been a victim of security. In existing, MANET faces a severe problem known as the Black Hole problem. This Black hole problem is mostly found in reactive routing protocol called AODV.The black hole conducts its malicious node during route discovery process. Black hole node is a severe threat in AODV protocol that easily employed and becomes vulnerable in MANET. In this paper various techniques are discussed to overcome the Black hole attack.
Ijricit 01-001 pipt - path backscatter mechanism for unveiling real location ...Ijripublishers Ijri
There is a necessity to think over IP traceback technique that help us to track or predict IP address details of malicious
attackers and reveal their actual locations. In spite of lot of research over IP traceback solutions, still there is a necessity
to find an optimal solution that could be implemented at the level of Internet. Real identity of spoofers couldn’t be
revealed by conventional techniques used until today. Through this paper we emphasize primarily on traceback of passive
IP (PIPT) that avoid the procedural risks involved in implementing IP traceback solutions. Path Backscatter (Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMP) error messages) is probed by PIPT. Spoofing traffic fires these Backscatter, in order to
find the details of spoofer’s topological physical identity and bypasses procedural risks.
Impacts of normal mode and complication mode over Router topological structure are visualized. Nodal info tracker
over parameter i.e Bandwidth, digital sign, source IP, Dest IP and attack status on three network parameters. Spoofing
has been performed on IP addresses, packet data and bandwidth .These three parameter i.e IP addresses, packet data,
bandwidth status and topological nature are been demonstrated through technical stimulation. From the study made
we are able to assure optimized technique of traceback system through PIPT, in order to face the challenges of deployment
at internet level.
Hop- by- Hop Message Authentication and Wormhole Detection Mechanism in Wirel...Editor IJCATR
One of the most effective way to prevent unauthorized and corrupted message from being forward in wireless sensor
network. So to restrict these problems many authentication schemes have been developed based on symmetric key cryptosystem. But
there is high computational and communication overhead in addition to lack of scalability and resilience to node compromise attacks.
So to address these isuues polynomial based scheme[1] was introduced. But in these methods it having the threshold problem that
means to send the limited message only because to send larger number of message means the attacker can fully recover. So in my
existing system a scalable message authentication scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography. This scheme allows any node to
transmit an unlimited number of messages without suffering the threshold problem. But these method only detect the black hole and
grey hole attacks are dected but does not detect the worm hole attack. In my proposed system to detect the worm hole attack. Worm
hole attack is one of the harmful attack to which degrade the network performance. So, in the proposed system, one innovative
technique is introduced which is called an efficient wormhole detection mechanism in the wireless sensor networks. In this method,
considers the RTT between two successive nodes and those nodes‟ neighbor number which is needed to compare those values of other
successive nodes. The identification of wormhole attacks is based on the two faces. The first consideration is that the transmission time
between two wormhole attack affected nodes is considerable higher than that between two normal neighbor nodes. The second
detection mechanism is based on the fact that by introducing new links into the network, the adversary increases the number of
neighbors of the nodes within its radius. An experimental result shows that the proposed method achieves high network performance..
ASSURED NEIGHBOR BASED COUNTER PROTOCOL ON MAC-LAYER PROVIDING SECURITY IN MO...cscpconf
In this paper, we have taken out the concern of security on a Medium Access Control layer
implementing Assured Neighbor based Security Protocol to provide the authentication,
confidentiality and taking in consideration High speed transmission by providing security in
parallel manner in both Routing and Link Layer of Mobile Ad hoc Networks. We basically
divide the protocol into two different segments as the first portion concentrates, based on
Routing layer information; we implement the scheme for the detection and isolation of the
malicious nodes. The trust counter for each node is maintained which actively increased and
decreased considering the trust value for the packet forwarding. The threshold level is defined differencing the malicious and non malicious nodes. If the value of the node in trust counter lacks below the threshold value then the node is considered as malicious. The second part focus on providing the security in the link layer, the security is provided using CTR (Counter) approach for authentication and encryption. Hence simulating the results in NS-2, we come to conclude that the proposed protocol can attain high packet delivery over various intruders while attaining low delays and overheads.
S IMULATION B ASED S TUDY OF C OOPERATIVE B LACK H OLE A TTACK R ESOLU...pijans
An Ad hoc Network is a pool of wireless mobile node
s energetically forming a network without the use o
f
any pre-accessible network infrastructure or centra
lized administrator. These nodes communicate with
each other by hop-to-hop communication. This dynami
c topology of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs)
allows nodes to get attached and leave the network
at any second of time. Thus MANET can be used in a
variety of fields. Current MANETs are designed prim
ary for military utility. This generic characterist
ic of
MANET has rendered its vulnerability to security at
tacks. Due to which unprotected attacks of the
malicious nodes can occur at any time. This paper f
ocuses on one such attack known as “Black hole
attack” and the routing protocol being used here is
AODV
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a self configuring, infrastructure less network of mobile devices
connected by wireless links. Loopholes like wireless medium, lack of a fixed infrastructure, dynamic
topology, rapid deployment practices, and the hostile environments in which they may be deployed, make
MANET vulnerable to a wide range of security attacks and Wormhole attack is one of them. During this
attack a malicious node captures packets from one location in the network, and tunnels them to another
colluding malicious node at a distant point, which replays them locally. This paper presents a cluster based
Wormhole attack avoidance technique. The concept of hierarchical clustering with a novel hierarchical 32-
bit node addressing scheme is used for avoiding the attacking path during the route discovery phase of the
DSR protocol, which is considered as the under lying routing protocol. Pinpointing the location of the
wormhole nodes in the case of exposed attack is also given by using this method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A table driven search approach for revelation and anticipation of sinkhole at...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Sinkhole attack is likely one of the severe assaults in wireless ad hoc network. In sinkhole attack, compromised node or corrupt node broadcast unsuitable routing know-how to supply itself as a certain node and receives whole network visitors. After receiving whole community traffic it modifies the secret knowledge, comparable to alterations made to information packet or drops them to make the community difficult. A corrupt node affords to attract the safe data from all neighbouring nodes. In this thesis proposed a table driven search approach for revelation and anticipation of sinkhole attack in MANET in our proposed work first we initialize the route discovery process to communicate with destination node after this we store all the path information in node buffer who give path to destination now in node buffer we apply search process for find out common node in each path and mark node id after that send data to first given shortest path if attack is active than node wait for acknowledgement if ack is not arrived than mark node and send data to another node with common node id so that new path opt by neighbour by excluding this node id if attack is passive than we store the whole network knowledge so that we easily know neighbours of each node and then find out malicious node become easy task.
Cluster Based Misbehaviour Detection and Authentication Using Threshold Crypt...CSCJournals
In mobile ad hoc networks, the misbehaving nodes can cause dysfunction in the network resulting in damage of other nodes. In order to establish secure communication with the group members of a network, use of a shared group key for confidentiality and authentication is required. Distributing the shares of secret group key to the group members securely is another challenging task in MANET. In this paper, we propose a Cluster Based Misbehavior Detection and Authentication scheme using threshold cryptography in MANET. For secure data transmission, when any node requests a certificate from a cluster head (CH), it utilizes a threshold cryptographic technique to issue the certificate to the requested node for authentication. The certificate of a node is renewed or rejected by CH, based on its trust counter value. An acknowledgement scheme is also included to detect and isolate the misbehaving nodes. By simulation results, we show that the proposed approach reduces the overhead.
Abstract Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANETs) is a wireless communications technology in which devices may move around. There is no fixed structure or network that all the participating nodes form. It is a very flexible network. These characteristicsof MANET make it very unsafe and prone to various attacks.Although many research focus on how to deliver packets fromone node to another, very less importance had been given tothe security. Current techniques of addressing security on thefixed structured wired network are only useful to protect thetransmitted message on the end nodes, the security of routinginformation among the mobile nodes in the hostile environmentwhere mobile Ad Hoc networks are usually used has beeninadequately addressed. Security and routing has been treatedseparately incase of wired network but that cannot be done inwireless network since routing itself can be a major reason fordata loss or theft if done in a casual manner making it prone toattack from malicious node.Hence the routing and security hasto be looked into as one and not separately. Making the routingsecured can make the MANET a more reliable network. We havemade the routing mechanism secured but extending Fuzzy logic toit. Fuzzy logic in deciding the route makes it less prone to attacksand thus ensuring enhanced security. The proposed scheme ofsecure routing will be demonstrated by using simulation on NS2. Keywords AODV, SAODV, Fuzzy Logic, Black holeattack.
Modified AODV Algorithm using Data Mining Process: Classification and Clusteringidescitation
Security of Wireless Ad hoc network has a primary
concern to provide protected communication between mobile
nodes. When we routing some packet it can use both malicious
node or authenticate node for forwarding and receiving data.
Malicious node can attack like black hole, misuse of data or
hacked information. Our aim is to discuss the feasibility of
monitoring the node of different networks, to analyze it for
providing better security in AODV routing protocol. We
implement data mining techniques for search large amount
of data according characteristic rules and patterns to detect
malicious node. We have used growing neural gas (GNS)
clustering algorithm to make clusters and analysis data. Using
soft computing technique we find patterns, analysis node and
take decision based on decision tree.
Black hole and Grey hole attack is most happening attacks in Mesh networks. Mesh networks means nonstatic
networks with making loops of networks with the help of active hotspots. In Wireless networks all the
communication between the nodes is happening wirelessly and the nodes are so much resource constraint
that it is difficult to employ any security solutions of other ad hoc networks. So they are attacked by
malicious nodes. In black hole attack the attacker windup all the information and dropped it.
In black hole attack, the series of RREQ (route request) and RREP (route reply) follows the smallest way of
networking communication. The fault node always transmit RREP message as it receives RREQ, while
managing the receivers sequence number. By the help of fault node packets are dropped. Sometimes fault
node is authorised and otherwise it is unauthorised. Black hole attack is type of routing attack and can
bring harm to whole network. Grey hole attack is the kind of denial of service attack. In this attack, the
router which is mesh behave just not well and a subset of packets are forward and handle by receiver but
leave by others. The presences of these attackers are hard to detect in wireless networks because over the
wireless link the packets are lost due to bad channel quality. This paper deals with the study of analysis of
delay occurs by these attack in Wireless Mesh networks and its types and also discuss about previous
study by which we get idea about attack occurs in networks and also study various techniques to detect and
prevent network from black hole and grey hole attack. Then we discuss about their result by using
simulator OPNET.
An Ad hoc network in a wireless system consist of an autonomous system, without centralization which results forming of mobile nodes. In MANET, each node works in a dual form that consists of a router as well as hosts. These nodes configure dynamically and communicate using hop to hop. Due to its simplicity it is used in mobile conferencing, military communication. In MANET nodes can join and leave the network so MANET becomes vulnerable. Certain factors like dynamic network configures, distribution cooperation, open medium terrorized in routing which give rise to security issues. Once such protocol AODV has been a victim of security. In existing, MANET faces a severe problem known as the Black Hole problem. This Black hole problem is mostly found in reactive routing protocol called AODV.The black hole conducts its malicious node during route discovery process. Black hole node is a severe threat in AODV protocol that easily employed and becomes vulnerable in MANET. In this paper various techniques are discussed to overcome the Black hole attack.
Ijricit 01-001 pipt - path backscatter mechanism for unveiling real location ...Ijripublishers Ijri
There is a necessity to think over IP traceback technique that help us to track or predict IP address details of malicious
attackers and reveal their actual locations. In spite of lot of research over IP traceback solutions, still there is a necessity
to find an optimal solution that could be implemented at the level of Internet. Real identity of spoofers couldn’t be
revealed by conventional techniques used until today. Through this paper we emphasize primarily on traceback of passive
IP (PIPT) that avoid the procedural risks involved in implementing IP traceback solutions. Path Backscatter (Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMP) error messages) is probed by PIPT. Spoofing traffic fires these Backscatter, in order to
find the details of spoofer’s topological physical identity and bypasses procedural risks.
Impacts of normal mode and complication mode over Router topological structure are visualized. Nodal info tracker
over parameter i.e Bandwidth, digital sign, source IP, Dest IP and attack status on three network parameters. Spoofing
has been performed on IP addresses, packet data and bandwidth .These three parameter i.e IP addresses, packet data,
bandwidth status and topological nature are been demonstrated through technical stimulation. From the study made
we are able to assure optimized technique of traceback system through PIPT, in order to face the challenges of deployment
at internet level.
Hop- by- Hop Message Authentication and Wormhole Detection Mechanism in Wirel...Editor IJCATR
One of the most effective way to prevent unauthorized and corrupted message from being forward in wireless sensor
network. So to restrict these problems many authentication schemes have been developed based on symmetric key cryptosystem. But
there is high computational and communication overhead in addition to lack of scalability and resilience to node compromise attacks.
So to address these isuues polynomial based scheme[1] was introduced. But in these methods it having the threshold problem that
means to send the limited message only because to send larger number of message means the attacker can fully recover. So in my
existing system a scalable message authentication scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography. This scheme allows any node to
transmit an unlimited number of messages without suffering the threshold problem. But these method only detect the black hole and
grey hole attacks are dected but does not detect the worm hole attack. In my proposed system to detect the worm hole attack. Worm
hole attack is one of the harmful attack to which degrade the network performance. So, in the proposed system, one innovative
technique is introduced which is called an efficient wormhole detection mechanism in the wireless sensor networks. In this method,
considers the RTT between two successive nodes and those nodes‟ neighbor number which is needed to compare those values of other
successive nodes. The identification of wormhole attacks is based on the two faces. The first consideration is that the transmission time
between two wormhole attack affected nodes is considerable higher than that between two normal neighbor nodes. The second
detection mechanism is based on the fact that by introducing new links into the network, the adversary increases the number of
neighbors of the nodes within its radius. An experimental result shows that the proposed method achieves high network performance..
ASSURED NEIGHBOR BASED COUNTER PROTOCOL ON MAC-LAYER PROVIDING SECURITY IN MO...cscpconf
In this paper, we have taken out the concern of security on a Medium Access Control layer
implementing Assured Neighbor based Security Protocol to provide the authentication,
confidentiality and taking in consideration High speed transmission by providing security in
parallel manner in both Routing and Link Layer of Mobile Ad hoc Networks. We basically
divide the protocol into two different segments as the first portion concentrates, based on
Routing layer information; we implement the scheme for the detection and isolation of the
malicious nodes. The trust counter for each node is maintained which actively increased and
decreased considering the trust value for the packet forwarding. The threshold level is defined differencing the malicious and non malicious nodes. If the value of the node in trust counter lacks below the threshold value then the node is considered as malicious. The second part focus on providing the security in the link layer, the security is provided using CTR (Counter) approach for authentication and encryption. Hence simulating the results in NS-2, we come to conclude that the proposed protocol can attain high packet delivery over various intruders while attaining low delays and overheads.
S IMULATION B ASED S TUDY OF C OOPERATIVE B LACK H OLE A TTACK R ESOLU...pijans
An Ad hoc Network is a pool of wireless mobile node
s energetically forming a network without the use o
f
any pre-accessible network infrastructure or centra
lized administrator. These nodes communicate with
each other by hop-to-hop communication. This dynami
c topology of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs)
allows nodes to get attached and leave the network
at any second of time. Thus MANET can be used in a
variety of fields. Current MANETs are designed prim
ary for military utility. This generic characterist
ic of
MANET has rendered its vulnerability to security at
tacks. Due to which unprotected attacks of the
malicious nodes can occur at any time. This paper f
ocuses on one such attack known as “Black hole
attack” and the routing protocol being used here is
AODV
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a self configuring, infrastructure less network of mobile devices
connected by wireless links. Loopholes like wireless medium, lack of a fixed infrastructure, dynamic
topology, rapid deployment practices, and the hostile environments in which they may be deployed, make
MANET vulnerable to a wide range of security attacks and Wormhole attack is one of them. During this
attack a malicious node captures packets from one location in the network, and tunnels them to another
colluding malicious node at a distant point, which replays them locally. This paper presents a cluster based
Wormhole attack avoidance technique. The concept of hierarchical clustering with a novel hierarchical 32-
bit node addressing scheme is used for avoiding the attacking path during the route discovery phase of the
DSR protocol, which is considered as the under lying routing protocol. Pinpointing the location of the
wormhole nodes in the case of exposed attack is also given by using this method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A table driven search approach for revelation and anticipation of sinkhole at...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Sinkhole attack is likely one of the severe assaults in wireless ad hoc network. In sinkhole attack, compromised node or corrupt node broadcast unsuitable routing know-how to supply itself as a certain node and receives whole network visitors. After receiving whole community traffic it modifies the secret knowledge, comparable to alterations made to information packet or drops them to make the community difficult. A corrupt node affords to attract the safe data from all neighbouring nodes. In this thesis proposed a table driven search approach for revelation and anticipation of sinkhole attack in MANET in our proposed work first we initialize the route discovery process to communicate with destination node after this we store all the path information in node buffer who give path to destination now in node buffer we apply search process for find out common node in each path and mark node id after that send data to first given shortest path if attack is active than node wait for acknowledgement if ack is not arrived than mark node and send data to another node with common node id so that new path opt by neighbour by excluding this node id if attack is passive than we store the whole network knowledge so that we easily know neighbours of each node and then find out malicious node become easy task.
Cluster Based Misbehaviour Detection and Authentication Using Threshold Crypt...CSCJournals
In mobile ad hoc networks, the misbehaving nodes can cause dysfunction in the network resulting in damage of other nodes. In order to establish secure communication with the group members of a network, use of a shared group key for confidentiality and authentication is required. Distributing the shares of secret group key to the group members securely is another challenging task in MANET. In this paper, we propose a Cluster Based Misbehavior Detection and Authentication scheme using threshold cryptography in MANET. For secure data transmission, when any node requests a certificate from a cluster head (CH), it utilizes a threshold cryptographic technique to issue the certificate to the requested node for authentication. The certificate of a node is renewed or rejected by CH, based on its trust counter value. An acknowledgement scheme is also included to detect and isolate the misbehaving nodes. By simulation results, we show that the proposed approach reduces the overhead.
Detection and Prevention of Sinkhole Attack on Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) in...Editor IJMTER
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a kind of wireless network. A Wireless ad-hoc
network is a temporary network with no network infrastructure. The nodes communicate with each
other, they co-operate by forwarding data packets to other nodes in the network. Thus the nodes
find a path to the destination node using routing protocols. Due to the security vulnerabilities of
the routing protocols, wireless ad-hoc networks are unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes.
One of these attacks is the Sinkhole Attack. Sinkhole attack is a kind of routing attack in MANET.
A sinkhole node tries to attract all the network packets to it-self from all neighboring nodes. This
paper focuses on to detect and prevent sinkhole node. By using a hybrid detection technique which
combines the advantages of both reactive and proactive routing Protocol to detect the black hole
node. It also shows performance of ZRP.
Intrusion detection and prevention systemNikhil Raj
This presentation describes how to implement Network based Intrusion Detection System (SNORT) in the network. Detecting and analyzing alerts generated and blocking the Attacker using Access Control List.
A Survey of various Methods of Preventing and Detecting Attacks on AODV-based...IJERD Editor
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is constructed from a collection of nodes that can move
anywhere and anytime in different areas without any infrastructure that means MANET is infrastructure less.
Each node works at the same time as router and host. Lack of a fixed infrastructure, wireless medium and
dynamic topology makes MANET vulnerable to different kinds of attacks like Gray hole and Black hole. In this
paper, we investigate different mechanisms that have designed to detect or prevent black or gray hole attacks in
AODV protocol. We discuss about advantages and disadvantages of the different methods.
A black-hole attack in the Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) is an attack occurs due to malicious nodes,
which attracts the data packets by falsely advertising a fresh route to the destination. In this paper, we
present a clustering approach in Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for the
detection and prevention of black-hole attack in MANETs. In this approach every member of the cluster will
ping once to the cluster head, to detect the peculiar difference between the number of data packets received
and forwarded by the node. If anomalousness is perceived, all the nodes will obscure the malicious nodes
from the network.
Review of Flooding Attack Detection in AODV Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networkijsrd.com
Ad Hoc Networks are extremely vulnerable to attacks due to their dynamically changing topology, absence of conventional security infrastructures, vulnerability of nodes and channels and open medium of communication. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks are two of the most harmful threats to the network functionality. The Prevention methods like authentication and cryptography techniques alone are not able to provide the security to these types of networks. Therefore, efficient intrusion detection must be deployed to facilitate the identification and isolation of attacks. Major attacks on Mobile Ad hoc networks are flooding, selective forwarding, sinkhole, wormhole etc. We have presented various intrusion detection techniques in MANET. Then we have proposed a method to detect flooding attack in MANET.
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is one kind of new wireless network
structures which is also known as infrastructure less network. Unlike devices in traditional
wireless LAN solution, all nodes are movable and the topology of the network is changing
dynamically in an Ad Hoc Network, which brings great challenges to the security of Mobile
Ad Hoc Networks. MANET is particularly vulnerable to various types of security attacks
due to its fundamental characteristics e.g. the lack of centralized monitoring, dynamic
network topology, open medium, autonomous terminal and management. As a result,
attackers can take advantage of flaws in routing protocols to carry out various attacks. The
black hole attack is one of such security issue in MANET. It could disturb the routing
protocol and bring about huge damage to the network’s topology. In this attack, a malicious
node gives false information of having shortest route to the destination node so as to get all
data packets and drops it. In this paper, we propose an algorithm which mitigates the
impact of black hole attack in AODV routing.
A MANET is a continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-less type network, which consists of number of mobile nodes
with wireless network interfaces. In order to make communication among nodes, the nodes demoniacally establish paths among
neighbouring nodes. Security in mobile adhoc network is a big challenge because many nodes perform many kinds of misbehaviour.
In this paper, the main focus is on collaborative attacks in MANET using CBDS approach. CBDS is a approach which consolidate
asset of proactive and reactive defense method in reverse tracing. In reverse tracing method we compare performance of CBDS
approach with DSR and AOMDV routing protocols.
MLDW- A MultiLayered Detection mechanism for Wormhole attack in AODV based MANETijsptm
Wormhole attack is one of the serious routing attacks amongst all the network layer attacks launched on
MANET. Wormhole attack is launched by creation of tunnels and it leads to total disruption of the routing
paths on MANET. In this paper, MLDW- a multilayered Intrusion Detection Prevention System approach is
proposed to detect and isolate wormhole attack on MANET. The routing protocol used is Adhoc On Demand
Distance Vector (AODV). MLDW has a layered framework consisting of link latency estimator, intermediate
neighbor node discovery mechanism, packet drop calculator, node energy degrade estimator followed by
isolation technique. MLDW effectiveness is evaluated using ns2 network simulator.
AODV Improvement by Modification at Source Node and Securing It from Black Ho...IJERA Editor
MANETS suffer from constraints in power, storage and computational resources ,as a result, they are more
vulnerable to various communications security related attacks. therefore we attempt to focus on analyzing and
improving the security of routing protocol for MANETS viz. the Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector
(AODV)routing protocol. We propose modifications to the AODV we propose an algorithm to counter the
Black hole attack on the routing protocols in MANETs. All the routes has unique sequence number and the
malicious node has the highest Destination Sequence number and it is the first RREP to arrive. So the
comparison is made only to the first entry in the table without checking other entries in the table
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A NOVEL INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM FOR DETECTING BLACK-HOLE NODES IN MANETSFransiskeran
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are autonomous,infrastructure less, self-organized networks. In
MANETs, nodes are not stationary and thus move arbitrarily, resulting in rapid and unpredictable
topology changes in the network. Due to the limited transmission range of the nodes in the MANETs, these
nodes are not capable of directly communicating with each other. Hence, routing paths in MANETs
potentially contain multiple hops, and every node in it has the responsibility to act as a router.So, the
presence of any intermediate node in the route, which is either highly congested or behaving as a malicious
node, is likely to drop the packets. In computer networking, this type of attack is known as a packet drop
attack or black hole attack which is a type of denial-of-service attack in which a router that is supposed to
relay packets instead discards them. The proposed algorithm will detect black hole nodes in the network by
implementing changes into the existing AODV routing algorithm. The implementation of the algorithm was
being achieved using theNS-2 simulator.
WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay ...ijsrd.com
The recent advancements in the wireless arena and their wide-spread utilization have introduced new security vulnerabilities. The wireless media being shared is exposed to outside world, so it is susceptible to various attacks at different layers of OSI network stack. For example, jamming and device tampering at the physical layer; disruption of the medium access control (MAC) layer; routing attacks like Blackhole, rushing, wormhole; targeted attacks on the transport protocol like session hijacking, SYN flooding or even attacks intended to disrupt specific applications through viruses, worms and Trojan Horses. Wormhole attack is one of the serious routing attacks amongst all the network layer attacks launched on MANET. Wormhole attack is launched by creation of tunnels and it leads to total disruption of the routing paths on MANET. In this paper, Wormhole detection algorithm (WDA) is proposed based on modifying the forwarding packet process that detects and isolates wormhole nodes in ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol.
Impact of Black Hole Attack on AODV Routing ProtocolZac Darcy
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically self-organize
to form an arbitrary and temporary network. The mobile nodes can communicate with each other without
any fixed infrastructure. MANET can be set up quickly to facilitate communication in a hostile environment
such as battlefield or emergency situation. The various severe security threats are increasing on the
MANET. One of these security threats is black hole attack which drops all received data packets intended
for forwarding. In this paper, we are simulating and analyzing the impact of black hole attack on Ad Hoc
On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. The simulation is carried on NS-2 and the simulation
results are analyzed on various network performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, normalized
routing overhead and average end-to-end delay.
Impact of Black Hole Attack on AODV Routing ProtocolZac Darcy
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically self-organize
to form an arbitrary and temporary network. The mobile nodes can communicate with each other without
any fixed infrastructure. MANET can be set up quickly to facilitate communication in a hostile environment
such as battlefield or emergency situation. The various severe security threats are increasing on the
MANET. One of these security threats is black hole attack which drops all received data packets intended
for forwarding. In this paper, we are simulating and analyzing the impact of black hole attack on Ad Hoc
On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. The simulation is carried on NS-2 and the simulation
results are analyzed on various network performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, normalized
routing overhead and average end-to-end delay
Impact of black hole attack on aodv routing protocolZac Darcy
A
m
obile
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d
-
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etwork (MANET)
is a
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of wireless mobile nodes
that dynamically self
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organize
to form an
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The mobile nodes can communicate wit
h each other
without
any fixed infrastructure.
MANET
can be set
up quickly to facilitate communication in a hostile environment
such as battlefield or emergency situation.
The various severe security threats are
increasing
on the
MANET
. One of these secur
ity threats is black hole attack which drops all received data packets intended
for forwarding. In this paper, we are simulating and analyzing the impact of black hole attack on Ad Hoc
On
-
Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. Th
e simulation is carried on
NS
-
2 and t
he simulation
results are analyzed
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various network performance
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s such as packet delivery ratio, normalized
routing overhead
and
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Similar to Review on Detection & Prevention Methods for Black Hole Attack on AODV based MANETs (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
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Review on Detection & Prevention Methods for Black Hole Attack on AODV based MANETs
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 12 (December 2014), PP.72-77
72
Review on Detection & Prevention Methods for Black Hole
Attack on AODV based MANETs
Dipali Sheth1
, Sunera Kargathara2
, Sunil Lavadiya3
1
Student of M.E., Department of E.C., MEFGI, Rajkot.
2
Assistant Professor. Department of E.C., MEFGI, Rajkot.
3
Assistant Professor. Department of E.C., MEFGI, Rajkot.
Abstract:- Dynamic nature of Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) challenges the quality of service (QoS)
because route failure probability is increased in MANET due to the mobility of nodes. Lack of fixed
infrastructure, wireless shared medium and dynamic topology makes MANET prone to different types of
attacks. Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in MANETs which is vulnerable to a
variety of security threats in ad-hoc networks. Black hole attack is an attack that drop considerable number of
packet by performing packet forwarding misbehaviour and violate the security to cause Denial-of-Service
(DoS) in Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET). In this paper we investigate different mechanism to detect and
prevent black hole attack in AODV protocol. We also discuss about advantages and disadvantages of the
methods.
Keywords:- MANETs, AODV, DoS Attacks, Black hole Attack.
I. INTRODUCTION
An ad-hoc network is a group of wireless mobile nodes forming a network without the help of any
stand-alone infrastructure. As Mobile Ad-hoc networks are self-organizing and self-configuring multi-hop
wireless networks, the structure changes dynamically. This is mainly due to the mobile nodes. Nodes in these
networks utilize the same random access wireless channel, cooperating in such a manner to engaging
themselves in multi-hop fashion. The node in the network acts as both hosts as well as routers.
Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in any direction, and will therefore change its
paths to other devices repeatedly. Each must forward traffic distinct to its use, and thus the router. Routing has
been a challenging task for the ad-hoc network as there is the constant change in network topology because of
high degree of mobile nodes. To accomplish this task number of protocols has been introduced.
AODV [8] is reactive routing protocol in MANET, which creates route from source to destination. In
AODV source broadcast RREQ packet to its neighbours to find route to its destination. After receiving RREP
from the neighbour‟s source select optimum route to its destination and sends data packets through it.
MANETs are liable to different active and passive attacks on the network layer. DoS attacks are the
attacks that badly disrupt fundamental functionalities of an ad-hoc network. Wormhole attack, Sinkhole attack,
Black hole attack are major DoS attacks in MANETs. Here we concentrate on Black hole attack that degrades
performance of network by packet forwarding misbehaviour during data transmission phase.
In Black hole attack [9], the malicious node generates and propagates fictitious routing information
and advertises itself as having a valid shortest route to the destination node. If the malicious node replies to the
requesting node before the genuine node, a stale route will be created. As a result, packets do not reach to the
specific destination node and the malicious node obstructs the packets and drops them. Thus, the network traffic
is absorbed. In this paper, various mechanisms to detect and remove this attack is proposed on AODV based
MANET.
The remaining of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 explains AODV routing protocol, and
also Black hole attack on AODV routing protocol. Section 3 describes the detection and prevention methods of
Black hole attack. And last section is the conclusions.
2. Review on Detection & Prevention Methods for Black Hole Attack on AODV based MANETs
73
II. BACKGROUND
A. Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing
Figure1. AODV Protocol Messaging
The AODV [8] routing protocol is a reactive routing protocol; therefore, routes are discovered only
when needed. Figure 1 shows the message exchange takes place in AODV protocol. Hello messages are used to
detect and observe links to neighbours. By using Hello messages, each active node broadcast periodically a
Hello message that all its neighbours accept. As nodes periodically send Hello messages, if a node fails to
receive some Hello messages from a neighbour, a link break is found.
When a source has data to transmit to an unknown destination, it broadcasts a Route Request (RREQ)
for that destination. At each intermediate node, when RREQ is received, a route to the source is generated. If
the receiving node not received this RREQ before, it is not the destination and it does not have a current route to
the destination, then it rebroadcasts the RREQ again. If the receiving node is the destination or has a current
route to the destination, it generates a Route Reply (RREP). The RREP is unicast in a hop-by-hop fashion to the
source. Each transitional node creates a route to the destination as the RREP propagates. Source records the
route to the destination and can begin sending data when it receives the RREP. If source receives multiple
RREPs, the route with shortest hop count should be chosen. As data is flowing from source to destination, each
node along the route updates the timers related with the routes to the source and destination and maintains the
routes in the routing table. If a route is not used for some specific time, a node cannot be persuaded whether the
route is valid. As a result, the node removes the route from its routing table. If data is forwarding and a link
break is detected, a Route Error (RERR) is sent to the source of the data in a hop-by-hop manner. As the RERR
propagates towards the source, each intermediate node in validates routes to any unreachable destinations.
When the source receives the RERR, it nullify the route and reinitiates route discovery if necessary.
B. Black hole Attack on AODV Routing Protocol
In a Black hole attack [9], a malicious node sends fake routing information, claiming that it has an
optimal route and causes other good quality nodes to route data packets through the malicious one. Source node
considered it as a fresher path and then false route will be created. The effect generated is Black hole absorbs
traffic and start to drop the data packet forwarded through it to destination.
In case of AODV, the attacker can send a fake RREP (including a fake destination sequence number
that is to be equal or higher than the one contained in the RREQ) to the source node, claiming that it has a
suitably fresh route to the destination node and causes the source node to choose the route that passes through
the attacker. Thus, all traffic will be passed through the attacker, and therefore, the attacker can exploit or
discard the traffic.
Figure2. Example of a black hole attack
3. Review on Detection & Prevention Methods for Black Hole Attack on AODV based MANETs
74
Figure2 shows an example of a black hole attack, where attacker A sends a fake RREP to the source
nodes, claiming that it has a suitable route than other nodes. Since the attacker‟s advertised sequence number is
higher than other nodes‟ sequence numbers, the source node S will choose the route that passes through node A.
III. OVERVIEW OF DETECTION AND PREVENTION METHOD
In this section, seven different methods for detection and removal of Black hole presented.
A. Watchdog Method [1, 10]:
First method is watchdog timer. By using it, malicious node can be detected. Each node monitors its
next node in the route. If it finds any packet forwarding misbehaviour or any packet dropping in a predefined
period of time for its next node, it considers its next node as a malicious to the source.
Advantages
As it is a simplest method, one node only monitors its next node in the route.
Disadvantages
In this method, each node should always monitor its next neighbor nodes.
Source node should trust the other node’s information about one node’s misbehavior.
There is no predefined limit to differentiate malicious nodes and increases the numbers of mistakes to
find black hole attack.
B. Strong Node Method [2]:
Strong nodes are the additional nodes, which help source and destination to find black hole attack.
These nodes are supposed to be trustful and also able to tuning its antenna to large ranges and short ranges.
Each node is within the range of one of these strong nodes. With the help of these strong nodes, source and
destination nodes start an end-to-end inspection and can recognize whether the data packets have reached the
destination or not. If any differences found in number of messages sent from source and received at destination,
strong nodes inquire the nodes in their areas regarding to monitoring results of one node‟s performance. If the
inspection results show misbehaviour, then the backbone network runs a protocol which detects black hole
attack. At the end announces malicious node to the network by broadcasting messages.
Advantages
Strong nodes decrease the number of monitoring of neighbors, only nodes in particular area of
malicious node start monitoring.
Disadvantages
Differentiate between signal strength of strong and normal nodes in the network, makes this method
unsuitable for MANET.
This method assumes that strong nodes are trustable, but there is no solution given for attacks.
There is no boundary for detection of maliciousness of node, so that mistakes to distinguish between
normal and strong nodes increases.
C. DRI Method [3,15]:
This method uses Data Routing Information (DRI) table for each node that has two fields called„
from‟ and „through‟. „From‟ means that from this node gets a routing message and „through‟ means that from
current node sends a message to that node or not. In this first, source tries to discover a route from source to
destination. Source sends RREQ packets to destination. If destination returns RREP, source trust its answer. If
an intermediate node returns RREP, that node should also send its DRI table and ID of next node in the route to
source. Node is trustable if source previously sent a message to that node and source starts sending data packets
through that to destination. If source does not identify that node, it sends a packet to its next node and asks it for
DRI table and also ID of its next node. The same process is done on the next node until source receives a DRI
table of a trustable node and then stops this process and checks DRI table of both neighbour nodes to find
maliciousness by checking „from‟ and „through‟ field of them. If source finds any differences in two
neighbours‟ DRI tables announces all the nodes in the network regarding maliciousness.
Advantages
This method can find any cooperative black hole attacks.
Disadvantages
This method works very slowly if there is not any attack in the network and generates huge overhead
for checking all nodes in a route.
4. Review on Detection & Prevention Methods for Black Hole Attack on AODV based MANETs
75
D. SCAN Method [4]:
SCAN uses two ideas to protect AODV in MANET: Local collaboration and information cross-
validation. In Local collaboration, nodes monitor each other and also maintain routing tables of each other.
Each node uses a token that authenticates itself to the network. If one node is found to be malicious, another
node revoke its token and alert token revocation to all other nodes in network and they insert that node in their
token revocation list. So, the malicious node cannot access the network.
In Information cross-validation, each node checks routing packets comes from its neighbours nodes.
Each node knows neighbour routing tables and they can cross-check the overheard transmissions of them.
Figure1 shows this example, node M use routing tables of X and Y, if X or Y declares a new fault routing
update, M equate routing tables of two neighbours and if any difference found, announces that node to be
malicious and revokes its token.
Figure3. Cross-checking routing updates of neighbours
Advantages
Each node uses a token which authenticates the node to the entire network. Without a suitable token, a
node cannot take part in the network and using token to some extend enhances the security of network.
Disadvantages
Due to mobile nodes, routing table changes and mistakes in finding malicious nodes will be increased.
Also this method needs renewal of Neighbors table entry in certain period of time.
If there is no neighbor in the network that can cross-checks the route, this method fails.
E. R-AODV Method [5]:
Reliable-AODV (R-AODV) improves route discovery process of AODV by bringing in security into
AODV protocol and prevents Black hole and Grayhole nodes from taking part in data transmission phase. when
a malicious node is detected by an intermediate node after receiving RREP, R-AODV marks the RREP as
DO_NOT_CONSIDER and marks the node sending RREP as MALICIOUS_NODE in the routing table; the
RREP is then forwarded on the reverse path to the source which updates routing tables of all the nodes on the
reverse path with malicious node entry; a route towards destination is chosen by selecting unmarked RREPs.
Advantages
It helps to isolate multiple black hole and grey hole nodes.
It provides simple and efficient way to detect and isolate multiple malicious nodes without introducing
any control packet.
It provides high packet delivery rate with noticeable normalized routing overhead and acceptable
average ent-to-end delay under attack.
This mechanism can be adopted by other reactive protocols also.
Disadvantages
It increases routing overhead by forwarding RREP after detection of misbehavior.
F. MR-AODV[6]:
Modified Reliable-AODV (MR-AODV) used to detect and isolate multiple Black hole and Grayhole
nodes during route discovery process to improve the performance of MANET. In MR-AODV, when a node
detects a malicious node, it updates the routing table with malicious node entry and rejects the RREP. it is not
forwarded on the reverse path and also not requires a DO_NOT_CONSIDER flag. Hence, all RREPs attaining
to the source node will be sent by genuine nodes only; the RREP indicating shortest fresher path will be chosen
for data transmission by the source node.
5. Review on Detection & Prevention Methods for Black Hole Attack on AODV based MANETs
76
Advantages
MR-AODV attempts to reduce routing overhead by not forwarding RREP after detection of
misbehavior.
MR-AODV isolates Black hole and Grayhole nodes during route discovery phase as R-AODV and sets
up a secure route for data transmission.
It attempts to further reduce normalized routing overhead by decreasing number of forwarded reply
packets sent by adversaries.
G. MOS AODV Method [7]:
In Source Modified AODV (MOS AODV) proposed to prevent any alterations in the default
operations of either the intermediate nodes or that of the destination nodes. The approach follows, basically only
modifies the working of the source node. It stores all the RREPs in the newly created table viz.
Cmg_RREP_Tab until the time, MOS_WAIT_TIME. Based on the assumption and initialize
MOS_WAIT_TIME to be half the value of RREP_WAIT_TIME – the time for which source node waits for
RREP control messages before regenerating RREQ. In this solution, the source node after receiving first RREP
control message waits for MOS_WAIT_TIME. For this time, the source node will save all the coming RREP
control messages in Cmg_RREP_Tab table.
Thus after receiving first RREP, the source node waits for a specific time period. For this period the source
node saves all the received RREP message in a table; Source node discards all RREP having very high sequence
number.
Advantages
It increases PDR.
It can trivially be extended for use by any other routing algorithm other than AODV.
It is simple and efficient algorithm.
Disadvantages
It increases average end-to-end delay and normalize routing overhead.
It is heuristic approach.
IV. CONCLUSION
Designing of most routing protocols are based on requirement of continuously changing topology of
MANET, but security have been left unobserved. DoS attack breach the security of network and disrupt
network operations. This paper provides security concerns for MANET. We introduced some of the proposed
methods in detecting DoS attack like black hole with some of the advantages and disadvantages of it. Most of
these algorithms suffer from overload and low speed, which is a research area for developing a detection system
against black hole attack.
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