An Analytical Approach To Analyze The Impact Of Gray Hole Attacks In Manetidescitation
Mobile adhoc networks are connected by wireless
links which forms a random topology of mobile nodes.Random
topology and self-organising network provides on-demand
networking and dynamic topology.Due to lack of infrastructure
support each node are self-organising and any nodes can join
and leave the network at any time.Providing security to these
network is a challenging issue because these type of networks
suffer for various kinds of malicious attacks.One of the attacks
which are most difficult to detect in Mobile adhoc network is
Gray hole attack.In this paper an analytical Gray Hole attack
model is developed for AODV protocol.Experiments are
simulated for Gray Hole attacks under variety of adhoc
network condition.
S IMULATION B ASED S TUDY OF C OOPERATIVE B LACK H OLE A TTACK R ESOLU...pijans
An Ad hoc Network is a pool of wireless mobile node
s energetically forming a network without the use o
f
any pre-accessible network infrastructure or centra
lized administrator. These nodes communicate with
each other by hop-to-hop communication. This dynami
c topology of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs)
allows nodes to get attached and leave the network
at any second of time. Thus MANET can be used in a
variety of fields. Current MANETs are designed prim
ary for military utility. This generic characterist
ic of
MANET has rendered its vulnerability to security at
tacks. Due to which unprotected attacks of the
malicious nodes can occur at any time. This paper f
ocuses on one such attack known as “Black hole
attack” and the routing protocol being used here is
AODV
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is one kind of new wireless network
structures which is also known as infrastructure less network. Unlike devices in traditional
wireless LAN solution, all nodes are movable and the topology of the network is changing
dynamically in an Ad Hoc Network, which brings great challenges to the security of Mobile
Ad Hoc Networks. MANET is particularly vulnerable to various types of security attacks
due to its fundamental characteristics e.g. the lack of centralized monitoring, dynamic
network topology, open medium, autonomous terminal and management. As a result,
attackers can take advantage of flaws in routing protocols to carry out various attacks. The
black hole attack is one of such security issue in MANET. It could disturb the routing
protocol and bring about huge damage to the network’s topology. In this attack, a malicious
node gives false information of having shortest route to the destination node so as to get all
data packets and drops it. In this paper, we propose an algorithm which mitigates the
impact of black hole attack in AODV routing.
New generation communication networks are moving towards autonomous wireless infrastructures which are very popular in the application of multimedia broadcasting and mobile communication where N numbers of data are transfer through the wireless network every day. In such applications security of transmitted signal is very important in wireless communication network. So the proposed work creates a methodology to increase the security of the data and communication using chaotic encryption algorithm to transfer the data from the wireless network. A proposed new structure is based on coupling of chaotic system. We combine the text message with the chaotic signals to reduce the attack and improve the security of the data. The performance of BER in AWGN channel are verified and analyzed with MATLAB toolbox.
A black-hole attack in the Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) is an attack occurs due to malicious nodes,
which attracts the data packets by falsely advertising a fresh route to the destination. In this paper, we
present a clustering approach in Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for the
detection and prevention of black-hole attack in MANETs. In this approach every member of the cluster will
ping once to the cluster head, to detect the peculiar difference between the number of data packets received
and forwarded by the node. If anomalousness is perceived, all the nodes will obscure the malicious nodes
from the network.
Impact of black hole attack on aodv routing protocolZac Darcy
A
m
obile
a
d
-
hoc
n
etwork (MANET)
is a
collection
of wireless mobile nodes
that dynamically self
-
organize
to form an
arbitrary and temporary network.
The mobile nodes can communicate wit
h each other
without
any fixed infrastructure.
MANET
can be set
up quickly to facilitate communication in a hostile environment
such as battlefield or emergency situation.
The various severe security threats are
increasing
on the
MANET
. One of these secur
ity threats is black hole attack which drops all received data packets intended
for forwarding. In this paper, we are simulating and analyzing the impact of black hole attack on Ad Hoc
On
-
Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. Th
e simulation is carried on
NS
-
2 and t
he simulation
results are analyzed
on
various network performance
metric
s such as packet delivery ratio, normalized
routing overhead
and
average end
-
to
-
end delay
TRIDNT: THE TRUST-BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL WITH CONTROLLED DEGREE OF NODE SELFI...IJNSA Journal
In Mobile ad-hoc network, nodes must cooperate to achieve the routing purposes. Node misbehaviour due to selfish or malicious intention could significantly degrade the performance of MANET because most existing routing protocols in MANET are aiming at finding most efficiency path. In this paper, we propose a Two node-disjoint Routes protocol for Isolating Dropper Node in MANET (TRIDNT) to deal with misbehaviour in MANET. TRIDNT allows some degree of selfishness to give an incentive to the selfish nodes to declare itself to its neighbours, which reduce the misbehaving nodes searching time. In TRIDNT two node-disjoint routes between the source and destination are selected based on their trust values. We use both DLL-ACK and end-to-end TCP-ACK to monitor the behaviour of routing path nodes: if a malicious behaviour is detected then the path searching tool starts to identify the malicious nodes and isolate them. Finally by using a mathematical analysis we find that our proposed protocol reduces the searching time of malicious nodes comparing to the route expected life time, and avoids the isolated misbehaving node from sharing in all future routes, which improve the overall network throughput.
An Analytical Approach To Analyze The Impact Of Gray Hole Attacks In Manetidescitation
Mobile adhoc networks are connected by wireless
links which forms a random topology of mobile nodes.Random
topology and self-organising network provides on-demand
networking and dynamic topology.Due to lack of infrastructure
support each node are self-organising and any nodes can join
and leave the network at any time.Providing security to these
network is a challenging issue because these type of networks
suffer for various kinds of malicious attacks.One of the attacks
which are most difficult to detect in Mobile adhoc network is
Gray hole attack.In this paper an analytical Gray Hole attack
model is developed for AODV protocol.Experiments are
simulated for Gray Hole attacks under variety of adhoc
network condition.
S IMULATION B ASED S TUDY OF C OOPERATIVE B LACK H OLE A TTACK R ESOLU...pijans
An Ad hoc Network is a pool of wireless mobile node
s energetically forming a network without the use o
f
any pre-accessible network infrastructure or centra
lized administrator. These nodes communicate with
each other by hop-to-hop communication. This dynami
c topology of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs)
allows nodes to get attached and leave the network
at any second of time. Thus MANET can be used in a
variety of fields. Current MANETs are designed prim
ary for military utility. This generic characterist
ic of
MANET has rendered its vulnerability to security at
tacks. Due to which unprotected attacks of the
malicious nodes can occur at any time. This paper f
ocuses on one such attack known as “Black hole
attack” and the routing protocol being used here is
AODV
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is one kind of new wireless network
structures which is also known as infrastructure less network. Unlike devices in traditional
wireless LAN solution, all nodes are movable and the topology of the network is changing
dynamically in an Ad Hoc Network, which brings great challenges to the security of Mobile
Ad Hoc Networks. MANET is particularly vulnerable to various types of security attacks
due to its fundamental characteristics e.g. the lack of centralized monitoring, dynamic
network topology, open medium, autonomous terminal and management. As a result,
attackers can take advantage of flaws in routing protocols to carry out various attacks. The
black hole attack is one of such security issue in MANET. It could disturb the routing
protocol and bring about huge damage to the network’s topology. In this attack, a malicious
node gives false information of having shortest route to the destination node so as to get all
data packets and drops it. In this paper, we propose an algorithm which mitigates the
impact of black hole attack in AODV routing.
New generation communication networks are moving towards autonomous wireless infrastructures which are very popular in the application of multimedia broadcasting and mobile communication where N numbers of data are transfer through the wireless network every day. In such applications security of transmitted signal is very important in wireless communication network. So the proposed work creates a methodology to increase the security of the data and communication using chaotic encryption algorithm to transfer the data from the wireless network. A proposed new structure is based on coupling of chaotic system. We combine the text message with the chaotic signals to reduce the attack and improve the security of the data. The performance of BER in AWGN channel are verified and analyzed with MATLAB toolbox.
A black-hole attack in the Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) is an attack occurs due to malicious nodes,
which attracts the data packets by falsely advertising a fresh route to the destination. In this paper, we
present a clustering approach in Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for the
detection and prevention of black-hole attack in MANETs. In this approach every member of the cluster will
ping once to the cluster head, to detect the peculiar difference between the number of data packets received
and forwarded by the node. If anomalousness is perceived, all the nodes will obscure the malicious nodes
from the network.
Impact of black hole attack on aodv routing protocolZac Darcy
A
m
obile
a
d
-
hoc
n
etwork (MANET)
is a
collection
of wireless mobile nodes
that dynamically self
-
organize
to form an
arbitrary and temporary network.
The mobile nodes can communicate wit
h each other
without
any fixed infrastructure.
MANET
can be set
up quickly to facilitate communication in a hostile environment
such as battlefield or emergency situation.
The various severe security threats are
increasing
on the
MANET
. One of these secur
ity threats is black hole attack which drops all received data packets intended
for forwarding. In this paper, we are simulating and analyzing the impact of black hole attack on Ad Hoc
On
-
Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. Th
e simulation is carried on
NS
-
2 and t
he simulation
results are analyzed
on
various network performance
metric
s such as packet delivery ratio, normalized
routing overhead
and
average end
-
to
-
end delay
TRIDNT: THE TRUST-BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL WITH CONTROLLED DEGREE OF NODE SELFI...IJNSA Journal
In Mobile ad-hoc network, nodes must cooperate to achieve the routing purposes. Node misbehaviour due to selfish or malicious intention could significantly degrade the performance of MANET because most existing routing protocols in MANET are aiming at finding most efficiency path. In this paper, we propose a Two node-disjoint Routes protocol for Isolating Dropper Node in MANET (TRIDNT) to deal with misbehaviour in MANET. TRIDNT allows some degree of selfishness to give an incentive to the selfish nodes to declare itself to its neighbours, which reduce the misbehaving nodes searching time. In TRIDNT two node-disjoint routes between the source and destination are selected based on their trust values. We use both DLL-ACK and end-to-end TCP-ACK to monitor the behaviour of routing path nodes: if a malicious behaviour is detected then the path searching tool starts to identify the malicious nodes and isolate them. Finally by using a mathematical analysis we find that our proposed protocol reduces the searching time of malicious nodes comparing to the route expected life time, and avoids the isolated misbehaving node from sharing in all future routes, which improve the overall network throughput.
A new ids scheme against blackhole attack to enhance security in wireless net...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this paper is to protect the wireless network against the blackhole attack. Blackhole attack, as the name suggest, drops all the packets forwarded to it. In this paper, we have proposed an intrusion detection system (IDS) scheme to detect the malicious node (blackhole node) and to nullify its effect in the network. The proposed IDS scheme in the presence of blackhole attack gives approximately similar result as that of in the absence of attack. The network comprises for the three modules (i) Default AODV, (ii) AODV in the presence of blackhole attack and (iii) IDS scheme in the presence of attack by considering some parameters such as end to end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load etc. The proposed algorithm has been simulated on Network Simulator version-2 (NS-2). Key Words: AODV, Blackhole attack, DSN, IDS scheme, routing misbehavior, security
Mobile Ad-hoc Network is group of wireless mobile device with restricted broadcast range and no use of base Infrastructure. The secure routing model helps for reduced honest elicitation and free riding problem. The term honest elicitation means it forward high recommendation for malicious node in order to avoid itself. It means the high recommendation for colludingmalicious node. When operating in hostile or suspicious setting, MANETs require privacy and ,communication security in routing protocol. In this paper we present the type of attacks and operation on network layer with routing protocol technique i.e. based on an on-demand locationbased anonymous MANET routing protocol called SMRT (secure MANET routing technique ,with trust model) that achieves security and privacy against insider and outsider adversaries.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
INFRINGEMENT PRECLUSION SYSTEM VIA SADEC: STEALTHY ATTACK DETECTION AND COUNT...ijp2p
In this paper we are providing a implementation details about simulated solution of stealthy packet drop
attack. Stealthy packet drop attack is a suite of four attack types, includes colluding collision, packet
misrouting, identity delegation and power control. Stealthy packet drop attacks disrupts the packet from
reaching to it’s destination through malicious behaviour. These attacks can be easily breakdown the
multi-hop wireless ad-hoc networks. Most widely preferred method for detecting attacks in wireless
network is behaviour based detection method. In this method a normal network overhears
communication from its neighbourhood. Here we are implementing a SADEC protocol which is
proposed solution of stealthy packet drop attacks. SADEC overlaid the base line local monitoring. In
base line local monitoring each neighbour maintains additional information about routing path also it
adds some checking responsibility to all its neighbours. SADEC proves more efficient than baseline local
monitoring to mitigate successfully all the stealthy attack types.
Review on Grey- Hole Attack Detection and PreventionIJARIIT
These Grey Hole attacks poses a serious security threat to the routing services by attacking the reactive routing protocols resulting in drastic drop of data packets. AODV (Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector) routing being one of the many protocols often becomes an easy victim to such attacks. The survey also gives up-to-date information of all the works that have been done in this area. Besides the security issues they also described the layered architecture of MANET, their applications and a brief summary of the proposed works that have been done in this area to secure the network from Grey Hole attacks
Performance investigation of re shuffling packet attack on transport layer pr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Over the past decade, the wireless world has experienced significant developments. The emergence and proliferation of radio frequency networking products, wireless devices like handheld, wearable and portable computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)s, cellular phone have given rise to a kind of wireless revolution. A mobile ad hoc network is much more assailable to attacks than a wired network due to its limited physical security, high mobility and lack of centralized administration. In this paper, we present and analyze the effects of re-shuffling attack on TCP based mobile ad-hoc networks named as Packet Re-Shuffling. In the packet reshuffling attack the malicious node will reorder the packets in its FIFO buffer before forwarding them towards their destination. Due to the out of order delivery the retransmission time out of the packet is triggered and the source TCP and UDP has to retransmit the packet. In this way it also stops the TCP to perform the congestion avoidance technique. A malicious node will always participate in route setup operations. For example, if source routing is employed, malicious nodes always relay Route Request packets in order to have as many routes as possible flowing through themselves; if distance vector routing is employed, malicious nodes will also obey all control-plane protocol specifications. However, once a route is established, attacking nodes will thwart the end-to-end throughput of the flow via above mentioned attacks. The effect of the proposed attack is analyzed with the simulation results generated using the trial version of the simulator known as Exata Cyber 2.0. The simulation results are given in terms of metrics such as data flow throughput, Packet Retransmission, average end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio. In this paper, we are giving The study on UDP and TCP. Keywords: MANETs; Multimedia Streaming; Routing protocols; QoS; Topology; Node Mobility; Network Scalability;
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Review on Detection & Prevention Methods for Black Hole Attack on AODV based ...IJERD Editor
Dynamic nature of Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) challenges the quality of service (QoS)
because route failure probability is increased in MANET due to the mobility of nodes. Lack of fixed
infrastructure, wireless shared medium and dynamic topology makes MANET prone to different types of
attacks. Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in MANETs which is vulnerable to a
variety of security threats in ad-hoc networks. Black hole attack is an attack that drop considerable number of
packet by performing packet forwarding misbehaviour and violate the security to cause Denial-of-Service
(DoS) in Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET). In this paper we investigate different mechanism to detect and
prevent black hole attack in AODV protocol. We also discuss about advantages and disadvantages of the
methods.
DDoS attacks have become one of the most dangerous issues in the Internet today. Because of these attacks, legitimate users can not access the resources they need. In [1] authors proposed a combined method for tracing and blocking the sources of DDoS-attacks. The essence of the method is that each router marks the network packet that passes through it using a random hash function from the set. At the receiving side this information is stored and used to filter unwanted traffic and traceback the source of distributed attack. This article describes the simulation and its results of the combined method.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Energy Saving DSR and Probabilistic Rebroadcast Mechanism are used to Increas...IJTET Journal
Abstract- MANETs are infrastructure less and can be set up anytime anywhere. Due to high mobility of nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), there exist frequent link breakages which lead to frequent path failures and route discoveries. The overhead of a route discovery cannot be neglected. In a route discovery, broadcasting is a fundamental and effective data broadcasting mechanism, where a mobile node blindly rebroadcasts the first received route request packets unless it has a route to the destination, and thus it causes the broadcast storm problem and without consider the nodes energy level of route selection it leads to reduce the network lifetime. In this paper proposed to focus is on a two mechanism ESDSR and Neighbor coverage based Probabilistic rebroadcast to overcome those problems. A Energy Saving Dynamic Source Routing in MANETs (ESDSR) which will efficiently utilize the battery power consideration in the route selection time of mobile nodes in such a way that the network will get more life time and Neighbor coverage based Probabilistic rebroadcast mechanism, which can significantly decrease the number of retransmissions so as to reduce the routing overhead, and can also improve the routing performance. The simulation was carried out using the NS-2 network simulator.
Impact of Black Hole Attack on AODV Routing ProtocolZac Darcy
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically self-organize
to form an arbitrary and temporary network. The mobile nodes can communicate with each other without
any fixed infrastructure. MANET can be set up quickly to facilitate communication in a hostile environment
such as battlefield or emergency situation. The various severe security threats are increasing on the
MANET. One of these security threats is black hole attack which drops all received data packets intended
for forwarding. In this paper, we are simulating and analyzing the impact of black hole attack on Ad Hoc
On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. The simulation is carried on NS-2 and the simulation
results are analyzed on various network performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, normalized
routing overhead and average end-to-end delay.
Impact of Black Hole Attack on AODV Routing ProtocolZac Darcy
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically self-organize
to form an arbitrary and temporary network. The mobile nodes can communicate with each other without
any fixed infrastructure. MANET can be set up quickly to facilitate communication in a hostile environment
such as battlefield or emergency situation. The various severe security threats are increasing on the
MANET. One of these security threats is black hole attack which drops all received data packets intended
for forwarding. In this paper, we are simulating and analyzing the impact of black hole attack on Ad Hoc
On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. The simulation is carried on NS-2 and the simulation
results are analyzed on various network performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, normalized
routing overhead and average end-to-end delay
A Survey of various Methods of Preventing and Detecting Attacks on AODV-based...IJERD Editor
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is constructed from a collection of nodes that can move
anywhere and anytime in different areas without any infrastructure that means MANET is infrastructure less.
Each node works at the same time as router and host. Lack of a fixed infrastructure, wireless medium and
dynamic topology makes MANET vulnerable to different kinds of attacks like Gray hole and Black hole. In this
paper, we investigate different mechanisms that have designed to detect or prevent black or gray hole attacks in
AODV protocol. We discuss about advantages and disadvantages of the different methods.
Enhancing AODV Routing Protocol to Eliminate Black Hole Attack in MANET.......................................1
Ei Ei Khin and Thandar Phyu
Adaptive Search Information Technology in the University Library ........................................................ 15
Andriy Andrukhiv and Dmytro Tarasov
Educational Data Mining: Performance Evaluation of Decision Tree and Clustering Techniques Using
WEKA Platform........................................................................................................................................... 26
Ritika Saxena
Hamiltonian cycle in graphs 흈4 ≥ ퟐn....................................................................................................... 38
Nguyen Huu Xuan Truong and Vu Dinh Hoa
A new ids scheme against blackhole attack to enhance security in wireless net...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this paper is to protect the wireless network against the blackhole attack. Blackhole attack, as the name suggest, drops all the packets forwarded to it. In this paper, we have proposed an intrusion detection system (IDS) scheme to detect the malicious node (blackhole node) and to nullify its effect in the network. The proposed IDS scheme in the presence of blackhole attack gives approximately similar result as that of in the absence of attack. The network comprises for the three modules (i) Default AODV, (ii) AODV in the presence of blackhole attack and (iii) IDS scheme in the presence of attack by considering some parameters such as end to end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load etc. The proposed algorithm has been simulated on Network Simulator version-2 (NS-2). Key Words: AODV, Blackhole attack, DSN, IDS scheme, routing misbehavior, security
Mobile Ad-hoc Network is group of wireless mobile device with restricted broadcast range and no use of base Infrastructure. The secure routing model helps for reduced honest elicitation and free riding problem. The term honest elicitation means it forward high recommendation for malicious node in order to avoid itself. It means the high recommendation for colludingmalicious node. When operating in hostile or suspicious setting, MANETs require privacy and ,communication security in routing protocol. In this paper we present the type of attacks and operation on network layer with routing protocol technique i.e. based on an on-demand locationbased anonymous MANET routing protocol called SMRT (secure MANET routing technique ,with trust model) that achieves security and privacy against insider and outsider adversaries.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
INFRINGEMENT PRECLUSION SYSTEM VIA SADEC: STEALTHY ATTACK DETECTION AND COUNT...ijp2p
In this paper we are providing a implementation details about simulated solution of stealthy packet drop
attack. Stealthy packet drop attack is a suite of four attack types, includes colluding collision, packet
misrouting, identity delegation and power control. Stealthy packet drop attacks disrupts the packet from
reaching to it’s destination through malicious behaviour. These attacks can be easily breakdown the
multi-hop wireless ad-hoc networks. Most widely preferred method for detecting attacks in wireless
network is behaviour based detection method. In this method a normal network overhears
communication from its neighbourhood. Here we are implementing a SADEC protocol which is
proposed solution of stealthy packet drop attacks. SADEC overlaid the base line local monitoring. In
base line local monitoring each neighbour maintains additional information about routing path also it
adds some checking responsibility to all its neighbours. SADEC proves more efficient than baseline local
monitoring to mitigate successfully all the stealthy attack types.
Review on Grey- Hole Attack Detection and PreventionIJARIIT
These Grey Hole attacks poses a serious security threat to the routing services by attacking the reactive routing protocols resulting in drastic drop of data packets. AODV (Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector) routing being one of the many protocols often becomes an easy victim to such attacks. The survey also gives up-to-date information of all the works that have been done in this area. Besides the security issues they also described the layered architecture of MANET, their applications and a brief summary of the proposed works that have been done in this area to secure the network from Grey Hole attacks
Performance investigation of re shuffling packet attack on transport layer pr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Over the past decade, the wireless world has experienced significant developments. The emergence and proliferation of radio frequency networking products, wireless devices like handheld, wearable and portable computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)s, cellular phone have given rise to a kind of wireless revolution. A mobile ad hoc network is much more assailable to attacks than a wired network due to its limited physical security, high mobility and lack of centralized administration. In this paper, we present and analyze the effects of re-shuffling attack on TCP based mobile ad-hoc networks named as Packet Re-Shuffling. In the packet reshuffling attack the malicious node will reorder the packets in its FIFO buffer before forwarding them towards their destination. Due to the out of order delivery the retransmission time out of the packet is triggered and the source TCP and UDP has to retransmit the packet. In this way it also stops the TCP to perform the congestion avoidance technique. A malicious node will always participate in route setup operations. For example, if source routing is employed, malicious nodes always relay Route Request packets in order to have as many routes as possible flowing through themselves; if distance vector routing is employed, malicious nodes will also obey all control-plane protocol specifications. However, once a route is established, attacking nodes will thwart the end-to-end throughput of the flow via above mentioned attacks. The effect of the proposed attack is analyzed with the simulation results generated using the trial version of the simulator known as Exata Cyber 2.0. The simulation results are given in terms of metrics such as data flow throughput, Packet Retransmission, average end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio. In this paper, we are giving The study on UDP and TCP. Keywords: MANETs; Multimedia Streaming; Routing protocols; QoS; Topology; Node Mobility; Network Scalability;
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Review on Detection & Prevention Methods for Black Hole Attack on AODV based ...IJERD Editor
Dynamic nature of Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) challenges the quality of service (QoS)
because route failure probability is increased in MANET due to the mobility of nodes. Lack of fixed
infrastructure, wireless shared medium and dynamic topology makes MANET prone to different types of
attacks. Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in MANETs which is vulnerable to a
variety of security threats in ad-hoc networks. Black hole attack is an attack that drop considerable number of
packet by performing packet forwarding misbehaviour and violate the security to cause Denial-of-Service
(DoS) in Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET). In this paper we investigate different mechanism to detect and
prevent black hole attack in AODV protocol. We also discuss about advantages and disadvantages of the
methods.
DDoS attacks have become one of the most dangerous issues in the Internet today. Because of these attacks, legitimate users can not access the resources they need. In [1] authors proposed a combined method for tracing and blocking the sources of DDoS-attacks. The essence of the method is that each router marks the network packet that passes through it using a random hash function from the set. At the receiving side this information is stored and used to filter unwanted traffic and traceback the source of distributed attack. This article describes the simulation and its results of the combined method.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Energy Saving DSR and Probabilistic Rebroadcast Mechanism are used to Increas...IJTET Journal
Abstract- MANETs are infrastructure less and can be set up anytime anywhere. Due to high mobility of nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), there exist frequent link breakages which lead to frequent path failures and route discoveries. The overhead of a route discovery cannot be neglected. In a route discovery, broadcasting is a fundamental and effective data broadcasting mechanism, where a mobile node blindly rebroadcasts the first received route request packets unless it has a route to the destination, and thus it causes the broadcast storm problem and without consider the nodes energy level of route selection it leads to reduce the network lifetime. In this paper proposed to focus is on a two mechanism ESDSR and Neighbor coverage based Probabilistic rebroadcast to overcome those problems. A Energy Saving Dynamic Source Routing in MANETs (ESDSR) which will efficiently utilize the battery power consideration in the route selection time of mobile nodes in such a way that the network will get more life time and Neighbor coverage based Probabilistic rebroadcast mechanism, which can significantly decrease the number of retransmissions so as to reduce the routing overhead, and can also improve the routing performance. The simulation was carried out using the NS-2 network simulator.
Impact of Black Hole Attack on AODV Routing ProtocolZac Darcy
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically self-organize
to form an arbitrary and temporary network. The mobile nodes can communicate with each other without
any fixed infrastructure. MANET can be set up quickly to facilitate communication in a hostile environment
such as battlefield or emergency situation. The various severe security threats are increasing on the
MANET. One of these security threats is black hole attack which drops all received data packets intended
for forwarding. In this paper, we are simulating and analyzing the impact of black hole attack on Ad Hoc
On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. The simulation is carried on NS-2 and the simulation
results are analyzed on various network performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, normalized
routing overhead and average end-to-end delay.
Impact of Black Hole Attack on AODV Routing ProtocolZac Darcy
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically self-organize
to form an arbitrary and temporary network. The mobile nodes can communicate with each other without
any fixed infrastructure. MANET can be set up quickly to facilitate communication in a hostile environment
such as battlefield or emergency situation. The various severe security threats are increasing on the
MANET. One of these security threats is black hole attack which drops all received data packets intended
for forwarding. In this paper, we are simulating and analyzing the impact of black hole attack on Ad Hoc
On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. The simulation is carried on NS-2 and the simulation
results are analyzed on various network performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, normalized
routing overhead and average end-to-end delay
A Survey of various Methods of Preventing and Detecting Attacks on AODV-based...IJERD Editor
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is constructed from a collection of nodes that can move
anywhere and anytime in different areas without any infrastructure that means MANET is infrastructure less.
Each node works at the same time as router and host. Lack of a fixed infrastructure, wireless medium and
dynamic topology makes MANET vulnerable to different kinds of attacks like Gray hole and Black hole. In this
paper, we investigate different mechanisms that have designed to detect or prevent black or gray hole attacks in
AODV protocol. We discuss about advantages and disadvantages of the different methods.
Enhancing AODV Routing Protocol to Eliminate Black Hole Attack in MANET.......................................1
Ei Ei Khin and Thandar Phyu
Adaptive Search Information Technology in the University Library ........................................................ 15
Andriy Andrukhiv and Dmytro Tarasov
Educational Data Mining: Performance Evaluation of Decision Tree and Clustering Techniques Using
WEKA Platform........................................................................................................................................... 26
Ritika Saxena
Hamiltonian cycle in graphs 흈4 ≥ ퟐn....................................................................................................... 38
Nguyen Huu Xuan Truong and Vu Dinh Hoa
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile nodes. Each node operates not only as an end system, but also as a router to forward packets. The nodes are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These cause extra challenges on security. In this paper, evaluation of prominent on-demand routing protocol i.e. AODV,MAODV,RAODV has been done by varying the network size. An effort has been carried out to do the performance evaluation of these protocols using random way point model. The simulator used is NS 2.34. The performance of either protocol has been studied by using a self created network scenario with respect to pause time.
PACKET DROP ATTACK DETECTION TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS: A REVIEWIJNSA Journal
Wireless ad hoc networks have gained lots of attention due to their ease and low cost of deployment. This
has made ad hoc networks of great importance in numerous military and civilian applications. But, the lack
of centralized management of these networks makes them vulnerable to a number of security attacks. One
of the attacks is packet drop attack, where a compromised node drops packets maliciously. Several
techniques have been proposed to detect the packet drop attack in wireless ad hoc networks. Therefore, in
this paper we review some of the packet drop attack detection techniques and comparatively analyze them
basing on; their ability to detect the attack under different attack strategies (partial and or cooperate
attacks), environments and the computational and communication overheads caused in the process of
detection.
Review of Flooding Attack Detection in AODV Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networkijsrd.com
Ad Hoc Networks are extremely vulnerable to attacks due to their dynamically changing topology, absence of conventional security infrastructures, vulnerability of nodes and channels and open medium of communication. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks are two of the most harmful threats to the network functionality. The Prevention methods like authentication and cryptography techniques alone are not able to provide the security to these types of networks. Therefore, efficient intrusion detection must be deployed to facilitate the identification and isolation of attacks. Major attacks on Mobile Ad hoc networks are flooding, selective forwarding, sinkhole, wormhole etc. We have presented various intrusion detection techniques in MANET. Then we have proposed a method to detect flooding attack in MANET.
An Ad hoc network in a wireless system consist of an autonomous system, without centralization which results forming of mobile nodes. In MANET, each node works in a dual form that consists of a router as well as hosts. These nodes configure dynamically and communicate using hop to hop. Due to its simplicity it is used in mobile conferencing, military communication. In MANET nodes can join and leave the network so MANET becomes vulnerable. Certain factors like dynamic network configures, distribution cooperation, open medium terrorized in routing which give rise to security issues. Once such protocol AODV has been a victim of security. In existing, MANET faces a severe problem known as the Black Hole problem. This Black hole problem is mostly found in reactive routing protocol called AODV.The black hole conducts its malicious node during route discovery process. Black hole node is a severe threat in AODV protocol that easily employed and becomes vulnerable in MANET. In this paper various techniques are discussed to overcome the Black hole attack.
Black hole and Grey hole attack is most happening attacks in Mesh networks. Mesh networks means nonstatic
networks with making loops of networks with the help of active hotspots. In Wireless networks all the
communication between the nodes is happening wirelessly and the nodes are so much resource constraint
that it is difficult to employ any security solutions of other ad hoc networks. So they are attacked by
malicious nodes. In black hole attack the attacker windup all the information and dropped it.
In black hole attack, the series of RREQ (route request) and RREP (route reply) follows the smallest way of
networking communication. The fault node always transmit RREP message as it receives RREQ, while
managing the receivers sequence number. By the help of fault node packets are dropped. Sometimes fault
node is authorised and otherwise it is unauthorised. Black hole attack is type of routing attack and can
bring harm to whole network. Grey hole attack is the kind of denial of service attack. In this attack, the
router which is mesh behave just not well and a subset of packets are forward and handle by receiver but
leave by others. The presences of these attackers are hard to detect in wireless networks because over the
wireless link the packets are lost due to bad channel quality. This paper deals with the study of analysis of
delay occurs by these attack in Wireless Mesh networks and its types and also discuss about previous
study by which we get idea about attack occurs in networks and also study various techniques to detect and
prevent network from black hole and grey hole attack. Then we discuss about their result by using
simulator OPNET.
PACKET DROP ATTACK DETECTION TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS: A REVIEWIJNSA Journal
Wireless ad hoc networks have gained lots of attention due to their ease and low cost of deployment. This has made ad hoc networks of great importance in numerous military and civilian applications. But, the lack of centralized management of these networks makes them vulnerable to a number of security attacks. One of the attacks is packet drop attack, where a compromised node drops packets maliciously. Several techniques have been proposed to detect the packet drop attack in wireless ad hoc networks. Therefore, in this paper we review some of the packet drop attack detection techniques and comparatively analyze them basing on; their ability to detect the attack under different attack strategies (partial and or cooperate attacks), environments and the computational and communication overheads caused in the process of detection.
This paper presents a review on a major category of organized attacks i.e. cooperative blackhole / grayhole attack that are a serious threat to adhoc network security. In cooperative blackhole attack multiple nodes collude to hide the malicious activity of other nodes; hence such attacks are more difficult to detect. In this paper a survey of various security mechanisms have been proposed in the literature for diction of such attacks is presented
This paper presents a review on a major category of organized attacks i.e. cooperative blackhole / grayhole attack that are a serious threat to adhoc network security. In cooperative blackhole attack multiple nodes collude to hide the malicious activity of other nodes; hence such attacks are more difficult to detect. In this paper a survey of various security mechanisms have been proposed in the literature for diction of such attacks is presented.
AODV Improvement by Modification at Source Node and Securing It from Black Ho...IJERA Editor
MANETS suffer from constraints in power, storage and computational resources ,as a result, they are more
vulnerable to various communications security related attacks. therefore we attempt to focus on analyzing and
improving the security of routing protocol for MANETS viz. the Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector
(AODV)routing protocol. We propose modifications to the AODV we propose an algorithm to counter the
Black hole attack on the routing protocols in MANETs. All the routes has unique sequence number and the
malicious node has the highest Destination Sequence number and it is the first RREP to arrive. So the
comparison is made only to the first entry in the table without checking other entries in the table
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A survey on mitigation methods to black hole attack on aodv routing protocol
1. Network and Complex Systems
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
www.iiste.org
A survey on mitigation methods to Black hole Attack on AODV
routing protocol
Faculty of Computing
Amin Mohebi
and Technology, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation. (UCTI),
Malaysia
Tel: +6-018-666-3947 amin_524@me.com
Prof.Dr.simon scott
Faculty of Computing and Technology,
Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation. (UCTI), Malaysia
Simon@apu.edu.my
Abstract
AODV is a routing protocol that is designed for MANETs and it is using the on-demand routing method to establish
the routes between nodes. The main benefit of this protocol is establishment of desired routes to destination when the
source node requires and it keeps the routes as long as they are needed. The black hole attack is a common attack that
can be accrued in AODV protocols. In this kind of attack, the attacker uses of one or more malicious nodes which
advertise themselves in the network by setting a zero metric to all the destinations that causes all the nodes toward
the data packets to these malicious nodes. The AODV is vulnerable against black hole attacks due to having network
centric property, where all the nodes have to share their routing tables for each other. In this paper, we present the
survey of existing mitigation methods that have been proposed to secure AODV.
Keywords: Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET); Black hole attack; Cooperative Black hole attack; Ad-hoc On-demand Distance
Vector (AODV).
1. Introduction
Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a group of mobile nodes without any fixed infrastructure therefore the nodes
communicate with each other based on the unconditional trust. The security is more complicated in MANET when
compared with ordinary network which the intruder may get physical access to the wired link or pass over security
holes at firewalls and routers. Mobile ad hoc network does not have a well-defined line of protection due to its
infrastructure-free and each node shall be prepared for any threat. In wireless ad-hoc networks, the most important
concern is routing issues. Actually, the old-fashioned techniques are not suitable in MANETs thus there is a need to
modify current TCP/IP model to provide efficient functionality which has been made the routing protocols as key
research area for investigators and challenging task as well. There are various routing protocols in MANET which
are categorized in term of functionality as following: reactive protocols, proactive protocols and hybrid protocol.
Reactive protocols are known as On Demand Reactive protocols which never initiate route discovery, unless they are
requested by a source node. Proactive routing protocols maintain the updated topology of the network and each node
knows the other nodes in the network in advance. Hybrid protocol is created by exploiting the benefits of both
reactive and proactive protocols which could be used to achieve better results. These protocols suffer various
attacks that advertise themselves in the entire network. (i.e. black hole attack, worm hole attack, gray hole attack, etc)
In this paper, the aim is to investigate on AODV routing protocols in term of black hole attacks. Black hole is one of
the most common attacks against the AODV routing protocol. The black hole attack will disrupt the network and
affect the whole network performance. The malicious node in a black hole will pretend to have the shortest and
freshest route to the destination node by manipulating the control message to forge other nodes to send their data
through its node.
2. Over view of AODV routing protocol
AODV has been considered as reactive protocol which uses control messages (i.e. Route Request message (RREQ),
30
2. Network and Complex Systems
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
www.iiste.org
Route Reply Message (RREP) and Route Error Message (RERR) ) to discover a route to destination. This protocol
establishes a route when a node wishes to communicate with the other node which it has no route; therefore AODV
will offer topology information for the node. Two phases of this protocol are described below.
2.1 Route Discovery
When a source node wishes to transmit data packets, it sends a REEQ to its neighbors. The neighbors act
by two ways. If there is an available valid route to destination, they will reply RREP to the source node. But if
there is no a valid route, they will rebroadcast RREQ to their neighbors. While transmitting a RREQ packet, every
neighbor node enters the previous node’s address and its Bid. . A timer associated with each entry is also maintained
by the node in an attempt to remove a RREQ packet in case the reply has not been received before it expires. Figure
1 illustrates an example of route discovery mechanism in AODV. Suppose that node “A” wants to forward a data
packet to another node (destination) “G”. The source node sends a RREQ to its neighbors. As shown, the neighbors
do not have an available
route to destination hence; the neighbors also forward RREQ to their neighbors until
finding a node which has a fresh enough route to destination or destination node is located itself.
Figure 1. Route discovery in AODV
2.2 Rout maintenance
The route maintenance mechanism works as following: if a node finds a link down that makes one or more
than one link inaccessible from the source node or neighbors nodes, it broadcasts an RERR to inform the source node
and the end node. This is depicted in figure 2.3 which shows the link between “E” and “G” is broken hence a RERR
message will be generated in node “E” and send to the source node to notify this node.
Figure2. Route maintenance in AODV
3. Black hole Attack on AODV Routing Protocol
The black hole attack includes malicious nodes that forge the nodes to drop the data packets. When a source node
wishes to communicate with the other nodes or transmits the data packets to the destination, it sends a RREQ to its
neighbors to know the true path to the destination. If there is one or more malicious node (black hole node), it
receives the RREQ then sends a fake RREP to sender which shows malicious node already has a true path to the
destination and this RREP message includes false routing information and fake higher sequence number that shows it
is a fresh path. When the sender of RREQ receives the RREP, it assumes the malicious node as true node then it
transmits the data packets within the route that specified by black hole node. Black hole nodes receive the data
packets without sending the packets to the destination or the other nodes. By creating routing loops, network
congestion and channel contention, attackers degrades the network performance. This kind of attack is illustrated in
the figure 3. The source node transmits RREQ packets to its neighbor nodes “B” and “D” to discover fresh route to
the destination “F”. The black hole node ”M” immediately respond to the source node without checking its routing
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3. Network and Complex Systems
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
www.iiste.org
table to say it has a fresh path to the intended destination which is done by sending a fake RREP to the source node
“A”. The source node “A” considers that the route discovery has been done then rejects other RREP message from
other nodes. Then, the attacker will drop the received packets without sending to the destination “F”.
.
Figure 3: Single Black hole attack
However, in case of multiple black hole nodes which act in coordination the level of detectability is low. In this form
of black hole attack, multiple black hole nodes are cooperating with each other to attack the intended node or
network. For example, as shown in figure 4, the black hole node “B” is cooperating with black hole node “B2” which
is its teammate as the next hop.
Figure 4. Cooperative black hole attack
4. Solutions to Black hole Attack in MANET
Deng [4] used On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and proposed a solution for black holes attacks. This
solution related to when an intermediate node applies for RREQ, the RREP packet should be included information
about the next hop to destination. Next, the source node sends a further request (FREQ) to next hop of replied node
to know about replied node and route to the destination. This approach may help to identify the reliability of the
replied node if the next hop is trusted. But the drawback of this solution is related to cooperative black hole attacks
on MANETs. This approach could be used for individual attacks but cannot avoid cooperative attacks. For instance,
if the next hop also cooperate with the replied node, “yes “ which will be replied for both question and the source
node will trust on next hop and send data within the replied node that may be a black hole node
Sun Guan and Chen [1] used On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) as their routing protocol. The detection
scheme utilized neighborhood-based technique to discover the black hole attacks and represent a routing recovery
protocol to create a reliable route to the destination. They designed a method with two parts to encounter with black
hole attack. These parts are included: detection and response. The authors simulated their work by NS2 and the
results illustrated that the scheme effectively is able to find black hole attack with no much control overhead to the
network. The authors discovered that the amount of passing packet over the network might be enhanced by at least
15% and the false positive possibility will be less than 1.7%. This scheme will be failed to detect black hole attack
when that attacker decides to forge the fake reply packets selectively and detection of cooperative black hole attack
was the next problem of their solution.
A study has been conducted by Latha Tamilselvan [7] who proposed a solution to enhance the original
AODV protocol. This concept was designed by setting timer in the RimerExpiredTable to collect the other request
from other nodes when receiving the first request. The packet’s sequence number and the received time will be stored
in a Collect Route Reply Table (CRRT), calculating the timeout value based on the arriving time of the first route
request then it judges the validation of the route based on the threshold value. The author simulated this solution by
(GloMoSim) and results indicate that packet delivery ratio was improved with low delay and overhead.
32
4. Network and Complex Systems
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
www.iiste.org
Shurman and Park [10] used two techniques to avoid the black hole attack in mobile ad hoc networks. The
first technique will find at least two routes from the source to the destination node. The second technique is related to
number of unique sequence used. The authors simulated the proposed approach by NS2 and they confirmed that
these techniques have less numbers of RREQ and RREP in comparison with current AODV. Second technique might
be better than first technique due to the sequence number which is contained all packet in the original routing
protocol. These techniques were failed to discover cooperative black hole attacks.
Chang, Rei Heng, Cheng, and Shun Chao Chang [2] conducted a study on distributed and collaborative
procedure which was proposed to detect black hole nodes. This cooperative procedure works as following:Each node
finds the local anomalies.The sender node sends a message to the neighbor of the infected node by calling a
cooperative detective.Each node gathers information over overhearing packets to recognize the suspicious nodes,
when recognizing one, the detecting node will initiate the local detection procedure to evaluate whether the
suspicious one is a malicious black hole node. If one node is confirmed as a black hole node, the global reaction will
notify the entire of network by sending a warning message. This solution used of the voting scheme which means
participating all the nodes to vote to a infected node. This approach help to detect the individual black hole nodes but
when an attacker uses cooperative black hole node to impersonate the nodes the voting scheme and detection of
cooperative attacks will be complex and impossible.
Satoshi Kurosawa, Hidehisa Nakayama, Nei Kato, Abbas Jamalipour, and Yoshiaki Nemoto [12]
proposed a dynamic learning approach to find black hole attack in MANET. This method was intend to observe the
characteristic change of node within a given time and a node will be recognized as black hole node if its
characteristic change goes over the particular time. The Characteristics will be observed in the number of sent
RREQs and the number of received RREPs and the mean destination sequence numbers of RREQs and RREPs. This
approach is not able to isolate the black hole nodes due to absence of detection mode such as revising the AODV
protocol. Moreover, this comes with bigger processing overhead and the determination of optimal threshold values
remains unresolved.
Payal , Swadas [11] used AODV as their routing protocol by proposing a dynamic learning system to
detect black hole attack based on MANET to avoid black hole attack by notifying the other nodes in the network.
Generally, a node receives RREP packet and it checks first the value of sequence number in its routing table. If the
sequence number is higher than the threshold value, it will be considered as malicious node. The threshold value will
be dynamically updated in the time interval. The threshold value is the average of the difference of destination
sequence number in each time slot between the sequence number in the routing table and the RREP packet. The
authors used of advantage of AODV protocol that the source node announces the black hole to its neighbors in order
to be refused and removed. Also, deploying the dynamic learning system improved the average end-to-end delay and
normalized routing overhead. However, if a cooperative attack occurs in MANET, detecting process will be too
complex so, this solution cannot be used for cooperative attacks.
In a study Djenouri and Badache [5] presented an approach for monitoring, detecting and eliminating the
black hole attacks in mobile ad hoc network. In the first phase (monitoring), an effective method of random two-hop
ACK was used. The authors used a Bayesian approach for node accusation which was deployed to enable node
redemption before judgment. The benefit of this approach is to prevent false accusation attacks vulnerability and
reducing the false positives which can be occurred by channel conditions and nodes mobility. This approach might
be used for all types of packet droppers, selfish and malicious nodes that cause a black hole attack. This solution was
able to detect attacker when dropping the packets. The authors used GloMoSim simulator to simulate their approach
and they stated that the random two-hop ACK would be considered as effective as the normal two-hop ACK in high
true and low false detection but greatly decreasing the overhead more than ordinary two-hop ACK. This approach
used cooperatively witness-based verification however, it not able to prevent to collaborative black hole attacks and
multiple malicious nodes.
Hesiri Weerasinghe [6] used a methodology to detect multiple black hole nodes that working collaboratively as
a collection to begin cooperative black hole attacks. Actually, this author used Data Routing Information (DRI)
table and cross checking using Further Request (FREQ) and Further Reply (FREP) to produce a slightly modified
version of ADOV protocol. In this paper, the focus has been on the cooperative black hole attacks in MANET routing.
33
5. Network and Complex Systems
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
www.iiste.org
This solution has been compared with the currently available solution proposed by Deng (op. cit.) and also the
performance of both solutions compared with original AODV by QualNet simulator in term of throughput, packet
loss rate, end-to-end delay and control packet overhead. The author confirmed that original AODV and solution
proposed by Deng (op. cit.) deeply suffer from multiple black hole attacks and this new solution can present better
performance in compare to the previous solutions in term of throughput rate and minimum packet loss. However, this
solution also could not solve completely cooperative attacks.
Rutvij, Sankita and Devesh [13] investigated on some of the existing approaches for black hole and gray
hole attack and presented a novel solution against these attacks which is able to find effectively short and secure
routes to destination. Their theoretical analysis illustrated that this approach properly can increase packet delivery
ratio (PDR) with negligible difference in routing overhead. The authors believed that this algorithm could be used for
the other reactive protocol and also finds and eliminates malicious
nodes within the route finding phase. Nodes receiving RREP confirm the truth of routing information; source node
broadcasts a list of malicious nodes when sending RREQ. Nodes update route tables when they get any information
of malicious nodes from received routing packets. No additional control packet can be mentioned as benefit of this
algorithm and there is minor difference in routing overhead which is the ratio of the number of routing related
transmissions to the number of data related transmissions. Additionally, the malicious nodes would be isolated and
packet delivery ratio (PDR) will greatly be improved.
5. Comparison of Various Solutions to Black hole Attack
The various solutions to black hole attacks proposed by several authors are analyzed and made a comparison based
on important parameters and depicted in Table 1.
The detection techniques which make use of reactive routing protocols have low overheads, but have high packet
loss problem. Most of the discussed solutions, in particular Method1, Method2, Method3, Method4, Method 5,
Method 6, Method 7 and Method 8 suffer to detect cooperative black hole attacks. The authors did not focus on the
behavior of black hole attacks when they are cooperating in a group. In contrast, Method9 and Method10 present
good performance in terms of throughput and minimum packet loss percentage compared to other solutions and
original AODV which is affected by cooperative black holes. Based on performance results shown in Table 1, we can
conclude that Method9 and Method10 outperform the other detection methods. However simulating more features
could increase one’s detection rate, the feature-selection activity can be computationally expensive on the node itself.
Hence, understating both performance and cost impacts of proposed solutions is an important task which helps to
find out the method best suited to the specific requirements of the operational environments.
6. Conclusion
This paper has focused on the numerous researches done in term of black hole attack on AODV-based MANETs.
There are several proposals for detection and mitigation of black hole attacks in MANETs. However, most of
solutions are not properly working against single black hole attacks and they suffer of detection of cooperative black
hole attacks. The author has made a comparison between the existing solutions, but there is no reliable procedure
since most of the solutions are having more time delay, much network overhead because of newly introduced packets
and some mathematical calculations. In conclusion, the author recommends that using the hybrid techniques could be
a proper way to detect cooperative black hole attacks. For future work, to find an effective solution to the black hole
attack on AODV protocol which can be proposed via simulation to give better network performance in terms of
various network parameters like Packet Delivery ratio, End to End Delay, throughput, and mobility.
34
6. Network and Complex Systems
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 1: Comparison of available solutions
Technique proposed by
Techniques
/
request
new packets
Routing
tables(yes/no)
yes
No
AODV
(FREQ)
Type of attack
Results
Single Black
Routing overhead,
hole
Further
Modifies AODV/
(yes/no)
Deng,2002
Introduced
protocol
Solutions
Routing
Cannot
prevent
cooperative black holes.
Sun Guan and
Neighborhood based
Chen,2003
AODV
No
No
technique
Single Black
Not able to
hole
detect
cooperative
attack
Shurman
,
Yoo
S,
Park ,2004
Satoshi
Using
two
novel
AODV
Yes
Yes
techniques
Kurosawa,
2007
Tamilselvan
Sankaranarayanan
Dynamic
learning
AODV
Yes
Yes
Threshold
(2007)
Yes
No
detection
Bigger
overhead
Single black
The
hole
AODV
Single Black
hole
Time-based
V
Time delay
hole
approach
L,
Single black
end-to-end delay when
Scheme
processing
increase
of
the malicious node is
away from source node
Chang,Tung-
Voting scheme
AODV
Yes
Yes
Not able to
hole
Kuang (2007)
Single black
detect
cooperative
attack
Djenouri and Badache
(2008)
Random Two- hop
AODV
Yes
Yes
Single black
Not
hole
ACK and Bayesian
cooperative black hole
Detection Scheme
Dynamic
Payal,Swadas,2009
learning
able
to
detect
attack
AODV
Yes
Yes
Improve the average end
system
to
end
Single black
35
normalized
hole
overhead
delay
and
routing
7. Network and Complex Systems
ISSN 2224-610X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0603 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
Hesiri
Weerasinghe,
2011
Data
Routing
Information
table
and
www.iiste.org
AODV
Yes
Yes
Better performance in
black hole
(DRI)
Cooperative
compare with Deng (op.
cross
cit.)
checking
Rutvij,
Sankita
Devesh (2012)
and
and
ordinary
AODV
Using
intermediate
node
to
AODV
Yes
Yes
Improve
black hole
detect
Cooperative
Protocol
Delivery Ratio ( PDR)
malicious node
7. Reference
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[2]. Chang Wu Yu, Wu T-K, Cheng RH, Shun chao chang, “A Distributed and Cooperative Black Hole Node
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[3]. Deng H, Li W, Agrawal DP (2002) Routing Security in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks. IEEE Communications
Magazine 40(10):70–75. doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2002.1039859.
[4]. Djenouri D, Badache N (2008) Struggling Against Selfishness and Black Hole Attacks in MANETs. Wireless
Communications & Mobile Computing 8(6):689–704. doi: 10.1002/wcm.v8:6.
[5]. Hesiri Weerasinghe , 2011, on Preventing Cooperative Black Hole Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
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[6]. Latha Tamilselvan & Sankaranarayanan, V. (2007). Prevention of Blackhole Attack in MANET. The 2nd
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[7]. Mahmood Salehi and Hamed Samavati. (2011). Simulation based Comparison of Ad hoc Reactive and
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[8]. Mohammad AL-Shurman,Seon-Moo Yoo and Seungiin Park,” Black Hole Attack in Mobile Ad Hoc
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[9]. Mahmood Salehi and Hamed Samavati. (2011). Simulation based Comparison of Ad hoc Reactive and
Proactive Algorithms Under the Effect of New Routing Attacks. 2012 Sixth International Conference on Next
Generation Mobile Applications, Services and Technologies. 6 (2), p100-105.
[10]. Payal N. Raj, Prashant B. Swadas “DPRAODV: A Dyanamic Learning System against Blackhole Attack in
Aodv Based Manet” IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 2, pp 54-59 2009
[11]. Satoshi Kurosawa, Hidehisa Nakayama, Nei Kato, Abbas Jamalipour, and Yoshiaki Nemoto “Detecting
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Second International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies. 2 (2), p535-540.
36
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