This paper aims to explode nuclear fusion reaction, the theory behind nuclear fusion reactors and countries with different types of fusion reactors along with their fusion theory involved. The energy generated from nuclear fusion reaction is much more huge as compared to nuclear fission reaction, so there have been many research going on this field to explode efficient way to extract this energy into electricity through fusion reactors. The advantages of nuclear fusion over fission is also been discussed and why do we need nuclear fusion energy. Nuclear fusion reactors are key to future energy. Avinash Kumar Mishra | Dr. Anitha G. S. "Nuclear Fusion Reactor – A Review Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30649.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/nuclear-engineering/30649/nuclear-fusion-reactor-%E2%80%93-a-review-study/avinash-kumar-mishra
An introduction about the production of electrical Energy from controlled thermonuclear fusion. I focus on the word wide project ITER which is going to be inplemented in France.
Nuclear energy is produced through two main reactions: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission involves splitting heavier nuclei into larger nuclei by shooting neutrons at them, while nuclear fusion involves combining two larger nuclei to form heavier nuclei. Nuclear power plants use these reactions to generate extreme heat and produce steam that spins turbines to generate electricity. Finland obtains about 30% of its electricity from four nuclear reactors, with plans to build more, and manages nuclear waste through long-term storage and planned deep geological disposal.
This document provides an overview of nuclear energy, including:
- Nuclear fission and fusion reactions and how they are carried out to produce energy.
- The types of nuclear reactors including light water reactors, pressurized heavy water reactors, and fast breeder reactors.
- The common components of nuclear reactors such as moderators, control rods, coolants, turbines and generators.
- The advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power generation.
This is the seminar report on the topic Nuclear fusion and its prospects as a future source of Energy. You can also look for the slides that I've published by the same title.
ITER is an ambitious international project to build the world's largest tokamak nuclear fusion reactor in France. The goal of ITER is to prove the feasibility of fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free source of energy by producing 500 MW of fusion power, 10 times more power than is used to heat the plasma, and maintaining a fusion reaction for long periods of time. ITER will also test technologies and materials necessary for future fusion power plants and demonstrate the production and breeding of tritium fuel on-site. When completed, ITER will be the first fusion device able to produce net energy and will represent a major step toward developing fusion as a safe, limitless, and environmentally responsible energy source.
ITER (International thermonuclear experimental reactor)Kamran Iqbal
ITER (originally an acronym of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering project, which is currently building the world’s largest and most advanced experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor at Cadarache in the south of France. The ITER project aims to make the long-awaited transition from experimental studies of plasma physics to full-scale electricity-producing fusion power plants.
The document discusses nuclear fission and fusion, as well as nuclear power generation. It defines nuclear fission as the splitting of heavy isotopes by neutrons, which releases energy and more neutrons in a chain reaction. Nuclear fusion is defined as the joining of light isotopes at high temperatures, as occurs in stars. The document then discusses the key components of a nuclear reactor, including the reactor vessel, fuel rods, control rods, and containment structure. It explains how nuclear fission is used in reactors to heat water and produce steam to drive turbines that generate electricity.
Nuclear energy is generated from nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Fission of heavy radioactive elements like uranium and plutonium produces heat that is used to generate electricity in nuclear power plants. Fusion combines light elements and occurs in the sun but cannot currently be used to generate electricity. Nuclear energy has advantages of low emissions but disadvantages of high costs and radioactive waste storage issues. India has a three-stage nuclear program utilizing thorium and aims to increase its nuclear energy capacity.
An introduction about the production of electrical Energy from controlled thermonuclear fusion. I focus on the word wide project ITER which is going to be inplemented in France.
Nuclear energy is produced through two main reactions: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission involves splitting heavier nuclei into larger nuclei by shooting neutrons at them, while nuclear fusion involves combining two larger nuclei to form heavier nuclei. Nuclear power plants use these reactions to generate extreme heat and produce steam that spins turbines to generate electricity. Finland obtains about 30% of its electricity from four nuclear reactors, with plans to build more, and manages nuclear waste through long-term storage and planned deep geological disposal.
This document provides an overview of nuclear energy, including:
- Nuclear fission and fusion reactions and how they are carried out to produce energy.
- The types of nuclear reactors including light water reactors, pressurized heavy water reactors, and fast breeder reactors.
- The common components of nuclear reactors such as moderators, control rods, coolants, turbines and generators.
- The advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power generation.
This is the seminar report on the topic Nuclear fusion and its prospects as a future source of Energy. You can also look for the slides that I've published by the same title.
ITER is an ambitious international project to build the world's largest tokamak nuclear fusion reactor in France. The goal of ITER is to prove the feasibility of fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free source of energy by producing 500 MW of fusion power, 10 times more power than is used to heat the plasma, and maintaining a fusion reaction for long periods of time. ITER will also test technologies and materials necessary for future fusion power plants and demonstrate the production and breeding of tritium fuel on-site. When completed, ITER will be the first fusion device able to produce net energy and will represent a major step toward developing fusion as a safe, limitless, and environmentally responsible energy source.
ITER (International thermonuclear experimental reactor)Kamran Iqbal
ITER (originally an acronym of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering project, which is currently building the world’s largest and most advanced experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor at Cadarache in the south of France. The ITER project aims to make the long-awaited transition from experimental studies of plasma physics to full-scale electricity-producing fusion power plants.
The document discusses nuclear fission and fusion, as well as nuclear power generation. It defines nuclear fission as the splitting of heavy isotopes by neutrons, which releases energy and more neutrons in a chain reaction. Nuclear fusion is defined as the joining of light isotopes at high temperatures, as occurs in stars. The document then discusses the key components of a nuclear reactor, including the reactor vessel, fuel rods, control rods, and containment structure. It explains how nuclear fission is used in reactors to heat water and produce steam to drive turbines that generate electricity.
Nuclear energy is generated from nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Fission of heavy radioactive elements like uranium and plutonium produces heat that is used to generate electricity in nuclear power plants. Fusion combines light elements and occurs in the sun but cannot currently be used to generate electricity. Nuclear energy has advantages of low emissions but disadvantages of high costs and radioactive waste storage issues. India has a three-stage nuclear program utilizing thorium and aims to increase its nuclear energy capacity.
ITER FRANCE ABOUT TOKAMAK AND ALL OTHER IMPORTANT THINGSmohdshoiebalam
Iter is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering project that aims to demonstrate the scientific and technical feasibility of fusion power. Construction is underway at the ITER site in France. The key components of the ITER tokamak include large superconducting magnets, a vacuum vessel, a blanket system, a divertor to remove excess heat, and a cryostat. The tokamak will use deuterium and tritium as fuel and magnetic fields to heat and confine plasma at temperatures of over 150 million degrees Celsius, producing 500 MW of fusion power from 50 MW of input power. Supporting systems include tritium breeding, remote handling, control systems, a fuel cycle, and extensive cryogenic technology.
Nuclear energy is generated from nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Fission occurs when heavy radioactive elements like uranium split, releasing heat that can be used to generate electricity. Fusion combines light elements like hydrogen to form heavier elements and release energy, but cannot currently be used to generate electricity. There are two main ways to obtain nuclear energy - nuclear fission in power plants, which produces most nuclear energy today, and nuclear fusion, which powers the sun but has not been achieved on Earth. Nuclear energy has advantages of low emissions but disadvantages of high costs and radioactive waste storage challenges.
The document discusses nuclear energy, including its history, operation of nuclear power plants, status in India, and advantages and disadvantages. It notes that the first major nuclear power plant opened in England in 1956. Nuclear power plants use controlled nuclear fission to generate electricity, with India currently operating 20 nuclear reactors. While nuclear energy has advantages of being clean and producing large amounts of energy from small fuel sources, it also has disadvantages such as nuclear waste disposal challenges and risks of accidents and radiation exposure.
This document discusses nuclear energy and its uses. It describes how nuclear fission and fusion work to produce energy. Nuclear fission splits atoms to release energy, which is used in nuclear power plants. Nuclear fusion joins atoms together and occurs in the sun. The basic principle of a nuclear power plant is to produce heat energy through a nuclear fission core, which then converts it to mechanical and electrical energy. The document also lists some advantages like large energy production and lack of air pollution, and disadvantages such as radiation, non-renewability, and accidents.
Detailed Report on Nuclear cold fusion Reaction and it's Future aspectsAnurag Bhattacharjee
This document provides an introduction to nuclear cold fusion and nuclear energy more broadly. It begins by defining nuclear energy as energy harnessed from atomic nuclei through either fission or fusion processes. Fission involves splitting heavy nuclei, like uranium, and is used in current nuclear power plants. Fusion involves combining light nuclei and produces energy through reactions that occur in stars. The document then discusses some advantages and disadvantages of both fission and fusion. It provides background on plasma research and magnetic confinement fusion before concluding that scientists are working to achieve nuclear fusion at room temperature as a future renewable energy source.
Nuclear power involves using heat from nuclear fission or fusion reactions to generate electricity. There are two main types of reactions - fission which splits atoms, and fusion which fuses smaller atoms into larger ones. Nuclear power is used globally to produce electricity and also has applications in transportation like ships and submarines, as well as medical uses. Bangladesh is working to build two nuclear power plants with Russian assistance to help meet its growing electricity demands and reduce reliance on other sources. While nuclear power has advantages like low emissions, it also has disadvantages such as high costs and generating long-lasting radioactive waste.
The document discusses nuclear energy, including how it works through nuclear fission and fusion. Nuclear fission occurs when a heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei, releasing energy. A chain reaction can be controlled in nuclear reactors or uncontrolled in nuclear bombs. Nuclear fusion combines lighter nuclei into heavier ones, releasing energy. Nuclear energy produces no greenhouse gases but has risks from radioactive waste and potential radiation leaks. Benefits include a large amount of energy from small amounts of fuel.
Fusion power is the generation of energy by nuclear fusion. Fusion reactions are high energy reactions in which two lighteratomic nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus. When they combine, some of the mass is lost.
This is converted into energy through E = mc2 Fusion power is a research effort to try and harness this energy to power large scale cleaner energy. It is also a major part of plasma physics research.
A nuclear power plant generates energy through nuclear fission, which is a chain reaction that splits uranium atoms and releases energy. Inside the nuclear reactor's core, uranium-235 atoms are bombarded by neutrons, causing them to split and release additional neutrons, sustaining a self-sustaining chain reaction that produces heat used to generate electricity. Nuclear fission produces highly radioactive waste that must be carefully stored due to its long half-lives.
This document discusses the feasibility and challenges of nuclear energy. It provides background on the history of nuclear energy and its various uses. It then describes the key components of nuclear technology like fuel, moderators, control rods, coolants, pressure vessels and containment structures. It discusses different nuclear power generation methods and the financial and environmental implications of nuclear energy. It focuses on fast breeder technology and generation IV/V+ reactors as promising technologies to address issues and further nuclear power. It also examines the current scenario of nuclear technology in India and the scope for its growth alongside renewables to meet increasing energy demands sustainably.
The document discusses nuclear energy and nuclear power plants. It describes how nuclear power plants work by using heat from nuclear fission to create steam and turn turbines to generate electricity. The history of nuclear power is explored, along with countries that currently operate nuclear power reactors. Both advantages like low costs and disadvantages like radioactive waste and potential accidents are outlined. Nuclear weapons are also summarized, including the two main types - fission and thermonuclear weapons. Both perceived advantages of nuclear weapons like deterrence and disadvantages like environmental disasters are presented. The concept of nuclear disarmament is briefly introduced at the end.
Contents:
Nuclear Technology.
Atom.
Nuclear Energy.
Splitting the uranium atom.
chain reaction.
Types of nuclear reaction.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.
Where does energy comes from.
Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors.
Nuclear Weapons.
Types of Fission Bombs.
Gun Triggered fission bombs.
Implosion Triggered fission bombs.
Hydrogen bomb & Functioning & its effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The Future of Nuclear Energy
This document explores nuclear energy and its potential uses. It discusses how nuclear fission works and how it generates heat energy through splitting atoms in a chain reaction. While nuclear power provides benefits like zero emissions and low-cost energy, it also faces challenges from past accidents and the unresolved issue of permanent waste storage. In conclusion, nuclear energy could be one solution to growing energy demands if developed and regulated safely and for the benefit of humanity.
Nuclear power involves harnessing the energy released from nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Nuclear fission is the most commonly used method today and involves splitting uranium atoms, releasing energy. This energy is used to heat water and produce steam to spin turbines and generate electricity. While nuclear power produces little pollution, it also produces hazardous nuclear waste and accidents like meltdowns can be catastrophic releases of radiation. Future nuclear power may increasingly rely on experimental fusion reactors which are safer than current fission reactors.
The Journal of Nuclear Energy Science & Power Generation Technology (JNPGT) promotes rigorous research that makes a significant contribution in advancing knowledge for Nuclear Energy Science and Power Generation Technology. JNPGT includes all major themes pertaining to Nuclear Energy and Power Generation Technology.
This document provides an overview of nuclear energy and fusion. It discusses the sources of energy, including the sun and fossil fuels. It then focuses on nuclear energy, explaining that it comes from the potential energy of particles inside atomic nuclei. It describes both nuclear fission, which occurs when heavy nuclei split, and nuclear fusion, which involves light nuclei fusing. Key facilities for nuclear research like JET and ITER are also summarized.
Nuclear energy originates from splitting uranium atoms through fission. This process is used in nuclear power plants to generate heat and produce steam to power turbines for electricity generation. Nuclear energy was first discovered in 1934 and was later used in nuclear weapons. It provides a concentrated source of energy but also has disadvantages like high costs, nuclear waste, and risks of nuclear weapons proliferation and accidents.
The Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications (HIDRA), formerly known as WEGA, is a hybrid tokamak/stellarator device that was relocated from Germany to the University of Illinois in 2014. HIDRA can operate as both a tokamak and stellarator, making it unique. It uses magnetic fields and microwave heating to confine and heat plasma up to temperatures allowing for material interaction studies relevant to fusion. HIDRA heats plasma through ohmic heating as well as auxiliary heating systems like electron cyclotron resonance heating, achieving temperatures up to 30 times that of the sun's center.
Nuclear fusion is the future according to some, but comes with many challenges that have not yet been solved, both practically and economically, which many believe will prevent fusion from becoming a viable energy source. Whatever your stance, it is still an interesting technology and one that many are researching to prove its viability.
In this infographic we look at how nuclear fusion works, the benefits of nuclear fusion, and recent developments in fusion technology (including the ST40 Tokamak).Do you work in the energy and power sector? Check out our latest jobs: www.nesgt.com/jobs/power
ITER FRANCE ABOUT TOKAMAK AND ALL OTHER IMPORTANT THINGSmohdshoiebalam
Iter is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering project that aims to demonstrate the scientific and technical feasibility of fusion power. Construction is underway at the ITER site in France. The key components of the ITER tokamak include large superconducting magnets, a vacuum vessel, a blanket system, a divertor to remove excess heat, and a cryostat. The tokamak will use deuterium and tritium as fuel and magnetic fields to heat and confine plasma at temperatures of over 150 million degrees Celsius, producing 500 MW of fusion power from 50 MW of input power. Supporting systems include tritium breeding, remote handling, control systems, a fuel cycle, and extensive cryogenic technology.
Nuclear energy is generated from nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Fission occurs when heavy radioactive elements like uranium split, releasing heat that can be used to generate electricity. Fusion combines light elements like hydrogen to form heavier elements and release energy, but cannot currently be used to generate electricity. There are two main ways to obtain nuclear energy - nuclear fission in power plants, which produces most nuclear energy today, and nuclear fusion, which powers the sun but has not been achieved on Earth. Nuclear energy has advantages of low emissions but disadvantages of high costs and radioactive waste storage challenges.
The document discusses nuclear energy, including its history, operation of nuclear power plants, status in India, and advantages and disadvantages. It notes that the first major nuclear power plant opened in England in 1956. Nuclear power plants use controlled nuclear fission to generate electricity, with India currently operating 20 nuclear reactors. While nuclear energy has advantages of being clean and producing large amounts of energy from small fuel sources, it also has disadvantages such as nuclear waste disposal challenges and risks of accidents and radiation exposure.
This document discusses nuclear energy and its uses. It describes how nuclear fission and fusion work to produce energy. Nuclear fission splits atoms to release energy, which is used in nuclear power plants. Nuclear fusion joins atoms together and occurs in the sun. The basic principle of a nuclear power plant is to produce heat energy through a nuclear fission core, which then converts it to mechanical and electrical energy. The document also lists some advantages like large energy production and lack of air pollution, and disadvantages such as radiation, non-renewability, and accidents.
Detailed Report on Nuclear cold fusion Reaction and it's Future aspectsAnurag Bhattacharjee
This document provides an introduction to nuclear cold fusion and nuclear energy more broadly. It begins by defining nuclear energy as energy harnessed from atomic nuclei through either fission or fusion processes. Fission involves splitting heavy nuclei, like uranium, and is used in current nuclear power plants. Fusion involves combining light nuclei and produces energy through reactions that occur in stars. The document then discusses some advantages and disadvantages of both fission and fusion. It provides background on plasma research and magnetic confinement fusion before concluding that scientists are working to achieve nuclear fusion at room temperature as a future renewable energy source.
Nuclear power involves using heat from nuclear fission or fusion reactions to generate electricity. There are two main types of reactions - fission which splits atoms, and fusion which fuses smaller atoms into larger ones. Nuclear power is used globally to produce electricity and also has applications in transportation like ships and submarines, as well as medical uses. Bangladesh is working to build two nuclear power plants with Russian assistance to help meet its growing electricity demands and reduce reliance on other sources. While nuclear power has advantages like low emissions, it also has disadvantages such as high costs and generating long-lasting radioactive waste.
The document discusses nuclear energy, including how it works through nuclear fission and fusion. Nuclear fission occurs when a heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei, releasing energy. A chain reaction can be controlled in nuclear reactors or uncontrolled in nuclear bombs. Nuclear fusion combines lighter nuclei into heavier ones, releasing energy. Nuclear energy produces no greenhouse gases but has risks from radioactive waste and potential radiation leaks. Benefits include a large amount of energy from small amounts of fuel.
Fusion power is the generation of energy by nuclear fusion. Fusion reactions are high energy reactions in which two lighteratomic nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus. When they combine, some of the mass is lost.
This is converted into energy through E = mc2 Fusion power is a research effort to try and harness this energy to power large scale cleaner energy. It is also a major part of plasma physics research.
A nuclear power plant generates energy through nuclear fission, which is a chain reaction that splits uranium atoms and releases energy. Inside the nuclear reactor's core, uranium-235 atoms are bombarded by neutrons, causing them to split and release additional neutrons, sustaining a self-sustaining chain reaction that produces heat used to generate electricity. Nuclear fission produces highly radioactive waste that must be carefully stored due to its long half-lives.
This document discusses the feasibility and challenges of nuclear energy. It provides background on the history of nuclear energy and its various uses. It then describes the key components of nuclear technology like fuel, moderators, control rods, coolants, pressure vessels and containment structures. It discusses different nuclear power generation methods and the financial and environmental implications of nuclear energy. It focuses on fast breeder technology and generation IV/V+ reactors as promising technologies to address issues and further nuclear power. It also examines the current scenario of nuclear technology in India and the scope for its growth alongside renewables to meet increasing energy demands sustainably.
The document discusses nuclear energy and nuclear power plants. It describes how nuclear power plants work by using heat from nuclear fission to create steam and turn turbines to generate electricity. The history of nuclear power is explored, along with countries that currently operate nuclear power reactors. Both advantages like low costs and disadvantages like radioactive waste and potential accidents are outlined. Nuclear weapons are also summarized, including the two main types - fission and thermonuclear weapons. Both perceived advantages of nuclear weapons like deterrence and disadvantages like environmental disasters are presented. The concept of nuclear disarmament is briefly introduced at the end.
Contents:
Nuclear Technology.
Atom.
Nuclear Energy.
Splitting the uranium atom.
chain reaction.
Types of nuclear reaction.
Nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion.
Where does energy comes from.
Construction & Working of Nuclear Reactors.
Nuclear Weapons.
Types of Fission Bombs.
Gun Triggered fission bombs.
Implosion Triggered fission bombs.
Hydrogen bomb & Functioning & its effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The Future of Nuclear Energy
This document explores nuclear energy and its potential uses. It discusses how nuclear fission works and how it generates heat energy through splitting atoms in a chain reaction. While nuclear power provides benefits like zero emissions and low-cost energy, it also faces challenges from past accidents and the unresolved issue of permanent waste storage. In conclusion, nuclear energy could be one solution to growing energy demands if developed and regulated safely and for the benefit of humanity.
Nuclear power involves harnessing the energy released from nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Nuclear fission is the most commonly used method today and involves splitting uranium atoms, releasing energy. This energy is used to heat water and produce steam to spin turbines and generate electricity. While nuclear power produces little pollution, it also produces hazardous nuclear waste and accidents like meltdowns can be catastrophic releases of radiation. Future nuclear power may increasingly rely on experimental fusion reactors which are safer than current fission reactors.
The Journal of Nuclear Energy Science & Power Generation Technology (JNPGT) promotes rigorous research that makes a significant contribution in advancing knowledge for Nuclear Energy Science and Power Generation Technology. JNPGT includes all major themes pertaining to Nuclear Energy and Power Generation Technology.
This document provides an overview of nuclear energy and fusion. It discusses the sources of energy, including the sun and fossil fuels. It then focuses on nuclear energy, explaining that it comes from the potential energy of particles inside atomic nuclei. It describes both nuclear fission, which occurs when heavy nuclei split, and nuclear fusion, which involves light nuclei fusing. Key facilities for nuclear research like JET and ITER are also summarized.
Nuclear energy originates from splitting uranium atoms through fission. This process is used in nuclear power plants to generate heat and produce steam to power turbines for electricity generation. Nuclear energy was first discovered in 1934 and was later used in nuclear weapons. It provides a concentrated source of energy but also has disadvantages like high costs, nuclear waste, and risks of nuclear weapons proliferation and accidents.
The Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications (HIDRA), formerly known as WEGA, is a hybrid tokamak/stellarator device that was relocated from Germany to the University of Illinois in 2014. HIDRA can operate as both a tokamak and stellarator, making it unique. It uses magnetic fields and microwave heating to confine and heat plasma up to temperatures allowing for material interaction studies relevant to fusion. HIDRA heats plasma through ohmic heating as well as auxiliary heating systems like electron cyclotron resonance heating, achieving temperatures up to 30 times that of the sun's center.
Nuclear fusion is the future according to some, but comes with many challenges that have not yet been solved, both practically and economically, which many believe will prevent fusion from becoming a viable energy source. Whatever your stance, it is still an interesting technology and one that many are researching to prove its viability.
In this infographic we look at how nuclear fusion works, the benefits of nuclear fusion, and recent developments in fusion technology (including the ST40 Tokamak).Do you work in the energy and power sector? Check out our latest jobs: www.nesgt.com/jobs/power
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in...IJMER
The document discusses electricity generation from nuclear fusion reactions. It describes how fusion works by fusing together atomic nuclei at high temperatures and pressures to release energy. The most feasible reaction currently uses deuterium and tritium nuclei. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project aims to prove fusion can produce useful energy on a large scale using a tokamak reactor design. ITER plans to achieve self-sustaining fusion reactions producing over 500 megawatts of power from an input of only 50 megawatts. If successful, ITER could demonstrate fusion power generation is possible. Future fusion power plants may provide abundant, clean energy but significant technological challenges remain.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction i...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges
The document summarizes the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), a large tokamak fusion device under construction in France. ITER aims to demonstrate the scientific and technical feasibility of fusion power. It will be the largest and most advanced experimental tokamak fusion reactor to date. The key components of ITER include superconducting magnets to confine the plasma, heating systems to raise the plasma temperature to fusion conditions, a vacuum vessel to house the reactions, a blanket to absorb neutrons and breed tritium fuel, and a divertor to remove helium ash from the plasma. ITER's completion is hoped to bring fusion power production closer to realization and help address energy and climate challenges.
Nuclear Power Plant | Mechanical Engineering | Power Plant EngineeringYash Sawant
This document is a microproject report submitted by two students, Sawant Yash Sanjay and Garad AkshayBalij, on a model of a nuclear power plant under the guidance of their professor. The report contains 14 chapters that discuss the history of nuclear power in India, components and types of nuclear reactors, pressurized water reactors, nuclear fission, advantages and disadvantages of pressurized water reactors, nuclear waste disposal, and advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plants. Diagrams of a typical nuclear power plant layout and pressurized water reactor are also included.
While a part of the rupee outperformance is attributed to speculation of Indian government bonds
in the JPMorgan Government Bond Index-Emerging Markets (GBI-EM) index, it now turns out
that the interventions also helped, banking insiders told ET.
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (I.T.E.R.) – A ReviewIRJET Journal
The document provides an overview of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, which aims to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy. ITER will use deuterium and tritium isotopes of hydrogen as fuel and powerful magnets to contain the extremely hot plasma and initiate nuclear fusion reactions. It is an international collaboration between the European Union, India, China, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States to build the world's largest nuclear fusion reactor in France. The ITER reactor will help scientists study and develop fusion energy, which could provide a virtually limitless and low-carbon energy source.
The document provides an overview of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, including its history, objectives, design, and participants. ITER began in 1985 as a collaboration between several nations to develop nuclear fusion as a clean, abundant energy source. Its goals are to produce net energy output from a fusion reaction and demonstrate technologies needed for future fusion power plants. Key components of ITER's technical design discussed in the document include the vacuum vessel, breeder blanket, magnet systems, cryostat, and cooling systems. The project involves participation by the EU, US, Russia, China, South Korea, India and others.
Nuclear fusion is the process by which lighter atomic nuclei fuse together to form heavier nuclei, releasing enormous amounts of energy. It is the process that powers stars like our Sun by fusing hydrogen into helium. Researchers are working to develop fusion as an energy source on Earth by containing and heating hydrogen isotopes to fuse in reactors such as tokamaks using magnetic and inertial confinement. Fusion reactors could provide safe, sustainable, and virtually limitless clean energy but developing viable commercial fusion power remains an engineering challenge that requires overcoming high costs and achieving breakeven where energy output exceeds energy input.
Presentation on energy iter2017 januaryCooper Lackay
This document provides an overview of nuclear fusion and the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) project. It describes how ITER aims to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion power by producing 500 megawatts of power sustained for long periods using the tokamak design. Key challenges for ITER include materials issues from high heat and particle loads as well as producing tritium fuel on-site, but proposed solutions could help address these challenges. If successful, ITER will bring the world closer to developing fusion as a safe, clean, and virtually limitless source of energy.
This Thesis Paper intends to make a brief conception of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Power Plant. It is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the course ‘Solid State Devices’ for B.Sc. degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from International Islamic University Chittagong. In our thesis, we tried to describe the structure, operations and impact of Nuclear Power Plant. This is a summarized collection of all necessary data to know about Nuclear Power Plant. We also tried to signify the merits of Nuclear Energy over its bad impact.
NUCLEAR FISSION AND NUCLEAR FUSION by sujith kpSUJITH KP
This document summarizes nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. It discusses the mechanisms, requirements, uses and advantages and disadvantages of both processes. Nuclear fission involves splitting heavy nuclei into lighter ones and releasing energy. It is used in nuclear power plants and atomic bombs. Nuclear fusion combines light nuclei into heavier ones, requiring extremely high temperatures. It holds promise as an energy source but challenges remain in achieving fusion.
This document provides a summary of a project charter for replacing the power generating station in Cambridge Bay, NWT. The key points are:
1. The project aims to develop a reliable source of electricity for Cambridge Bay by replacing the existing power plant.
2. Risks include the challenges of building such a large construction project in a remote location, as well as potential cost increases from complying with greenhouse gas regulations.
3. Estimated total project costs are provided, including $1.5 million for 3 generators, $2 million for building construction, $1 million for auxiliary equipment, and $500,000 for other costs.
Nuclear fusion involves fusing atomic nuclei to produce energy. It occurs under extreme temperatures and pressures, as in the core of the Sun. Scientists are working to achieve controlled nuclear fusion on Earth using machines called tokamaks that generate plasma and magnetic fields to fuse hydrogen isotopes. Significant challenges remain in sustaining fusion reactions and developing materials that can withstand high temperatures. If successful, fusion power plants could provide abundant, carbon-free energy with little radioactive waste. Future advances in superconductors, computing, and training a new generation of scientists may help accelerate progress toward practical fusion energy.
The document is a project charter for replacing the power generating station in Cambridge Bay, NWT. It outlines the need to develop a reliable source of electricity for the community. The project will replace the current generators and building at an estimated total cost of $5 million. There are risks such as working in a remote location and potential increased costs of complying with greenhouse gas regulations. Authorization for the project is provided by executives from Quilliq Energy Corp and the town mayor.
Nuclear fission and fusion power plants are described. Fission plants use uranium fuel, moderators like water or graphite, control rods, coolants, and steam generators to produce energy. Major fission plant accidents included Chernobyl (level 7) and Three Mile Island. Fukushima (level 9) was caused by an earthquake and tsunami. Fusion aims to achieve the same reactions as the sun through high temperatures, plasma densities, and confinement times using hydrogen isotopes as fuel. ITER is a large international fusion project in France while MIT and China also have fusion projects. Advantages of fusion include no nuclear waste, unlimited fuel from seawater, no harmful emissions, and practically free energy.
Nuclear thermal propulsion in space(NTP)SANDIP THORAT
This document provides an overview of nuclear thermal propulsion in space. It discusses the basics of nuclear physics and how nuclear thermal rockets work by pumping liquid hydrogen propellant through a solid nuclear reactor core to heat it. Different types of nuclear rockets are described, including solid core, gas core, nuclear electric, and nuclear pulse rockets. The document also reviews literature on nuclear thermal propulsion design concepts. A case study is presented on a small nuclear thermal rocket design utilizing an extremely high temperature gas cooled reactor. Specific impulse, advantages and disadvantages of nuclear propulsion, and applications are discussed. The conclusion is that nuclear thermal propulsion can provide higher efficiency than chemical propulsion for space applications.
The document summarizes the key concepts of nuclear fusion as an energy source. It discusses how fusion works by combining light atoms at high temperatures and pressures to release energy. It also outlines some of the major challenges of fusion like maintaining the superheated plasma long enough for reactions to occur. The document then describes the major components of a fusion reactor, including magnetic confinement to contain the plasma away from the walls of the reactor. It concludes by noting fusion has potential benefits but significant technological challenges remain before it can be achieved on a commercial scale.
Similar to Nuclear Fusion Reactor – A Review Study (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD30649 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 3 | March-April 2020 Page 691
to confine the fusion plasma in a toroidal shaped vessel. In
1965, experiments were made by Soviet Union on fusion
reaction and fusion reaction devise,they endedup making
a toroidal chamber like with axial magnetic field which
they named as Tokamak, it’s a donut-shaped vessel that
were designed to fulfill the purpose for confining high
temperature plasma using cross magnetic field. After this
many countries tried working on this theory and tried
exploring them and also advancing the theory more in
efficient way. After the cold war was over, many countries
came up for collaboration towards the development of
fusion reactors. Together countries like India, European
Union, Japan, Russia, US, South Korea and China came up
for the development and ended up formation of ITER
which will make effort to build the tokamak reactor.
Magnetic confinement pf plasma is produced bytwofields
Toroidal magnetic field generated by toroidal fields and
Poloidal magnetic field generated by electric current due
to the movement of ions in plasma state. So the
interaction of these fields result in formation of helical
shaped magnetic field which contains our fuel i.e.
deuterium and tritium, for their combination the
container is a sealed toroidal shaped vessel naming
vacuum vessel. These helical field energies the kinetic
energy of the hydrogen isotopes, thus the bombardment
will be much more effective and thus we will get the
desired results.
Below is a schematic diagram of MCT:
Schematic diagram of ITER facility tokamak:
In the above tokamak fusion reactor we can see the
blanket which istoroidalshapedcontainingvacuum vessel
where fuel are introduced, the diverter which is kept to
suck the alpha particle produced in the fusion reaction
taking place when the fusion reaction happens.
2. Inertial Confinement Theory (ICT):
A. Unlike the MCT, inertial confinement theory
attempts to make externally heat and compress fusion
fuel resulting in achieving a very high temperature even
though very high densities required for the initiation of
the nuclear fusion reaction. Most of the fusion reactor
which use the concept of ICT, they use high density and
high power Laser to compress and generate high amount
of heat for the fuel.
Schematic diagram of stages of ICT is below:
Here the blue arrows indicate radiation; orange shows
blowing off; purple shows inwardly transmitted thermal
energy.
Laser beams produces X-rays which rapidly heats the
surface of fusion target and thus forming a plasma
envelope surrounding it. Fuel is then compressed by the
blow off of the hot surface material. Then in the final part
of capsule implosion, the core of the fuel reaches 20 times
the density that of lead and then ignites at 100,000,000 ˚C.
Now the thermonuclear burn which spreads rapidly
through the compresses fuel, yielding much more energy
that the input energy.
Below is a modeled diagram of ICT:
From the above diagram it is clear how the main amplifier
and the power amplifier help in boosting the Laser beam
to hit the fusion target and bring them in plasma state.
Design of Fusion Facility
In nuclear fusion reactor, the tokamak building is the
main part which is surrounded by rooms which are used
for cooling the systems and the vacuum vessel relief tank.
The tokamak building comprises of vacuum vessel which
introduces the fuels and diverters which help to remove
the fusion product. The building around the vacuum
vessel helps to keep the components located around them
cool and extract the removal of waste or recycling back
into vessel. All the nuclear building have ventilation
system which provides confinement of radioactive
substance.
The natural availability of tritium is very difficult so there
is chamber for tritium breeding, then the tritium
generated from here is sent into the vacuum vessel. The
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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most prominent method of extracting tritium is when
bombarding lithium-6 with neutron:
There are two types of tritium breeding blanket which are
under construction:
Helium Cooled Ceramic Breeder (HCCB), which uses
lithium based oxide ceramic for the purpose of tritium
production, here beryllium is used as a neutron booster
and helium is chosen to cool the structure.
Dual Coolant Lithium Lead (DCLL), which uses LiPb
eutectic for the generation of tritium, as a neutron booster
and for cooling the structures, helium is also used for
cooling.
The main characteristic of ITER facility tokamak are: a
vacuum vessel with volume capacity of approx. 1600 m3;
A nominal plasma current producing of 15 MA; a
beryllium layer is used for the first wall for the blanket;
tungsten is used for the first wall for the diverter; there
are several modules build for tritium breeding and also
developing more methods for tritium breeding to come.
Nuclear Fusion Reactor Projects
Different countries have come up with different approach
towards the development of their own fusion reactor,
however, there is been two general strategies that have
been seen in many countries reactor project, these are-
1. Before making a fusion reactor, some countries aim to
demonstrate the feasibility of the reactor by building
small experimental reactors which fusion power lies
below 1000 MW; many countries including China,
USA and India follow this idea for the building a
proper and efficient reactor which can deliver a
better output power in future.
2. And there are some countries which directly aims to
build fusion reactors for the power generation, with a
power output aiming above 1000 MW; countries like
Republic of Korea, European Atomic Energy
Community and Japan are working on these projects.
China’s “CFETR” project
People’s Republic of China consider many factor and fact
before building fusion reactor. Chinese project target the
tritium breeding blanket optimisation and their
behaviour, they also seek the materials required for the
vacuum blanket, the resistance of material used which
come in contact with high neutron flux and to optimise
the design of the diverters along with trying to increase
the fusion output power up to 1000 MW.
The project is named as China Fusion Engineering Test
Reactor (CFETR). Operation of this reactor is likely to
start up with a fusion power output of 200 MW, which can
be raised up to 1000 MW in further advancement of the
reactor. The tritium breeding blanket to be used has not
yet been chosen, here the tokamak i.e. the MCT
configuration is used with middle-plane, lower and upper
penetration of vacuum vessel in which a large sector is
made of blanket and diverter so that it could be helpful at
the time of maintenance.
Below is the Chinese project reactor model:
America’s “FNSF-AT” Project
There has been a proposal by the department of Energy of
America which suggests to build an experimental reactor
first so that they can test all the possibilities and then
implement, they named this project as Fusion Nuclear
Science Facility Advanced Tokamak (FNSF-AT).
This project aims towards the development of a system
which will produce self-sufficient in tritium breeding
which also allow electrical power generation.
Optimisation of service life of vacuum vessel and the
components related to it. They have provided a vertical
penetrations for the purpose of maintenance. The plan of
this reactor is to produce a fusion output power of 125
MW and at commissioning this can be raised up to 250
MW. The proper commissioning of this reactor will take
time and therefore not conceivable before 2050.
The experimental modelled design of FNST-AT reactor
project is given below:
India’s “SST-2” Project
The aim of the project is to study various type of tritium
breeding blanket, components involved for the output
power to be raised upto 500 MW.
The project is named as Steady State Superconducting
Tokamak-2 which can be finished with the reactor
construction by 2027 and India is aiming for a power
reactor with a output power if 3300 MW by 2037.
The main idea behind SST-2 is to test the equipment for
future power reactor which can be huge power house
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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itself. The operation of this experimental reactor will start
with a fusion output power of 100 MW, then it could be
raised upto 500MW in later operation.
Future roadmap of India’s project is below:
South Korea’s “K-DEMO’ Project
South Korea’s project is similar to those of the ITER, this
reactor is estimated to avail atleast 70% for the fusion
output power for generation of electricity, and here also
vertical penetration is given for maintenance. Thereactor
will be incorporated in two phases; in phase one its
output power will be limited to 10% of maximum
capacity; in second phase the output will be increased to
70% for generation purpose. Here water cooled ceramic
breeder (WCCB) tritium breeding is to be used with
lithium–based Oxide ceramic for the production of
tritium, here beryllium is used as a neutron booster and
pressurised water for cooling.
Below is design of K-Demo reactor:
Europe’s “DEMO” Project
The project aim to build a reactor similar size to ITER,
which is expected to product an output power of 500 MW
of electrical power with good availability for fusion power
output of 1950 MW. Here also vertical penetration is
preferred for maintenance and tritium breeding has not
be decided.
This project aims to demonstrate the reactor around
2040. This reactor is also based on tokamak
configuration. DEMO has the highest number of diverters
for maintenance purpose and has an extra segment
named MMS for removal of waste products.
Below is the design of DEMO reactor:
Japan’s Project
The Japanese project has an aim to make DEMO reactor
which gives fusion output power of about 1000 MW.
National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS) and Japan
Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), this collaboration foresees
construction of the fusion reactor in around 2030.
Comparison between Fusion Reactor Projects
We have compared different countries nuclear fusion
reactor on basis of year of completion, output power,
cooling system and technology.
From the above comparison we can see that in coming
years almost country will have this ultimate energy
source. Also from the comparison we can see that South
Korea’s K-DEMO reactor is a powerful one which is
similar to that of ITER. Also most of the countries prefer
to make use of magnetic confinement fusion method
along with vertical penetration for maintenance.
Why most of fusion reactors use MCF technology?
The answer for this question is that many fusion reactors
use magnetic fields to accelerate the movement of
hydrogen isotopes and thus the impact of the collision is
high and more chances of fusion may happen, but when
we compare this technique with other, there is no need
for Laser for high temperature. Also generating high
temperature like in ICF technique will require a good
strong vessel blanket to withstand the high temperature.
Why Nuclear Fusion Over Fission?
1. Its being a quite common question why we need to
move towards fusion when we already have fission
reactors, we know that nuclear fusion reaction
generates much more energy than fission reaction i.e.
for the same amount of fuel used.
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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2. Nuclear fission reactions generate chain reactions
and hence if not controlled properly its unsafe. But
this is not in case of fusion reaction as they cannot go
into chain reaction as the specific condition is very
difficult to get for their continuous bombardment.
3. Waste disposal of used nuclear fission reactor fuel is
also an indeed problem as they are harmful for
environment if not disposed properly as they
continue to be harmful by radiation. But this is not in
case of fusion reaction as the product alpha particle
captured is used is for other purposes.
4. In nuclear fission reactors any sort of contamination
will lead to exploding of the reactor but this is not in
case of fusion reactors as it is difficult enough to
reach and maintain the precise conditions necessary
for fusion—if any disturbance occurs, the reaction
stops.
5. Fuel extraction is also a great factor in fission reaction
as U235 is not available everywhere but in fusion
reaction tritium breeding helps to produce one fuel
and similarly deuterium is also extracted from some
reaction.
Also any many new technologies are yet to discover and
to come which will make the fusion reactor more
powerful.
Conclusion
In coming years, the ultimate source of energy is Nuclear
fusion energy, the process which powers the sun and the
stars, though this only we can imagine the amount of
energy that can be released and with that make use for
generation of electricity.
The result of this review study highlights the current
theories for nuclear fusion reactors and the ongoing
projects on fusion reactors, their current plans for the
development of fusion to deliver the promise of
sustainable and clean energy. This paper have also
compared between different countries reactor project and
their future goals to achieve this energy resource.
Now, seeing the current situation, we could believe thatin
near future fusion energy will be reality. Every country is
making effort to make efficient reactors for enhancement
of fusion energy into commercial usage.
The burden on other sources of energy will be reduced as
there is a shortage of conventional sources. Though a
huge amount of investment is required but once this is
established the production and running cost is very low
as compared. Both nuclear fission and fusion are the key
to future energy source.
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