International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Combined numerical experimental study of dual fuel diesel engine to discuss t...Shans Shakkeer
It is my m.tech seminar presentation,on the basis of a study carried out by Carmelina Abagnale a, Maria Cristina Cameretti a,Luigi De Simio b, Michele Gambino b, Sabatino Iannaccone b, Raffaele Tuccillo ( Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy b Istituto Motori, C.N.R., Napoli, Italy ) were presented in 68th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2013, and Published by Elsevier ltd. in 2013
—In a laboratory experiment was conducted on
the utilization of Ethanol-Diesel emulsion in a single
cylinder direct injection diesel engine, a single cylinder,
water cooled, four stroke diesel engine was used. The
principal goals of the present work are to obtain emission
data and combustion characteristics for this type of Diesel
Engine, and to identify the ratio of Emulsion which is
effective in reducing emissions. Experiments were
conducted with emulsions viz (90%diesel + 10%ethanol),
(80% diesel + 20% ethanol), (70% diesel + 30%ethanol) as
fuel. While AVL smoke meter was employed to measure
the smoke density in HSU, the exhaust gas analyzer was
used to measure the NOx emission. High volume sampler
was employed to measure the particulate matter emitted at
the exhaust. The combustion characteristics were studied
using AVL combustion analyser. From the experimental
investigation it was found that the smoke, particulate
matter and Oxides of Nitrogen emissions were reduced
marginally. From the pressure curve and cumulative heat
release curve, it was observed that the combustion started
earlier and the rate of pressure rise increased marginally.
Combined numerical experimental study of dual fuel diesel engine to discuss t...Shans Shakkeer
It is my m.tech seminar presentation,on the basis of a study carried out by Carmelina Abagnale a, Maria Cristina Cameretti a,Luigi De Simio b, Michele Gambino b, Sabatino Iannaccone b, Raffaele Tuccillo ( Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy b Istituto Motori, C.N.R., Napoli, Italy ) were presented in 68th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2013, and Published by Elsevier ltd. in 2013
—In a laboratory experiment was conducted on
the utilization of Ethanol-Diesel emulsion in a single
cylinder direct injection diesel engine, a single cylinder,
water cooled, four stroke diesel engine was used. The
principal goals of the present work are to obtain emission
data and combustion characteristics for this type of Diesel
Engine, and to identify the ratio of Emulsion which is
effective in reducing emissions. Experiments were
conducted with emulsions viz (90%diesel + 10%ethanol),
(80% diesel + 20% ethanol), (70% diesel + 30%ethanol) as
fuel. While AVL smoke meter was employed to measure
the smoke density in HSU, the exhaust gas analyzer was
used to measure the NOx emission. High volume sampler
was employed to measure the particulate matter emitted at
the exhaust. The combustion characteristics were studied
using AVL combustion analyser. From the experimental
investigation it was found that the smoke, particulate
matter and Oxides of Nitrogen emissions were reduced
marginally. From the pressure curve and cumulative heat
release curve, it was observed that the combustion started
earlier and the rate of pressure rise increased marginally.
CONVERSION OF PETROL BIKE INTO LPG AND EMISSION CHECK IAEME Publication
An attempt has been made in this project to use alternative fuel in four stroke engine to increase the efficiency. Our fore most aim in selecting this project is to use non conventional fuel against conventional fuel which is becoming scarce and costly now days. With this air is less polluted than conventional fuels.
Experimental investigation of the effect of hydrogen addition on combustion p...Amiya K. Sahoo
The world is presently confronted with two major issues; fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Indiscriminate extraction and high consumption of fossil fuels have led to reduction in crude oil resources. The search for an alternative fuel, which promises a harmonious correlation with sustainable development, energy conservation, management, efficiency, and environmental preservation, has become highly pronounced in the present context.
One approach to reduce these problems is by blending hydrogen gas with hydrocarbon fuels used in internal combustion engines.Recently, using hydrogen or hydrogen-gasoline blends as a supplement fuel for spark ignition and compression ignition engines is one of the potential solutions for improving brake thermal efficiency, reducing fuel consumption and pollution emissions from internal combustion engines.
In this paper, advantages and disadvantages of Hydrogen-Gasoline fuels in the context of combustion engines are discussed, and combustion performances and emission characteristics are experimentally investigated at various hydrogen volume fraction and graphs are plotted.
The Objective was to Develop a Motorcycle running on alternative fuel, in this case Methane Gas. The Project was a success and we were able to switch between petrol and gas as fuel resulting in a hybrid motorcycle. The project was featured in local and national news channels.
Performance analysis of single cylinder diesel engine by ethanol dieselKalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
Performance Analysis of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine by Using Alcohol-Blends...Kalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
Stringent emission standards and the need to reduce greenhouse gas, CO2 emissions from vehicles has led to intensive research on new combustion systems namely, the Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) or controlled auto ignition (CAI) engines. At auto ignition temperature the fuel is auto ignited and a same amount of power will be produced as the traditional engines. Heating of catalytic converter reduces the emissions.
Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spar...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The power developed by an internal-combustion
engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels
commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
Combine Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and Varying Inlet Air Press...IOSR Journals
Abstract: To meet stringent vehicular exhaust emission norms worldwide, several exhaust pre-treatment and
post treatment techniques have been employed in modern engines. Also concern of environmental pollution and
energy crisis all over the world have caused the research attention on reduction of diesel engine exhaust
emissions and saving of energy simultaneously. This investigation mainly focuses on reducing exhaust emission
and energy saving by investigating diesel combustion with neat diesel fuel and a new attachment of pressurized
inlet air with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system. Experiment was conducted in a four stroke direct
injection water cooled constant speed diesel engine with pressurize inlet air attachment and EGR system, which
is typically used in agricultural farm machinery. EGR was applied to the experimental engine separately and
also with varying pressure of inlet air. In this study, compressor was used to pressurize the inlet air. The
experiments were carried out to experimentally evaluate the performance and emissions for combine effect
different EGR rates and varying inlet air pressure of the engine. Emissions of hydrocarbon (HC), NOx, carbon
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature of the exhaust gas were measured. Performance
parameters such as Brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were calculated. It was
found that combined effect of pressurize inlet air attachment and EGR system provided better result on engine
performance than individual EGR effect. Reductions in NOx and exhaust gas temperature were observed but
emissions of HC, CO and CO2 were found to have increased with combine usage of EGR and inlet air pressure.
Thus the modified engine provides more NOx reduction and better fuel economy without reducing useful
characteristics (brake power, brake thermal efficiency etc) of the engine.
Finite Element Analysis of Obround Pressure VesselsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
CONVERSION OF PETROL BIKE INTO LPG AND EMISSION CHECK IAEME Publication
An attempt has been made in this project to use alternative fuel in four stroke engine to increase the efficiency. Our fore most aim in selecting this project is to use non conventional fuel against conventional fuel which is becoming scarce and costly now days. With this air is less polluted than conventional fuels.
Experimental investigation of the effect of hydrogen addition on combustion p...Amiya K. Sahoo
The world is presently confronted with two major issues; fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Indiscriminate extraction and high consumption of fossil fuels have led to reduction in crude oil resources. The search for an alternative fuel, which promises a harmonious correlation with sustainable development, energy conservation, management, efficiency, and environmental preservation, has become highly pronounced in the present context.
One approach to reduce these problems is by blending hydrogen gas with hydrocarbon fuels used in internal combustion engines.Recently, using hydrogen or hydrogen-gasoline blends as a supplement fuel for spark ignition and compression ignition engines is one of the potential solutions for improving brake thermal efficiency, reducing fuel consumption and pollution emissions from internal combustion engines.
In this paper, advantages and disadvantages of Hydrogen-Gasoline fuels in the context of combustion engines are discussed, and combustion performances and emission characteristics are experimentally investigated at various hydrogen volume fraction and graphs are plotted.
The Objective was to Develop a Motorcycle running on alternative fuel, in this case Methane Gas. The Project was a success and we were able to switch between petrol and gas as fuel resulting in a hybrid motorcycle. The project was featured in local and national news channels.
Performance analysis of single cylinder diesel engine by ethanol dieselKalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
Performance Analysis of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine by Using Alcohol-Blends...Kalprajsinh Zala
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an outcome, blending of diesel fuel has provided a better solution. The objectives of this report is to analyse the performance and the emission characteristic of a Single Cylinder Diesel engine that are using blended fuel & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This paper describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics of diesel engine. Data that are required for the analysis will be observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis will be done after all the required data needed for the experiment is obtained. A four stroke Single cylinder CI engine will be adopted to study the emissions at zero load, partial load & full load with using 5, 10, 15 & 20% ethanol-diesel blends.
Stringent emission standards and the need to reduce greenhouse gas, CO2 emissions from vehicles has led to intensive research on new combustion systems namely, the Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) or controlled auto ignition (CAI) engines. At auto ignition temperature the fuel is auto ignited and a same amount of power will be produced as the traditional engines. Heating of catalytic converter reduces the emissions.
Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spar...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The power developed by an internal-combustion
engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels
commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived
from crude oil, which are depleting and are important
sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used
as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine.
N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain
oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has
energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline.
The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by
volume) were used in the engine performance analysis
using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled
spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading
conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer
was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions
such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2
) from the engine tail pipe.
The results of engine performance showed reduction in the
exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to
that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends
improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high
fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and
lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed
satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine
modification.
Combine Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and Varying Inlet Air Press...IOSR Journals
Abstract: To meet stringent vehicular exhaust emission norms worldwide, several exhaust pre-treatment and
post treatment techniques have been employed in modern engines. Also concern of environmental pollution and
energy crisis all over the world have caused the research attention on reduction of diesel engine exhaust
emissions and saving of energy simultaneously. This investigation mainly focuses on reducing exhaust emission
and energy saving by investigating diesel combustion with neat diesel fuel and a new attachment of pressurized
inlet air with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system. Experiment was conducted in a four stroke direct
injection water cooled constant speed diesel engine with pressurize inlet air attachment and EGR system, which
is typically used in agricultural farm machinery. EGR was applied to the experimental engine separately and
also with varying pressure of inlet air. In this study, compressor was used to pressurize the inlet air. The
experiments were carried out to experimentally evaluate the performance and emissions for combine effect
different EGR rates and varying inlet air pressure of the engine. Emissions of hydrocarbon (HC), NOx, carbon
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature of the exhaust gas were measured. Performance
parameters such as Brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were calculated. It was
found that combined effect of pressurize inlet air attachment and EGR system provided better result on engine
performance than individual EGR effect. Reductions in NOx and exhaust gas temperature were observed but
emissions of HC, CO and CO2 were found to have increased with combine usage of EGR and inlet air pressure.
Thus the modified engine provides more NOx reduction and better fuel economy without reducing useful
characteristics (brake power, brake thermal efficiency etc) of the engine.
Finite Element Analysis of Obround Pressure VesselsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Comparing Various SDLC Models On The Basis Of Available MethodologyIJMER
There are various SDLC models widely accepted and employed for developing software.
SDLC models give a theoretical guide line regarding development of the software. Employing proper
SDLC allows the managers to regulate whole development strategy of the software. Each SDLC has its
advantages and disadvantages making it suitable for use under specific condition and constraints for
specified type of software only. We need to understand which SDLC would generate most successful
result when employed for software development. For this we need some method to compare SDLC
models. Various methods have been suggested which allows comparing SDLC models. Comparing SLDC
models is a complex task as there is no mathematical theorem or physical device available. The essence
of this paper is to analyse some methodologies that could result in successful comparison of the SDLC
models. For this we have studied various available tools, techniques and methodologies and have tried
to extract most simple, easy and highly understandable method for comparing SDLC models.
Numerical Analysis of Fin Side Turbulent Flow for Round and Flat Tube Heat E...IJMER
Numerical three dimensional simulation of turbulent flow in round and flat tube fin heat exchangers having two rows of staggered arrangement has been carried out to investigate fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics using ANSYS Fluent 14® software. HYPERMESH10® Software has been
used for the creation of models as well for meshing. The cases have been simulated for different fin side Reynolds number in turbulent regime to observe the effect of various parameters like fin pitch, tube pitch and fin temperature on Colburn j factor and Friction factor f for both round and flat tubes. Fin side flow has been simulated using various steady flow models in the software for same velocity range. As simulation using k-ε model resulted in close agreement with that of experimental in turbulent regime, it is considered for further analysis. The performance of round tubes is compared with that of flat tubes with same flow area and geometrical parameters. For both round and flat tube domains with all the geometrical configurations simulated in this work Colburn j factor varied inversely with the inlet air velocity. The heat transfer is more with the higher fin spacing for both round and flat tubes following the above said trend. On the other hand, the pressure drop across the tubes is more with the lesser fin spacing
in contrast to the heat transfer. Due to lesser turbulent intensity in flat tubes, they exhibit slightly lesser
Colburn j factor and considerably lesser pressure drop compared to round tubes. Although flat tubes
exhibit slightly lesser Colburn j factor, due to larger exposed tube area increase in the air temperature in
the fin side is comparable with that of round tubes. Higher fin temperatures result with lesser Colburn j factor and higher pressure drop across the tubes although the fin temperature affects the pressure drop to lesser extent.
Fabrication and Characterization of PPS /40%GF/nano-CaCo3 Hybrid CompositesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Analysis of a Batch Arrival and Batch Service Queuing System with Multiple Va...IJMER
This paper concerns the queuing system MX
/G1, B/1, to which the customers are assumed
to arrive in batches of random size X according to a compound Poisson process and also are served in
batches. As soon as the system becomes empty, the server leaves for a vacation of random length V. If
no customers are available for service after returning from that vacation, the server keeps on taking
vacations till he finds at least one customer in the queue, then immediately begins to serve the
customers up to the service capacity B. If more than B customers are present when the server returns
from a vacation, the first B customers are taken into service. If fewer than B customers are present, all
waiting customers go into service. Late arrivals are not allowed to join the ongoing service. The steady
state behavior of this queuing system is derived by an analytic approach to study the queue size
distribution at a random point as well as a departure point of time under multiple vacation policy. It
may be noted that the results in [5] and [7] can be obtained as special cases from the results in this
paper.
While many different product protection measures have been developed and established in
recent years, there is still a great risk posed by the leakage of knowledge in production. These risks are
often downplayed by companies, although they directly relate to their own production and engineering
know-how. The various company-specific protection measures in production span a wide range, and
they can be applied both to production relocation (e.g. to China) and to existing facilities. A systematic
approach for identifying critical damage scenarios, and the methodically supported development and
selection of individual protection measures are required for effective protection of critical company
know-how in production
Fatigue Analysis of Acetylene converter reactorIJMER
The structural integrity of mechanical components during several transients should be
assured in the design stage. This requires a fatigue analysis including thermal and structural analysis. As
an example, this study performs a fatigue analysis of the acetylene converter reactor during arbitrary
transients. Using heat transfer coefficients determined based on the operating environments, a transient
thermal analysis is performed and the results are applied to a finite element model along with the
pressure to calculate the stresses. The total stress intensity range and cumulative fatigue usage factor are
investigated to determine the adequacy of the design.
Stability of the Equilibrium Position of the Centre of Mass of an Inextensibl...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Fast Data Collection with Interference and Life Time in Tree Based Wireless S...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This paper mainly discusses about the Transparent Antenna’s introduction, design, their feeding methods, the future scope and finally transition from 2D to 3D.
User Navigation Pattern Prediction from Web Log Data: A SurveyIJMER
This paper proposes a survey of Web Page Prediction Techniques. Prefetching of Web page has been widely used to reduce the access latency problem of the Web users. However, if Prefetching of Web page is not accurate and Prefetched web pages are not visited by the users in their accesses, the limited bandwidth of network and services of server will not be used efficiently and may face the problem of access delay. Therefore, it is critical that we need an effective prediction method during prefetching.
The Markov models have been widely used to predict and analyze users navigational behavior. All the
activities of web users have been saved in web log files. The stored users session is used to extract
popular web navigation paths and predict current users next web page visit.
A Review of Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJMER
A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative network. Each node consists of processing capability, may contain multiple types of memory, have a RF transceiver, have a power source, and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes
communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication .The performance of the network is
greatly influenced by the routing techniques. Routing is to find out the path to route the sensed data to the base station. In this paper the features of WSNs are introduced and routing protocols are reviewed for Wireless Sensor Network
COMPARATIVE EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CNG AND OCTANE IN RETROFITTED CAR ENGINESIAEME Publication
Comparative emission analysis of octane and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled retrofitted spark ignition car engine refers to exhaust emission (carbon monooxide, carbon di-oxide, Nitrogen Oxide) analysis and exhaust temperature on car engines which are operated with either gasoline or CNG using a solenoid actuated valve mechanism. The analysis was successfully carried out with the help of an exhaust gas analyzer (IMR 4000). Octane was used as the conventional fuels, whereas CNG was the alternative fuel. Comparative analysis of the experimental result showed the retrofitted engine produced higher exhaust gas temperature andNOx emission over different engines of different mileage when were used with CNG.
Other emission contents were significantly lower than those of the gasoline emissions.
Potential Use of LPG in A Medium Capacity Stationary HCCI EngineIJMER
Internal combustion engines are extensively used in every field of life in today’s world.
Diesel engines being more efficient are preferred in the industrial and transportation sector in
comparison to spark ignition engines for their higher efficiency, versatility and ruggedness. The major
emissions of diesel engines are oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon dioxide
(CO2), carbon monoxide (CO). Among these emissions, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and the particulate
matter are the reasons of serious concern. For reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate
matter simultaneously, the use of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) have provided a
sustainable solution in the present scenario.
This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation into the operation of a
compression ignition (CI) engine in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode using LPG
as the main fuel and diesel as pilot injection. Factors that were investigated include engine performance
and emission characteristics and based on the results, LPG was found to be a possible fuel for operation
of a CI engine in HCCI mode.
A methodology using a small pilot quantity of diesel fuel injected during the compression stroke
to improve the power density and operation control is carried out for an HCCI engine based on a
stationary, constant RPM, water cooled diesel engine. The objective of this study is to investigate the
performance and emission characteristics of HCCI engine fuelled with LPG and help understand the
viability of LPG as an alternative fuel in diesel engines for use in the automotive industry.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A CONVENTIONAL DIESEL ENGINE RUNNING IN DUAL FUEL M...IAEME Publication
Present study evaluates the performance of a compression ignition engine running in dual fuel mode with Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Petroleum Diesel. The LPG was inducted in the engine by Fumigation method at the rate of 0.094, 0.189 & 0.283 Kg/hr. Major performance parameters such as Brake power, Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption etc. were evaluated at different load & different fuel combinations.
Abstract: Gaseous fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) have been widely used in commercial vehicles. This project evaluated an experimental investigation on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel for four-stroke spark ignition engine. The primary objective of the study was to determine the performance and the exhaust emissions of the engine using different fuels. The engine used in the study was originally a single cylinder, four-stroke spark ignition engine and minor modifications were carried out to permit the experiments to run on LPG fuel. During the running, the engine was coupled to a ropeway dynamometer to measure several engine performance parameters and a 5-gas analyzer with non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) was inserted into the engine exhaust tailpipe for measuring the exhaust emissions. Experimental investigations have been carried out to performance and emissions of single cylinder four-stroke spark ignition engine at full throttling position of engine and different load conditions is used to different fuels (Gasoline and LPG) at various compression ratios (4.67:1,5.49:1).The engine performance studies were conducted with engine setup. Parameters like brake power, brake fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were calculated. The test result indicated that LPG fuel have closer performance to Gasoline fuel. However, the brake specific energy consumption shows an improvement with LPG as a fuel replacement. The concentration levels of CO, CO2 and unburnt HC recorded are found to be lower than the gasoline fueled engine.
Volume-1, Issue-1, July-2018 1 | P a g e Copyright@ IJERPPublication-2018 Liq...JJERP
Man has always been in pursuit of energy to meet his ever increasing demands. Nowadays due to increase in pollutions and global warming, there is a need for use of eco friendly fuels. In this project attempt has been made to use LPG as an alternative (secondary) fuel for two wheeler of four stroke engine. By using LPG, efficiency of engine can be increased and pollutions caused due to emissions can be reduced. Separate LPG fuel supply system (Gas Kit) has been installed through which LPG is supplied to carburetor directly. By this both Gasoline and LPG can be used in a single vehicle. According to our requirements we can change the supply of fuel to the engine. The changes required to install LPG to the vehicle are discussed below. When the vehicle is running at lower speed LPG is suitable and at higher speed Gasoline is suitable. So, this concept of using both Gasoline and LPG as fuel is suitable for cities where operation of vehicle is in lower speed due to the traffic. Hence by using this concept we save money in buying fuel and also reduce pollutions caused.
Keywords:Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG); LPG Fuel Supply System (Gas Kit); Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine; Performance, Emission Characteristics
ABSTRACT: In this paper, the control scheme of a Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)–diesel dual-fuel engine with electronic
control is illustrated, the external characteristics and load characteristics of the LPG– diesel dual-fuel engine and the diesel
engine are compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that, compared with diesel, the output performance of
dual fuel is not reduced, while smoke emission of dual fuel is significantly reduced, NOx emission of dual fuel is hardly
changed, but HC emission and CO emission of dual fuel are increased and fuel consumption of dual fuel is reduced.
Keywords: LPG–Diesel dual fuel, electronic control, engine performance, pollutant emissions, fuel consumption
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
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Experimental Investigations of Exhaust Emissions of four Stroke SI Engine by using direct injection of LPG and its analysis
1. www.ijmer.com
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2600-2605
ISSN: 2249-6645
Experimental Investigations of Exhaust Emissions of four Stroke
SI Engine by using direct injection of LPG and its analysis
Mr. Hitesh B. Bisen1, Mr. Y. R. Suple2
1
M.Tech. Student K.I.T.S. college of engineering, Ramtek, Email:
Asst. Prof. Mechanical Department K.I.T.S. College of Engineering, Ramtek
2
ABSTRACT: Gaseous fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) have been widely used
in commercial vehicles. In this project the main aim is to evaluate the exhaust emission by running the conventional engine
on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel for four-stroke spark ignition engine. The primary objective of the
study is to determine the performance and the exhaust emissions of the engine using LPG as a fuel. The engine used in the
study is originally a single cylinder; four-stroke spark ignition engine with certain modifications is to make to permit the
experiments to run on LPG fuel. During the running, the engine was coupled to a ropeway dynamometer to measure several
engine performance parameters and a 5-gas analyzer is to be inserted into the engine exhaust tailpipe for measuring the
exhaust emissions. Experimental investigations have been carried out to emissions of single cylinder four-stroke spark
ignition engine at full throttling position of engine and different load conditions is used to different fuels (Gasoline and
LPG). Exhausts are the five gasses measured by the latest technology exhaust analysers are: HC, CO, CO2, O2 and NOx.
Keyword: Exhaust, Emission, Four-stroke SI Engine, LPG, Injector, Analyser etc.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Traffic exhaust emissions are significant sources of air pollution in the world and may threaten human health and
cause global warming effect. Therefore, governments are compelled to minimize motor-vehicle pollution problems with
more stringent emission standards for reducing pollution-related chemicals and improving air quality. In most Asian
countries, motorcycles contribute to air pollution more than other vehicles. Previous research shows that three-way catalytic
converter used in spark ignition (SI) engines could reduce most exhaust pollution, such as HC, CO and NOx, towards
achieving exhaust standards. However, converters are expensive to apply in motorcycles and would not reduce carbon
dioxide (CO2), a major cause of global warming effect. It may be more acceptable, especially cost wise, to address the
problem in the design and manufacture of motorcycles. Exhaust pollution from a motorcycle gasoline engine contains
nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon emissions (HC). HC emissions are the results of
incomplete combustion and could be used to evaluate the combustion inefficiency. NOx emissions are affected by the
air/fuel ratio, the burned gas fraction of the in-cylinder unburned mixture, and spark timing. Increasing the burned-gas
fraction and decreasing spark timing could reduce NOx emission levels. These solutions, however, would reduce
combustion rate and engine torque. Controlling the air/fuel ratio could have a greater effect on NOx emission and could
reduce NOx levels up to 98% at an air/fuel ratio of 23.5. However, it is difficult to achieve so high an air/fuel ratio in a
conventional gasoline engine. Carbon monoxide (CO) emission of gasoline engine depends heavily on the air/fuel ratio.
While a lean combustion decreases the amount of CO in exhaust gas, a spark-ignition engine is often operated closely to
stoichiometric mixture, making CO emissions considerably difficult to reduce without an exhaust treatment like a catalytic
converter. Nevertheless, a conventional motorcycle gasoline engine could reduce overall exhaust pollution if it could operate
with high air/ fuel ratio.
In a previous paper, introduced a new design system for gasoline fuel engines, called semi-direct injection (SDI)
system for application in motorcycle engines. By increasing swirl ratio to 3.8 and injecting fuel when the intake valve is
opened, the SDI system can make a stratified mixture and extend the air/fuel ratio lean limit to 24. CO is tremendously
decreased by 92.9% and a relatively low combustion temperature in lean burn decreases NOx by 32%. Furthermore, brake
specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases to 11% compared with an original gasoline engine at low- and part load. As a
result, SDI engine produces lower CO2, as well. From this result, we can affirm that SDI system in motorcycle engine can
help to improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gas. To become a viable product, the SDI system should reduce CO2, as
well as exhaust pollution. This could be achieved with a method that allows switching between stratified mixture at low
load, and a homogeneous mixture at full load. This cannot be done in the current design. The SDI engine could have better
results with CO2 and exhaust emission if there were an increase in the stratification of mixture.. Liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG) in gaseous phase could be an alternative fuel for an SDI system. Previous research has observed that the brake mean
effective pressure (BMEP) of gasoline is higher than LPG, while LPG fuel consumption and emission, which includes CO,
HC and CO2, are lower than gasoline.
II.
LPG AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL FOR IC ENGINE
The gaseous nature of the fuel/air mixture in an LPG vehicle’s combustion chambers eliminates the cold-start
problems associated with liquid fuels. LPG defuses in air fuel mixing at lower inlet temperature than is possible with either
gasoline or diesel. This leads to easier starting, more reliable idling, smoother acceleration and more complete and efficient
burning with less unburned hydrocarbons present in the exhaust. In contrast to gasoline engines, which produce high
www.ijmer.com
1600 | Page
2. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com
Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2600-2605
ISSN: 2249-6645
emission levels while running cold, LPG engine emissions remain similar whether the engine is cold or hot. Also, because
LPG enters an engine’s combustion chambers as a vapour, it does not strip oil from cylinder walls or dilute the oil when the
engine is cold. This helps to have a longer service life and reduced maintenance costs of engine. Also helping in this regard
is the fuel’s high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio (C3H8), which enables propane-powered vehicles to have less carbon build-up
than gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles. LPG delivers roughly the same power, acceleration, and cruising speed
characteristics as gasoline. Its high octane rating means engine’s power output and fuel efficiency can be increased beyond
what would be possible with a gasoline engine without causing Destructive Knocking. Such fine-tuning can help compensate
for the fuel’s lower energy density. The higher ignition temperature of gas compared with petroleum based fuel leads to
reduced auto ignition delays, less hazardous than any other petroleum based fuel and expected to produce less CO, NOx
emissions and may cause less ozone formation than gasoline and diesel engines.
Properties/fuels
Gasoline
LPG
Chemical structure
C7H17/C4 to C12
C3H8
Energy density
109,000-125,000
84,000
86-94
105+
43.44
46.60
46.53
50.15
Stoichiometric air/fuel ratio
14.7
15.5
Density at 15˚C ,kg/m3
737
1.85/505
Auto ignition temperature o K
531
724
Specific Gravity 60° F/60°
0.72-0.78
0.85
Octane number
Lower heating value (MJ/Kg)
High heating value (MJ/Kg)
Experimental Setup and Test Procedure:
Experiments were conducted on a Bajaj saffier type, four stroke, single cylinder, air-cooled petrol engine test rig.
Figure 1.0 shows the schematic experimental set up. Rope brake dynamometer was used for loading the engine, five gas
analyzer tested exhaust emission contain CO, CO2, NOx, O2 and HC.
The fuel flow rate was measured on the volumetric basis using a burette and stopwatch also. The engine was Operated at a
rated constant speed of 300, 400, 500, 600 r/min. The emission characteristic was measured by using five gas analyzer. The
tests were conducted with neat petrol and LPG. Petrol injected in the combustion chamber through carburettor and LPG
Direct injected in the combustion chamber through injector. LPG fuel Injector mechanically operated on/off.
It consists of following components:1.
Fuel tank, 2. Engine, 3. Rope brake drum type dynamometer, 4. Five gas analyzer, 5. Injector
6. Flash Black arrestor, 7. LPG regulating valve
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1601 | Page
3. www.ijmer.com
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2600-2605
ISSN: 2249-6645
III.
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
Bajaj saffire.
Type- Single Cylinder 4-Stroke SI engine, Rated Power- 5.4 KW, Rated RPM- 5800, Stroke- 56.9 mm
Bore- 50 mm, Displacement - 92.2 cc
IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of Exhaust Pollution of the % CO
% CO EMISSION VS LOAD
% OF CO EMISSION
4.00%
% OF CO
EMISSION
PETROL
3.00%
2.00%
% OF CO
EMISSION LPG
1.00%
0.00%
0
2
4
6
LOAD in Kg (500 RPM)
With rich fuel-air mixture, there is insufficient Oxygen to burn fully all the carbon in the fuel to CO 2 also CO high
temperature produces. Maximum is generated when an engine runs rich fuel ratio. Poor mixing, local rich regions and
incomplete Combustion will also be the source for CO emission. In this experiment Load engine will be increases so
increases fuel-air mixture rich, amount oxygen is less so emission of CO will increases. CO emission produced by DI
engine is even lower than original petrol engine. The value of CO concentration increases steadily with increases load.
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4. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2600-2605
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Effect of Exhaust Pollution of the HC in PPM
HC EMISSION VS LOAD
Petrol is in liquid from and LPG is in gaseous state so in combustion chamber quench layer containing Unburned
and partially burned fuel-air mixture is left at the wall more in petrol. It is evident that it is a strong function of air –fuel
ratio. With a fuel –rich mixture there is not enough oxygen to react with all the carbon, resulting in high level of HC and
CO in the exhaust products. If air-fuel ratio is too lean poorer combustion occurs, against resulting in HC emission. Piston
blowby gases and fuel evaporation
And release to the atmosphere through vent in the fuel tank and carburetor after engine shut- down, are also sources
of unburned hydrocarbon. A quench layer containing unburned and partially burned fuel-air mixture is left at the wall when
the flame is extinguished as it approaches the wall. Any engine oil left in a thin film on the cylinder wall, piston and perhaps
on the cylinder head. In this experiment LPG injected in combustion chamber direct . HC emissions with varying engine
speed for LPG and gasoline were illustrated in Fig. Load goes on increases with constant speed, emission of HC increases
but in petrol HC emission rate is high than LPG. Load goes on increases, so increases combustion temperature and increases
rich condition the fuel that the time oxygen quantity will be a less. That the reason HC is increases. As comparing between
gasoline (C7H18) and LPG (C3H8) contain of hydrogen is less in LPG, so emission of HC is also less than gasoline.
NOx EMISSION
Effect of Exhaust Pollution of the NO x in PPM
NOx VS LOAD
400
300
NOx
EMISSION
IN PETROL
(PPM)
200
100
0
0
5
10
LOAD in kg (500 RPM)
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Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2600-2605
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Higher the burned temperature, the higher the rate of formation of NOx, Most of the NO with a small amount of
NO2. Maximum NOx emission occurs in stoichiometric fuel-air ratio at slightly lean condition Excess of oxygen react with
the nitrogen. In this experiment NOx in DI engine is always higher than original engine. The results regarding NOx also
indicate that NOx emission from LPG is higher than petrol. Combustion temperature is high in LPG systems, so NOx
emission is high in LPG because CV of LPG higher than petrol.
Effect of Exhaust Pollution of the % CO2
% CO2 EMISSION VS LOAD
% of CO2
EMISSION IN
PETROL
% OF CO2
EMISSION
6.00%
4.00%
2.00%
% of CO2
EMISSION IN
LPG
0.00%
0
5
10
% OF CO2 EMISSION
LOAD in Kg (300RPM)
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
% of CO2
EMISSION IN
PETROL
0
5
10
% of CO2
EMISSION IN
LPG
LOAD in Kg (500 RPM)
LPG gas has low carbon and high octane no. fuel Produces lower CO2 than petrol. With rich fuel -air mixture, there
are insufficient Oxygen to burn fully all the carbon in the fuel to CO 2 also CO High temperature produces. Maximum is
generated when an engine runs rich fuel ratio. In this experiment LPG direct injected in combustion chamber and petrol mix
with air injected through carburetor in combustion Chamber.
Conclude that LPG direct injected system CO2 emission is higher than gasoline. Because of carbon contain in gasoline is
high than LPG.
V.
CONCLUSIONS
In this exhaust emission test five types of emission are to be tested. These emissions are CO, CO 2, HC, O2, and
NOx. These are five types of emission are test will be perform on four stroke SI engine. Test will be performs on petrol and
LPG.
Engine emitted CO emission in various speed, LPG system has been CO emission emitted less than petrol system.
The CO emission is reducing in LPG then Gasoline for same load and rpm In Direct injection. Engine speed and load
increases, so increasing percentage of CO in petrol system. As compare to gasoline HC is low in LPG direct injection as
load increase HC increases. In HC emission also more in petrol system. Engine speed and load increases, so increasing
percentage of HC in petrol system. HC emitted percentage is high in petrol system because hydrogen and carbon contain in
petrol (C8H18) is high and low calorific value than LPG. Also petrol is in the liquid state and LPG is in gaseous state. The
CO2 emission of LPG is also lower than Gasoline for same load and rpm In Direct injection. In CO 2 emission in petrol
system is always be more than LPG. Because of carbon contain is less and calorific value is more so LPG is emitted CO2
less than petrol. Engine speed and load increases. NOx is slightly increases in LPG In Direct injection. In The results
regarding NOx also indicate that NOx emission from LPG is higher than petrol. Combustion temperature is high in LPG
system NOx emission is high in LPG because CV of LPG higher than petrol. In NOx emission also more in LPG system.
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