Abstract The first single-cylinder gasoline direct compression ignition (GDCI) engine was designed and built in 2010 by Delphi Companyfor testing performance, emissions and Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Then after achieving the good results in performance, emissions and BSFCfrom single-cylinder engine, multi-cylinder GDCI engine was built in 2013. The compression ignition engine has limitations such as high noise, weight, PM and NOX emissions compared to gasoline engine. But the high efficiency, torque and better fuel economy of compression ignition engine are the reasons of Delphi Company to use compression ignition strategy for building a new combustion system. The objective of the present review study involves the reasons of building of the GDCI engine in detail. Keywords: Delphi Company,Emissions, Multi-Cylinder GDCI engine andSingle-CylinderGDCI Engine.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A CONVENTIONAL DIESEL ENGINE RUNNING IN DUAL FUEL M...IAEME Publication
1. The document evaluates the performance of a diesel engine running in dual fuel mode with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel fuel.
2. LPG was inducted into the engine at rates of 0.094, 0.189, and 0.283 kg/hr using a fumigation method. This led to reductions in diesel consumption of up to 11% and improvements in brake specific fuel consumption of up to 32%.
3. However, brake thermal efficiency did not improve due to poor utilization of LPG's high energy content. While diesel was saved, using LPG resulted in higher overall costs and slightly reduced performance compared to diesel alone.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effect of compression ratio on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with dual blends of jatropha and karanja biodiesel. A single cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine was tested at compression ratios of 16 and 18 using blends containing 20-60% jatropha and karanja biodiesel. The higher density of the biodiesel fuels caused longer ignition delay compared to diesel. Blending the two biodiesel fuels resulted in lower mean gas temperatures and NOx emissions. Performance parameters like brake power, fuel consumption and engine efficiencies as well as emissions of smoke, CO and HC were measured.
This document summarizes a study assessing the effects of different engine operation and diesel injection parameters on combustion efficiency in a heavy-duty dual-fuel hydrogen-diesel engine at low-load conditions. The study aims to reduce unburned hydrogen emissions and improve combustion efficiency by implementing exhaust gas recirculation and different diesel injection strategies. Statistical methods were used to analyze the results and reduce experimental time. The results showed that higher exhaust gas recirculation rates increased intake charge temperature and improved hydrogen combustion and fuel economy. Operation with high exhaust gas recirculation and slightly advanced main diesel injection delivered benefits to emissions and brake thermal efficiency, but combustion efficiency remained around 90% for most cases tested.
IRJET- Fabrication of LPG Powered 4-Stroke Two WheelerIRJET Journal
The document describes the fabrication of an LPG-powered four-stroke two-wheeler. Key modifications include removing the petrol tank and installing an LPG tank with associated components like a reducer, vacuum pipe and filling valve. Testing showed the LPG bike had lower emissions of CO, CO2 and unburnt HC than gasoline, as well as increased engine life and reduced maintenance costs. The LPG fuel was also found to be cheaper than petrol and provide better mileage. In conclusion, converting a gasoline motorcycle to run on LPG provides cleaner operation at a lower cost.
IRJET- Performance of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine with Euc...IRJET Journal
This document discusses testing the performance of a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine running on eucalyptus oil biodiesel. Key points:
1) Tests were conducted on a single cylinder HCCI engine to analyze parameters like brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and emissions of NOx, HC, and smoke when running on blends of 10% eucalyptus oil biodiesel and 90% diesel.
2) Results showed performance decreased with HCCI operation but emissions of NOx, HC, and smoke reduced significantly.
3) HCCI aims to combine benefits of gasoline and diesel engines like low soot emissions and high efficiency. It prem
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses a study using a neural network to model the specific fuel consumption of a turbocharged and intercooled diesel engine. Experimental data was collected from tests of the engine under various operating conditions and used to train the neural network model. The trained model was then able to accurately predict specific fuel consumption for conditions it was not directly trained on. Parametric studies were performed using the neural network model to investigate the effects of variables like crankshaft angle, engine speed, and load on specific fuel consumption. The neural network model provided results consistent with experimental data and was able to be used for analysis when direct experimental testing was not possible or practical.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A CONVENTIONAL DIESEL ENGINE RUNNING IN DUAL FUEL M...IAEME Publication
1. The document evaluates the performance of a diesel engine running in dual fuel mode with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel fuel.
2. LPG was inducted into the engine at rates of 0.094, 0.189, and 0.283 kg/hr using a fumigation method. This led to reductions in diesel consumption of up to 11% and improvements in brake specific fuel consumption of up to 32%.
3. However, brake thermal efficiency did not improve due to poor utilization of LPG's high energy content. While diesel was saved, using LPG resulted in higher overall costs and slightly reduced performance compared to diesel alone.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effect of compression ratio on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with dual blends of jatropha and karanja biodiesel. A single cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine was tested at compression ratios of 16 and 18 using blends containing 20-60% jatropha and karanja biodiesel. The higher density of the biodiesel fuels caused longer ignition delay compared to diesel. Blending the two biodiesel fuels resulted in lower mean gas temperatures and NOx emissions. Performance parameters like brake power, fuel consumption and engine efficiencies as well as emissions of smoke, CO and HC were measured.
This document summarizes a study assessing the effects of different engine operation and diesel injection parameters on combustion efficiency in a heavy-duty dual-fuel hydrogen-diesel engine at low-load conditions. The study aims to reduce unburned hydrogen emissions and improve combustion efficiency by implementing exhaust gas recirculation and different diesel injection strategies. Statistical methods were used to analyze the results and reduce experimental time. The results showed that higher exhaust gas recirculation rates increased intake charge temperature and improved hydrogen combustion and fuel economy. Operation with high exhaust gas recirculation and slightly advanced main diesel injection delivered benefits to emissions and brake thermal efficiency, but combustion efficiency remained around 90% for most cases tested.
IRJET- Fabrication of LPG Powered 4-Stroke Two WheelerIRJET Journal
The document describes the fabrication of an LPG-powered four-stroke two-wheeler. Key modifications include removing the petrol tank and installing an LPG tank with associated components like a reducer, vacuum pipe and filling valve. Testing showed the LPG bike had lower emissions of CO, CO2 and unburnt HC than gasoline, as well as increased engine life and reduced maintenance costs. The LPG fuel was also found to be cheaper than petrol and provide better mileage. In conclusion, converting a gasoline motorcycle to run on LPG provides cleaner operation at a lower cost.
IRJET- Performance of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine with Euc...IRJET Journal
This document discusses testing the performance of a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine running on eucalyptus oil biodiesel. Key points:
1) Tests were conducted on a single cylinder HCCI engine to analyze parameters like brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and emissions of NOx, HC, and smoke when running on blends of 10% eucalyptus oil biodiesel and 90% diesel.
2) Results showed performance decreased with HCCI operation but emissions of NOx, HC, and smoke reduced significantly.
3) HCCI aims to combine benefits of gasoline and diesel engines like low soot emissions and high efficiency. It prem
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses a study using a neural network to model the specific fuel consumption of a turbocharged and intercooled diesel engine. Experimental data was collected from tests of the engine under various operating conditions and used to train the neural network model. The trained model was then able to accurately predict specific fuel consumption for conditions it was not directly trained on. Parametric studies were performed using the neural network model to investigate the effects of variables like crankshaft angle, engine speed, and load on specific fuel consumption. The neural network model provided results consistent with experimental data and was able to be used for analysis when direct experimental testing was not possible or practical.
Effect of Modified Design on Engine Fuel Efficiency IJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on improving internal combustion engine fuel efficiency through techniques like reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI). RCCI is a variant of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) that provides more control over the combustion process and has the potential to significantly increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. The document reviews experiments on RCCI using light-duty and heavy-duty engines operated on various fuels, finding that RCCI can achieve near-zero NOx and soot emissions while improving efficiency. However, challenges to implementing RCCI at a wide range of loads and controlling combustion phasing and emissions remain areas of ongoing research.
The document discusses the effect of varying piston bowl geometry and hydrogen addition on the performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine. Experiments were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with diesel alone and with hydrogen added at various flow rates. Two piston bowl geometries - hemispherical and toroidal - were tested. Results showed that adding hydrogen up to 6 L/min improved brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, heat release rate, and cylinder pressure compared to diesel alone. The toroidal piston bowl geometry further improved these parameters compared to the standard hemispherical geometry. Above 6 L/min hydrogen flow, knocking was observed due to higher combustion temperatures.
This document discusses the effect of injection timing and coolant temperatures on cold and hot engine startability and emissions in a DI diesel engine. Tests were conducted at four coolant temperatures (-10, 0, 25, 50°C) and four injection timings (12, 15, 20, 23° BTDC) to evaluate their impact. The results showed that increasing temperature significantly reduced starting time due to better fuel atomization and vaporization at higher combustion chamber temperatures. Emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide were extremely high during cold starting, particularly at -10°C, but decreased substantially with increasing temperature. Combustion instability and noise were also significant issues at low starting temperatures and retarded injection timings.
A study and analysis on hcci engine's inlet valveiaemedu
1. The document discusses a study and analysis of the inlet valve for an HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engine.
2. It aims to redesign the typical inlet valve through innovative design and new material composition to improve the overall performance, working life, and thermal conductivity of the component.
3. The redesigned inlet valve is analyzed using advanced CAD packages and the results show improvements in efficiency and reducing wear and tear on the valve contacting surfaces.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation and Pollution Emission Characteristics of Four ...IRJET Journal
The document evaluates the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from mustard oil. Biodiesel was produced through transesterification of mustard oil with methanol and potassium hydroxide. The engine was tested using blends of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% biodiesel with diesel. Key results found that brake thermal efficiency slightly increased with higher biodiesel content, while emissions of CO and NOx decreased and oxygen levels in the exhaust increased with higher biodiesel usage. Specific fuel consumption also decreased with increasing biodiesel percentage in the fuel blend.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
ABSTRACT: In this paper, the control scheme of a Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)–diesel dual-fuel engine with electronic
control is illustrated, the external characteristics and load characteristics of the LPG– diesel dual-fuel engine and the diesel
engine are compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that, compared with diesel, the output performance of
dual fuel is not reduced, while smoke emission of dual fuel is significantly reduced, NOx emission of dual fuel is hardly
changed, but HC emission and CO emission of dual fuel are increased and fuel consumption of dual fuel is reduced.
Keywords: LPG–Diesel dual fuel, electronic control, engine performance, pollutant emissions, fuel consumption
HCCI Engine Performance Evaluation Using FORTEReaction Design
This note describes how the FORTÉ Simulation Package can be used to include detailed chemistry in internal combustion engine simulations. The enhanced chemistry solution techniques in FORTÉ allow detailed chemistry to be efficiently included in the FORTÉ computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation. These enhancements allow designers to accurately predict ignition, emissions, combustion duration, and engine performance without sacrificing geometric fidelity and without compromising accuracy for solution efficiency.
The document investigates the effects of adding hydrogen to a diesel engine on performance and emissions. Hydrogen was added through the intake port of a four-cylinder diesel engine at rates of 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 liters per minute. Testing was conducted at 1800 RPM with engine loads of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Results showed that adding hydrogen increased brake thermal efficiency and decreased brake specific fuel consumption, due to improved mixture formation and the higher flame speed of hydrogen. Higher hydrogen addition of 0.80 lpm increased exhaust temperature and NOx emissions at higher loads. CO, UHC, and soot emissions significantly decreased with hydrogen addition at all loads.
1) The study investigated the effect of varying fuel injection pressure and timing on particulate size, number, surface area, and volume distributions in a single cylinder diesel engine.
2) Results showed that particulate concentration increased with engine load but decreased with higher fuel injection pressure, as higher pressure improved fuel-air mixing.
3) Advancing injection timing reduced particulate concentration at high injection pressure by allowing more time for oxidation, but had varying effects at low pressure due to competing effects on mixing time and droplet size.
The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fuel...iosrjce
The replacement of gasoline with ethanol is increased worldwide indicating the need to understand
the air quality impacts of this exchanging. In the recent study, variable experimental tests conducted to evaluate
the impacts of several ethanol-gasoline blends (E20, E50, and E80) on particulate matter (PM) and lead (Pb)
concentrations emitted from a four-stroke, single cylinder, water-cooled spark-ignition (SI) engine. PM and Pb
exhaust emissions measured and analyzed at variable engine operation parameters.
The emitted PM emissions reduced with increase concentration of ethanol in the blend. Compared to the
baseline gasoline (E0), E20 gave relatively lower reductions in PM emissions, while E50 and E80 both reduced
PM emissions under the conditions studied. Ethanol was observed to impact Pb emissions depending on the
ethanol share in the blend
Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & EthanolIJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like ethanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range
of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates Ethanol as a diesel engine fuel. The
objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin
cylinder diesel engine that are using Ethanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available
in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze
the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail
studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started.
Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have
been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel
engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was
adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero
load & full load with the fuel of Ethanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% Ethanol.
By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to
run with Ethanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by Ethanol and
finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the
engine using Ethanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results
of Ethanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
This document summarizes an experimental study of a modified diesel engine operating in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode compared to the original diesel combustion mode. The study found that HCCI combustion provided very low NOx and soot emissions but had challenges with hydrocarbon emissions, fuel consumption, ignition timing control, and performance at high loads. Cooled exhaust gas recirculation was used to control in-cylinder NOx production. Test results showed significant reductions in NOx and smoke emissions for HCCI combustion compared to diesel mode, along with generally higher hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions due to early fuel injection timing and fuel adhering to cylinder walls.
Combined numerical experimental study of dual fuel diesel engine to discuss t...Shans Shakkeer
It is my m.tech seminar presentation,on the basis of a study carried out by Carmelina Abagnale a, Maria Cristina Cameretti a,Luigi De Simio b, Michele Gambino b, Sabatino Iannaccone b, Raffaele Tuccillo ( Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy b Istituto Motori, C.N.R., Napoli, Italy ) were presented in 68th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2013, and Published by Elsevier ltd. in 2013
Genset Engine Development to Meet Current Emission Norms" (Conversion from CP...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance Analysis of Variable Compression Ratio Engine using DieselIDES Editor
1) An experimental investigation was conducted to analyze the performance of a variable compression ratio diesel engine at different compression ratios and loads.
2) The results showed that brake power was highest at a compression ratio of 17 and load of 7 kg. Specific fuel consumption was lowest at a compression ratio of 18 and load of 6 kg.
3) The optimum compression ratio was determined to be around 17.5 based on brake power, brake thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption. At this ratio, the engine showed better performance with higher efficiency and lower fuel consumption.
This document presents an experimental investigation on using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel in a spark ignition engine. A single cylinder four-stroke engine was modified to run on both gasoline and LPG. Tests were conducted to evaluate the engine's performance and exhaust emissions under different load conditions and compression ratios. The results showed that while LPG increased fuel consumption slightly compared to gasoline, it improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced exhaust emissions of CO, CO2, and unburnt hydrocarbons. Using LPG can thus provide environmental and performance benefits over gasoline in spark ignition engines.
Optimization of Operating Parameters on a Diesel Engine using Grey Relational...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experiment to optimize the operating parameters of a single cylinder diesel engine using Grey Relational Analysis. The performance and emissions of the engine were tested at various loads, fuel injection timings, and fuel injection pressures. Grey Relational Analysis and ANOVA were used to determine the optimal combination of operating parameters. The results showed that the optimal parameter combination was 18A load, 250 degrees bTDC injection timing, and 24 N/mm2 injection pressure. ANOVA analysis found that fuel injection pressure was the most significant factor, contributing 47% to the results.
Experimental Investigations of Exhaust Emissions of four Stroke SI Engine by ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Potential Use of LPG in A Medium Capacity Stationary HCCI EngineIJMER
This document summarizes an experimental study investigating the potential use of LPG as the primary fuel in a medium-capacity stationary HCCI engine. The researchers modified a diesel engine to operate in HCCI mode using LPG as the main fuel and a small pilot injection of diesel to control ignition timing. They evaluated the engine's performance and emissions when running on this LPG-diesel fuel combination across different loads. The results showed reductions in NOx emissions of over 40% at 40% load compared to normal diesel operation, though NOx increased at higher loads. The document concludes that LPG shows promise as an alternative fuel for diesel engines in HCCI mode after addressing the challenges of combustion control.
This document summarizes an experimental study investigating the potential use of LPG as the primary fuel in a medium-capacity stationary HCCI engine. The researchers modified a diesel engine to operate in HCCI mode using LPG as the main fuel and a small pilot injection of diesel to control ignition timing. They evaluated the engine's performance and emissions when running on this LPG-diesel fuel combination across different loads. The results showed reductions in NOx emissions of over 40% at 40% load compared to normal diesel operation, though NOx increased at higher loads. The document concludes that LPG shows promise as an alternative fuel for diesel engines in HCCI mode after addressing challenges of combustion control.
IRJET- Preliminary Optimization of Duel Fuel Engine using Dimethyl Ether Prem...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into using dimethyl ether (DME) as a fuel additive for diesel engines to help reduce emissions. Key points:
- DME is tested as a pilot fuel for port injection in a single-cylinder diesel engine, with diesel as the main fuel, in a "dual-fuel" configuration. This allows controlling the premixed fuel-air ratio to achieve premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI).
- Preliminary results show DME can significantly reduce particulate emissions from diesel engines compared to diesel alone. However, NOx emissions may increase and require optimization of injection timing.
- DME has advantages over diesel such as being less toxic and producing lower emissions during combustion.
Effect of Modified Design on Engine Fuel Efficiency IJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on improving internal combustion engine fuel efficiency through techniques like reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI). RCCI is a variant of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) that provides more control over the combustion process and has the potential to significantly increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. The document reviews experiments on RCCI using light-duty and heavy-duty engines operated on various fuels, finding that RCCI can achieve near-zero NOx and soot emissions while improving efficiency. However, challenges to implementing RCCI at a wide range of loads and controlling combustion phasing and emissions remain areas of ongoing research.
The document discusses the effect of varying piston bowl geometry and hydrogen addition on the performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine. Experiments were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with diesel alone and with hydrogen added at various flow rates. Two piston bowl geometries - hemispherical and toroidal - were tested. Results showed that adding hydrogen up to 6 L/min improved brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, heat release rate, and cylinder pressure compared to diesel alone. The toroidal piston bowl geometry further improved these parameters compared to the standard hemispherical geometry. Above 6 L/min hydrogen flow, knocking was observed due to higher combustion temperatures.
This document discusses the effect of injection timing and coolant temperatures on cold and hot engine startability and emissions in a DI diesel engine. Tests were conducted at four coolant temperatures (-10, 0, 25, 50°C) and four injection timings (12, 15, 20, 23° BTDC) to evaluate their impact. The results showed that increasing temperature significantly reduced starting time due to better fuel atomization and vaporization at higher combustion chamber temperatures. Emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide were extremely high during cold starting, particularly at -10°C, but decreased substantially with increasing temperature. Combustion instability and noise were also significant issues at low starting temperatures and retarded injection timings.
A study and analysis on hcci engine's inlet valveiaemedu
1. The document discusses a study and analysis of the inlet valve for an HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engine.
2. It aims to redesign the typical inlet valve through innovative design and new material composition to improve the overall performance, working life, and thermal conductivity of the component.
3. The redesigned inlet valve is analyzed using advanced CAD packages and the results show improvements in efficiency and reducing wear and tear on the valve contacting surfaces.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation and Pollution Emission Characteristics of Four ...IRJET Journal
The document evaluates the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from mustard oil. Biodiesel was produced through transesterification of mustard oil with methanol and potassium hydroxide. The engine was tested using blends of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% biodiesel with diesel. Key results found that brake thermal efficiency slightly increased with higher biodiesel content, while emissions of CO and NOx decreased and oxygen levels in the exhaust increased with higher biodiesel usage. Specific fuel consumption also decreased with increasing biodiesel percentage in the fuel blend.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
ABSTRACT: In this paper, the control scheme of a Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)–diesel dual-fuel engine with electronic
control is illustrated, the external characteristics and load characteristics of the LPG– diesel dual-fuel engine and the diesel
engine are compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that, compared with diesel, the output performance of
dual fuel is not reduced, while smoke emission of dual fuel is significantly reduced, NOx emission of dual fuel is hardly
changed, but HC emission and CO emission of dual fuel are increased and fuel consumption of dual fuel is reduced.
Keywords: LPG–Diesel dual fuel, electronic control, engine performance, pollutant emissions, fuel consumption
HCCI Engine Performance Evaluation Using FORTEReaction Design
This note describes how the FORTÉ Simulation Package can be used to include detailed chemistry in internal combustion engine simulations. The enhanced chemistry solution techniques in FORTÉ allow detailed chemistry to be efficiently included in the FORTÉ computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation. These enhancements allow designers to accurately predict ignition, emissions, combustion duration, and engine performance without sacrificing geometric fidelity and without compromising accuracy for solution efficiency.
The document investigates the effects of adding hydrogen to a diesel engine on performance and emissions. Hydrogen was added through the intake port of a four-cylinder diesel engine at rates of 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 liters per minute. Testing was conducted at 1800 RPM with engine loads of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Results showed that adding hydrogen increased brake thermal efficiency and decreased brake specific fuel consumption, due to improved mixture formation and the higher flame speed of hydrogen. Higher hydrogen addition of 0.80 lpm increased exhaust temperature and NOx emissions at higher loads. CO, UHC, and soot emissions significantly decreased with hydrogen addition at all loads.
1) The study investigated the effect of varying fuel injection pressure and timing on particulate size, number, surface area, and volume distributions in a single cylinder diesel engine.
2) Results showed that particulate concentration increased with engine load but decreased with higher fuel injection pressure, as higher pressure improved fuel-air mixing.
3) Advancing injection timing reduced particulate concentration at high injection pressure by allowing more time for oxidation, but had varying effects at low pressure due to competing effects on mixing time and droplet size.
The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fuel...iosrjce
The replacement of gasoline with ethanol is increased worldwide indicating the need to understand
the air quality impacts of this exchanging. In the recent study, variable experimental tests conducted to evaluate
the impacts of several ethanol-gasoline blends (E20, E50, and E80) on particulate matter (PM) and lead (Pb)
concentrations emitted from a four-stroke, single cylinder, water-cooled spark-ignition (SI) engine. PM and Pb
exhaust emissions measured and analyzed at variable engine operation parameters.
The emitted PM emissions reduced with increase concentration of ethanol in the blend. Compared to the
baseline gasoline (E0), E20 gave relatively lower reductions in PM emissions, while E50 and E80 both reduced
PM emissions under the conditions studied. Ethanol was observed to impact Pb emissions depending on the
ethanol share in the blend
Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & EthanolIJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like ethanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide range
of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates Ethanol as a diesel engine fuel. The
objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin
cylinder diesel engine that are using Ethanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available
in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyze
the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail
studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started.
Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have
been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel
engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was
adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and emissions at zero
load & full load with the fuel of Ethanol. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using 100% Ethanol.
By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Diesel engine is able to
run with Ethanol but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by Ethanol and
finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the
engine using Ethanol fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results
of Ethanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
This document summarizes an experimental study of a modified diesel engine operating in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion mode compared to the original diesel combustion mode. The study found that HCCI combustion provided very low NOx and soot emissions but had challenges with hydrocarbon emissions, fuel consumption, ignition timing control, and performance at high loads. Cooled exhaust gas recirculation was used to control in-cylinder NOx production. Test results showed significant reductions in NOx and smoke emissions for HCCI combustion compared to diesel mode, along with generally higher hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions due to early fuel injection timing and fuel adhering to cylinder walls.
Combined numerical experimental study of dual fuel diesel engine to discuss t...Shans Shakkeer
It is my m.tech seminar presentation,on the basis of a study carried out by Carmelina Abagnale a, Maria Cristina Cameretti a,Luigi De Simio b, Michele Gambino b, Sabatino Iannaccone b, Raffaele Tuccillo ( Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy b Istituto Motori, C.N.R., Napoli, Italy ) were presented in 68th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2013, and Published by Elsevier ltd. in 2013
Genset Engine Development to Meet Current Emission Norms" (Conversion from CP...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance Analysis of Variable Compression Ratio Engine using DieselIDES Editor
1) An experimental investigation was conducted to analyze the performance of a variable compression ratio diesel engine at different compression ratios and loads.
2) The results showed that brake power was highest at a compression ratio of 17 and load of 7 kg. Specific fuel consumption was lowest at a compression ratio of 18 and load of 6 kg.
3) The optimum compression ratio was determined to be around 17.5 based on brake power, brake thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption. At this ratio, the engine showed better performance with higher efficiency and lower fuel consumption.
This document presents an experimental investigation on using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel in a spark ignition engine. A single cylinder four-stroke engine was modified to run on both gasoline and LPG. Tests were conducted to evaluate the engine's performance and exhaust emissions under different load conditions and compression ratios. The results showed that while LPG increased fuel consumption slightly compared to gasoline, it improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced exhaust emissions of CO, CO2, and unburnt hydrocarbons. Using LPG can thus provide environmental and performance benefits over gasoline in spark ignition engines.
Optimization of Operating Parameters on a Diesel Engine using Grey Relational...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experiment to optimize the operating parameters of a single cylinder diesel engine using Grey Relational Analysis. The performance and emissions of the engine were tested at various loads, fuel injection timings, and fuel injection pressures. Grey Relational Analysis and ANOVA were used to determine the optimal combination of operating parameters. The results showed that the optimal parameter combination was 18A load, 250 degrees bTDC injection timing, and 24 N/mm2 injection pressure. ANOVA analysis found that fuel injection pressure was the most significant factor, contributing 47% to the results.
Experimental Investigations of Exhaust Emissions of four Stroke SI Engine by ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Potential Use of LPG in A Medium Capacity Stationary HCCI EngineIJMER
This document summarizes an experimental study investigating the potential use of LPG as the primary fuel in a medium-capacity stationary HCCI engine. The researchers modified a diesel engine to operate in HCCI mode using LPG as the main fuel and a small pilot injection of diesel to control ignition timing. They evaluated the engine's performance and emissions when running on this LPG-diesel fuel combination across different loads. The results showed reductions in NOx emissions of over 40% at 40% load compared to normal diesel operation, though NOx increased at higher loads. The document concludes that LPG shows promise as an alternative fuel for diesel engines in HCCI mode after addressing the challenges of combustion control.
This document summarizes an experimental study investigating the potential use of LPG as the primary fuel in a medium-capacity stationary HCCI engine. The researchers modified a diesel engine to operate in HCCI mode using LPG as the main fuel and a small pilot injection of diesel to control ignition timing. They evaluated the engine's performance and emissions when running on this LPG-diesel fuel combination across different loads. The results showed reductions in NOx emissions of over 40% at 40% load compared to normal diesel operation, though NOx increased at higher loads. The document concludes that LPG shows promise as an alternative fuel for diesel engines in HCCI mode after addressing challenges of combustion control.
IRJET- Preliminary Optimization of Duel Fuel Engine using Dimethyl Ether Prem...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into using dimethyl ether (DME) as a fuel additive for diesel engines to help reduce emissions. Key points:
- DME is tested as a pilot fuel for port injection in a single-cylinder diesel engine, with diesel as the main fuel, in a "dual-fuel" configuration. This allows controlling the premixed fuel-air ratio to achieve premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI).
- Preliminary results show DME can significantly reduce particulate emissions from diesel engines compared to diesel alone. However, NOx emissions may increase and require optimization of injection timing.
- DME has advantages over diesel such as being less toxic and producing lower emissions during combustion.
Advanced fuel injector design and modelling in IC engines to reduce exhaust g...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed new design for a fuel injector to improve air-fuel mixing and reduce emissions in diesel engines. Key points:
- The new design aims to spread fuel more uniformly throughout the combustion chamber by converting the linear motion of the injector plunger into rotational motion, causing the fuel to be sprinkled and form a swirling pattern for better mixing.
- Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using ANSYS Fluent were performed to model and compare air-fuel mixing with the new design versus a conventional injector.
- The simulations showed the new design improved the equivalence ratio distribution and reduced emissions like NOx, CO and HC compared to the normal injector, demonstrating its potential
This document provides a review of variable compression ratio (VCR) engine technology. It discusses how VCR engines can improve performance, efficiency, and reduce emissions by allowing the compression ratio to vary based on operating conditions. Several approaches for achieving VCR are described, including moving the crankshaft axis, modifying connecting rod geometry, moving the cylinder head, and varying combustion chamber volume or piston deck height. The document evaluates the advantages and challenges of different VCR approaches.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF SINGLE CYL...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine with a modified piston.
The researchers created a modified piston with two cutouts and two protrusions to improve swirl and fuel-air mixing. Testing showed that the modified piston enhanced brake thermal efficiency and increased emissions like CO and HC at higher loads compared to a regular piston, due to a richer air-fuel mixture.
Emissions of NOx and O2 were lower for the modified piston engine, while other emissions like CO2 were similar between engines. The modified piston had little impact on brake thermal efficiency and fuel consumption compared to a conventional diesel engine.
Variable compression ratio (vcr) engine a reviewprjpublications
This document summarizes various approaches to achieving variable compression ratio (VCR) in automobile engines. It discusses 6 main approaches: 1) Moving the crankshaft axis, 2) Modifying the connecting rod geometry, 3) Moving the cylinder head, 4) Using a secondary piston or valve to vary combustion chamber volume, 5) Varying the piston deck height, and 6) Moving the crankpins. Benefits of VCR engines include improved efficiency, reduced emissions, and fuel flexibility. However, commercial barriers remain due to increased complexity and changes required to the base engine architecture.
An Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions of LPG as Dual Fue...IJERA Editor
The usage of diesel engine generating set (Gen set) increasing day by day where the places without connection
to power grid or emergency power supply when the grid fails. Worldwide dual fuel engines are becoming
popular because of high performance and low emissions. LPG with diesel is a proven technology in case of
vehicles, but in diesel engine power plants it is far so.
The proposed work is concentrated on higher load of Diesel Engine Generator with LPG as dual fuel by keeping
environmental concern. A test is conducted on performance of engine along with emissions at different
proportions of Diesel and LPG including 100% diesel. An experimental set up is made with simple
modifications on existing genset to supply LPG as secondary fuel into Diesel.
This document provides an overview of direct fuel injection in two-stroke petrol engines. It discusses how direct fuel injection allows for proper fuel-air mixing, improved combustion control, lower emissions, and increased power output compared to carbureted two-stroke engines. Direct injection enables different combustion modes like ultra-lean burn that improve fuel efficiency. The advantages of direct injection in two-stroke engines include reduced weight, simpler design, lower emissions due to precise fuel control, and higher efficiency through optimal fuel usage.
IRJET- Study of Performance and Emission Analysis of Hydrogen-Diesel Duel Fue...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance and emissions of a hydrogen-diesel dual fuel engine. The study was conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with both hydrogen, injected into the intake manifold, and diesel fuel. The experiments were performed across a range of engine speeds. The results showed reductions in unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions with the addition of hydrogen. Hydrogen is considered a promising alternative fuel due to its clean burning properties and ability to reduce harmful emissions when used in combination with diesel fuel in a compression ignition engine.
Simulation of Suction & Compression Process with Delayed Entry Technique Usin...AM Publications
The rapidly increasing worldwide demand for energy and the progressive depletion of fossil fuels has led to an
intensive research for alternative fuels which can be produced on a renewable basis. Hydrogen in the form of energy will almost
certainly be one of the most important energy components of the early next century. Hydrogen is a clean burning and easily
transportable fuel. Most of the pollution problems posed by fossil fuels at present would practically disappear with Hydrogen
since steam is the main product of its combustion. This Paper deals with the modeling of Suction and Compression Processes for
Hydrogen Fuelled S.I.Engine and also describes the safe and backfire free Delayed entry Technique. A four stroke,
Multicylinder, Naturally aspirated, Spark ignition engine, water cooled engine has been used to carrying out of investigations of
Suction Process. The Hydrogen is entered in the cylinder with the help of Delayed Entry Valve. This work discusses the insight
of suction process because during this process only air and Hydrogen enters in to cylinder, which after combustion provides
power. Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and conduction experiment with it, for the purpose of
understanding the behavior of the design. The advent of computers and the possibilities of performing numerical experiments
may provide new way of designing S.I.Engine. In fact stronger interaction between Engine Modelers, Designers and
Experimenters may results in improved engine design in the not-to-distant future. A computer Programme is developed for
analysis of suction and Compression processes. The parameter considered in computation includes engine speed, compression
ratio, ignition timing, fuel-air ratio and heat transfer. The results of computational exercise are discussed in the paper.
Effect Of Compression Ratio On The Performance Of Diesel Engine At Different ...IJERA Editor
Variable compression ratio (VCR) technology has long been recognized as a method for improving the
automobile engine performance, efficiency, fuel economy with reduced emission. The main feature of the VCR
engine is to operate at different compression ratio, by changing the combustion chamber volume, depending on
the vehicle performance needs .The need to improve the performance characteristics of the IC Engine has
necessitated the present research. Increasing the compression ratio to improve on the performance is an option.
The compression ratio is a factor that influences the performance characteristics of internal combustion engines.
This work is an experimental investigation of the influence of the compression ratio on the brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure and specific fuel consumption of the Kirloskar variable
compression ratio duel fuel engine. Compression Ratios of 14, 15, 16 and 18 and engine loads of 3kg to 12 kg,
in increments of 3kg, were utilized for Diesel.
CONVERSION OF PETROL BIKE INTO LPG AND EMISSION CHECK IAEME Publication
An attempt has been made in this project to use alternative fuel in four stroke engine to increase the efficiency. Our fore most aim in selecting this project is to use non conventional fuel against conventional fuel which is becoming scarce and costly now days. With this air is less polluted than conventional fuels.
Compression Ignition Engine Performance Analysis at High Altitude Using Compu...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the performance analysis of a turbo compression ignition engine model at high altitudes up to 6000 meters using computational simulation techniques. A 1D engine model is created in AVL Boost software and simulated at sea level and various altitudes using different fuels. The results show a decrease in engine power and torque with increasing altitude due to lower atmospheric pressure and oxygen content. Power loss is around 25% at 4000 meters and 35% at 6000 meters compared to sea level. Fuel consumption also increases at higher altitudes. Using methane fuel improves performance compared to diesel but power loss still occurs with increasing altitude.
This document provides a review of the Homogenous Charged Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine. It discusses the history and development of HCCI engines, which were first discovered as an alternative to two-stroke engines. HCCI engines have the potential for lower emissions and improved fuel efficiency compared to traditional spark ignition and compression ignition engines. However, controlling the autoignition of the premixed fuel-air charge across different operating conditions is challenging. The document outlines several combustion challenges for HCCI engines, including controlling the combustion phase, limited operating range, preparing a homogeneous fuel-air charge, cold starting issues, and high hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. It then discusses various control strategies that have been explored
Study of cold_starting_problem_in_scooty (1)Sahir Momin
This document discusses studying the cold starting problem in Scooty Pep+ vehicles. It aims to reduce cold start emissions and improve combustion. The literature review found that cold starts account for a large percentage of vehicle emissions and engine efficiency is lower when cold. Modifying the engine and using a thermal storage system integrated with the catalytic converter could help warm components faster and maintain the converter temperature, reducing cold start emissions by around 20-25%. The project objectives are to evaluate Scooty Pep+'s cold start performance, identify emissions, modify equipment to improve combustion characteristics, and reevaluate performance.
Diesel Engine CFD Simulations: Investigation of Time Step on the Combustion P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of the effects of time step size on diesel combustion and emissions in a single cylinder research engine. The study developed a CFD model to simulate the combustion of n-heptane injected at top dead center (TDC) using ANSYS Fluent. It evaluated time steps of 5 crank angle degrees corresponding to injection durations of 0.0005 seconds. The results showed that heat transfer from the piston and cylinder head significantly affected combustion temperatures due to cooling of the fuel-air mixture.
IRJET- Analysis of I.C. Engine to Improve Performance due to Grooves on E...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes modifications to an internal combustion engine cylinder head to improve performance. The researchers created grooves in different configurations on the cylinder head of a single cylinder petrol engine. Experiments were conducted to analyze the effects on performance parameters like brake power, fuel consumption, and emissions. Results showed that the modified cylinder heads with grooves improved fuel economy, increased power and torque, enhanced combustion, reduced emissions, and allowed the engine to run cooler compared to the conventional cylinder head. Therefore, grooves on the cylinder head can effectively improve engine performance.
The document discusses the influence of injection timing on the performance of a dual fuel compression ignition engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Key findings from experiments conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine retrofitted to run on diesel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) include: 1) Brake thermal efficiency is highest at an intermediate LPG flow rate of 0.5kg/hr due to better combustion; 2) EGR reduces brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature by lowering combustion temperatures; 3) NOx emissions decrease with increased EGR as EGR lowers peak combustion temperatures. Smoke and hydrocarbon emissions increase with EGR due to reduced oxygen.
IRJET - Recent Trends in Internal Combustion EngineIRJET Journal
This document discusses recent trends in internal combustion engines. It begins with an overview of internal combustion engines, noting their intermittent combustion and use of the combustion products as the working medium. It then discusses some key trends, including increased use of direct injection, variable valve timing, turbocharging and hybrid electric powertrains. The document outlines several common fuel injection systems like multi-point fuel injection and common rail direct injection. It discusses how these technologies improve power, efficiency and emissions. In summary, the document provides an overview of internal combustion engine technology and discusses trends toward more efficient systems incorporating technologies like direct injection and hybridization.
Similar to History of gasoline direct compression ignition (gdci) engine a review (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
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Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
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Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
History of gasoline direct compression ignition (gdci) engine a review
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HISTORY OF GASOLINE DIRECT COMPRESSION IGNITION (GDCI)
ENGINE- A REVIEW
MeisamAhmadiGhadikolaei
Department of Mechanical Engineering, A. M. U., Aligarh, U. P., India
Abstract
The first single-cylinder gasoline direct compression ignition (GDCI) engine was designed and built in 2010 by Delphi Companyfor
testing performance, emissions and Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Then after achieving the good results in performance,
emissions and BSFCfrom single-cylinder engine, multi-cylinder GDCI engine was built in 2013. The compression ignition engine has
limitations such as high noise, weight, PM and NOX emissions compared to gasoline engine. But the high efficiency, torque and better
fuel economy of compression ignition engine are the reasons of Delphi Company to use compression ignition strategy for building a
new combustion system. The objective of the present review study involves the reasons of building of the GDCI engine in detail.
Keywords: Delphi Company,Emissions, Multi-Cylinder GDCI engine andSingle-CylinderGDCI Engine.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Gasoline Direct Compression Ignition
(GDCI) Engine
Near-term regulations (Tier2 Bin 5/Bin 2 and Euro 6) for
Corporate Average Fuel Economy(CAFE), CO2 emissions
and regulated emissions including NOX, CO, HC, and
particulate matter (PM) are demanding advanced internal
combustion (IC) engines with greatly improved combustion
processes. While diesel engines are already very efficient, they
are challenged in the US to meet future emissions standards at
reasonable cost. Gasoline engines are preferred by customers
in the US, but the efficiency of gasoline engines is relatively
low. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)
gasoline engines are dual-mode engines that utilize HCCI
mode over a very limited low-load operating range. HCCI
involves early injection and mixing of fuel such that
subsequent compression of the mixture will cause auto
ignition near or after top dead center. HCCI is very difficult to
control in a practical vehicle application and is subject to
misfires and high combustion noise. This requires advanced
combustion feedback control including cylinder pressure
sensing. While more efficient and lower emissions when in
HCCI mode, the net efficiency on a drive cycle is only a few
percent better than a stoichiometric SI engine with variable
valve actuation. Current HCCI developments include GDI
(gasoline direct injection), EGR, and turbocharging to extend
load range; however, because HCCI engines require dual
mode operation, they are limited by lower compression ratios
associated with conventional gasoline engines. HCCI engines
will likely see continued technical challenges. New
technology is needed to greatly increase the efficiency of
gasoline engines while maintaining low emissions and low
cost. Therefore Gasoline Direct Injection Compression
Ignition (GDCI) is a new combustion system that overcomes
many of the fundamental limitations of other diesel and
gasoline engines. GDCI provides the high efficiency of
conventional diesel engines with unleaded regular gasoline.
Compared to diesel fuel, gasoline has much higher volatility
and longer ignition delay, which are key enablers to a partially
premixed compression ignition combustion process. An
important outcome is that gasoline can be injected late on the
compression stroke at GDI-like fuel pressure (100 to 500 bar)
to achieve a sufficiently premixed charge [1].
1.2 History of First GDCI Engine
In 2010, The US Department of Energy (DOE) selected
Delphi, along with partners Hyundai America Technical
Center (HATCI), Wisconsin Engine Research Consultants
(WERC) and the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW) for
a $7.48-million grant to develop and to demonstrate a new
high-efficiency vehicle concept. A key strategy for achieving
the project goals is the further development of a new low-
temperature combustion system, gasoline direct-injection
compression-ignition (GDCI).
Mark Sellnau, Engineering Manager of Advanced Powertrain
Technology at Delphi Powertrain, on the progress with GDCI
at both the SAE 2012 High Efficiency IC Engines Symposium
and the SAE 2012 World Congress in Detroit reported that
GDCI, a low-temperature combustion (LTC) process for
gasoline partially premixed compression ignition (PPCI), has
been under consideration and development for about 5 years
(Fig. 1), with efforts predating the 2010 DOE funding. Phase I
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of the project concentrates on fuel efficiency improvements
using EMS, GDI, and advanced valve-train products in
combination with technologies to reduce friction and parasitic
losses. Phase II of the project will develop and demonstrate
improved thermal efficiency from in-cylinder combustion with
gasoline direct compression ignition. GDCI uses a high
compression ratio with multiple late injection(MLI) - similar
to diesel - along with intake boost and moderate EGR for high
efficiency with low NOX and PM over the entire speed-load
map. The relatively long ignition delay and high volatility of
pump gasoline combined with an advanced injection system
and variable valve actuation provides controlled mixture
stratification for low combustion noise [2].
Fig -1: Delphi Scheduled Time Table for Producing Multi-
Cylinder GDCI Engine in 2012[3]
Fig -2: Single-Cylinder GDCI (Hydra) Test Engine [4]
Delphi team reported that among the objectives of the work
reported in the paper [5] were 1) to determine the best
injection strategies for low NOX and PM using low-to-
moderate injection pressures; and 2) to evaluate an engine
concept for full-time operation over the speed-load map from
idle to full load. Use of variable valve lift profiles was
instrumental in enabling full-time GDCI operation. The team
developed and tested five different injectors.
Fig -3: Single-Cylinder Engine Test Results with one of the
Five Injectors for 1500 rpm-2bar IMEP, 1500 rpm-3bar IMEP,
and 1500 rpm-6bar IMEP [5]
Sellnau reported results derived from testing on a single-
cylinder research engine as shown in Fig. 2. The cylinder head
of the Ricardo Hydra light-duty single-cylinder engine has
four-valves with double-overhead camshafts and central
injection. The aluminum cylinder head is rated at 200 bar peak
cylinder pressure (PCP). For all tests, intake air temperature
was 50 C.
He also explained the experiments and results as follows:
At a low-load condition of 1500 rpm-2 bar IMEP, Delphi
used a secondary-exhaust-valve-lift event to rebreathe hot
exhaust gas and promote auto-ignition. A “BDC” (Bottom
Dead Center) intake cam was also used to maximize the
effective compression ratio. Even though heat losses
increased somewhat due to the rebreathing, they obtained
good indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) of about
230 g/kWh, stable combustion, and exhaust port
temperatures of about 250 C.
At a medium-load condition of 1500 rpm-6 bar IMEP,
injector developments combined with a MLI strategy
(triple) and low swirl produced the best ISFC and lowest
smoke. The most advanced injector design did not require
swirl to achieve very low smoke and NOX levels.
Measurements of exhaust particulate size distribution
showed that very low PM emissions could be obtained
with this combustion system.
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Fig -4: KIVA Simulation of Triple Injection Process.The
Piston is seen rising in each frame [5]
At higher loads, late intake valve closing was used to
reduce cylinder pressure and temperature, and increase
ignition delay. Delphi obtained a minimum ISFC of 181
g/kWh. Combustion noise, maximum pressure rise rate,
and ringing intensity were in acceptable ranges, however,
the correlation among these noise parameters was poor.
For IMEP from 2 to 18 bar, engine-out NOX and PM
emissions were below targets of 0.2 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN,
respectively, indicating that after-treatment for these
species may be reduced or eliminated.
Measurements of exhaust particulate size distribution
indicated very low particle count, especially for a
preferred injector with low levels of in-cylinder swirl.
Overall, single-cylinder engine tests of a GDCI combustion
system indicate good potential for a high- efficiency, low-
emissions powertrain. Additional testing and development on
a multi-cylinder engine is needed, including cold-starting and
transient operation.
Sellnau said that a modeled 1.8L GDCI engine for vehicle
simulations showed large regions with fuel consumption of
less than 190 g/kWh: loads of 6-20 bar, and speeds of 1800-
3500 rpm. Applied in a mid-size passenger car, such an engine
could potentially (without optimization or with a start-stop
system, although with variation of gear ratios and shift
schedules ) deliver 60% improvement in city driving fuel
economy, and 40% on US06, for a combined fuel economy
improvement of about 51%. Finally in 2013, first phase is
completed (Fig. 5) and Delphi made a multi-cylinder GDCI
engine in as shown in Fig. 6.
Fig -5: First Phase was completed by Delphi in 2013 [6]
Fig -6: Multi-Cylinder GDCI Engine was made by Delphi in
2013 [6]
Specifications of multi-cylinder GDCI engine are as
follows:
1.8L inline 4 cylinder
4 valves per cylinder
14.8:1 Geometric compression ratio
Central-mounted DI Injector
DOHC fully flexible valve-train
Variable geometry turbocharger, supercharger and two
intercoolers
Cooled EGR
87 Octane E10 Gasoline
Preliminary, non-optimized Multi-cylinder Engine (MCE)
and Single Cylinder Engine (SCE) results (2000 rpm-11bar)
are shown in Fig. 7.
Fig -7: MCE Tests vs. SCE Results (2000 rpm-11bar) [6]
1.3 GDCI engine concept
The GDCI engine concept features high compression ratios
(CR) and lean mixtures for ultra-high efficiency. Fuel is
injected into a centrally-mounted piston bowl at high cylinder
pressure and temperature late on the compression stroke. No
fuel is injected during the intake stroke. The fuel and air
rapidly mix and compression ignite in a controlled heat release
process. As opposed to HCCI engines, the mixture is
intentionally stratified. Because the fuel is injected late into a
centrally-located piston bowl, no fuel enters the piston top-
land and very high combustion efficiencies are possible.
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Because of late injection, no end-gas exists, and classic
combustion knock is not possible. Classic SI pre-ignition is
also not possible. GDCI utilizes low temperature combustion
(LTC) to reduce both NOX and PM emissions simultaneously.
Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) dilutes the mixture,
increases the ignition delay period, and slows heat release
rates for low combustion noise. Due to low charge
temperatures, heat transfer during the cycle can be reduced for
high cycle efficiency [1].
A schematic of the GDCI engine concept is shown in Fig. 8.
The injector is central mounted with a symmetrical chamber
and piston bowl. The engine is operated un-throttled and
diluted with excess air or EGR, depending on load. The
absence of classic knock and pre-ignition makes this concept a
good choice for aggressive down-sizing, down-speeding, and
boosting.
Fig -8: GDCI Engine Concept [4]
The GDCI injection strategy is central to the overall GDCI
concept and is depicted in the Ø-T diagram shown in Fig. 9.
The contours in Fig. 9 show simulated CO emissions
concentration. The injection process involves one, two, or
three injections during the compression stroke and are shown
as Q1, Q2, and Q3 in Fig. 9. Each injection begins in the upper
left of the Ø-T diagram (liquid) and vaporizes and mixes
quickly to phi less than 2 by start of combustion. Wall wetting
is minimized and fuel is kept away from cold zones such as
the piston top-land and cylinder liner that may impede full
oxidation. The fuel-air mixture must be stratified at the time
combustion begins to achieve stable ignition and controlled
heat release. To achieve low NOX and low PM emissions
simultaneously, combustion must occur “in the green box”
shown in Fig. 9 (away from soot and NOX formation regions).
To also avoid CO emissions, which can compromise
efficiency, combustion must occur in the region 0<Ø<1 with
1300<T<2200 degrees K. A primary attribute of this injection
strategy is low fuel injection pressure.
Fig -9: GDCI Injection Strategy Depicted on Ø-T Diagram
with CO Concentration [4]
The efficiency mechanism for diesel, GDCI and SI engines
are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Efficiency Mechanism for Diesel, GDCI and SI
Engines [6].
2. RESULTS REVIEW OF SINGLE AND MULTI-
CYLINDER OF GDCI ENGINE PERFORMANCES
Before Delphi Corporation, many research works were
performed by using gasoline fuel in compression engine. But
those works were investigated in the format of direct injection
compression ignition (DICI), homogeneous charge
compression ignition (HCCI) and partially premixed
compression ignition (PPCI) engines. The researchers who
had done the works are listed as follows: Kalghatgiet. al. [7],
[8], [9] and [10], Johansson (Lund University) et. al. [11],
[12], [13] and [14], Weall [15], Reitzet. al. [16], [17], [18],
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[19] and [20], Ciattiet. al. [21] and [22], and Yang [23]. In
addition a groups at the University of Wisconsin [24] and [25]
has also tested gasoline fuels in diesel engines.
2.1 Delphi Corporation et. al. [26]
In this work, a single-cylinder Hydra engine with Multiple-
Injection strategy was used to study the potential of a high-
efficiency combustion concept called gasoline direct injection
compression-ignition (GDCI). It was reported that this
combustion strategy benefits from the relatively long ignition
delay and high volatility of regular unleaded gasoline fuel. It
was also found that a triple-injection strategy with optimized
injection timings and quantities produced the best fuel
economy and duration of burn is shorter than both single-
injection and double-injection. The triple-injection strategy
enabled use of the lowest injection pressures compared to both
single-injection and double-injection strategies.
Fig. 10 shows a comparison between GDCI and diesel at the 6
bar IMEP - 1500 rpm test condition reported in this study.
Triple injection GDCI has about 9.5% better mass-specific
fuel consumption and about 8% better indicated thermal
efficiency than the diesel. However, because the diesel fuel
has higher energy density than the gasoline used in these tests,
GDCI has lower volumetric-specific fuel consumption than
the diesel (4.5 %). Indicated specific mass CO2 emissions are
shown in the bars on the right side in Fig. 10. GDCI has
approximately 14 percent lower CO2 emissions on this basis.
Fig -10: Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions Comparison;
Triple-Injection GDCI vs. Diesel [26]
Using single-cylinder test results, brake specific fuel
consumption (BSFC) for a multi-cylinder GDCI engine was
estimated and then compared to data for various engine types
as show in Fig. 11. The Volkswagen Jetta 2.01 turbo-diesel
has BSFC of 250 g/kW-h [27]; a homogeneous gasoline
direct-injected spark ignited engine [28] has BSFC of about
255; the Daimler 3.5L V6 spray-stratified engine [29] has
BSFC of about 247; and a gasoline spark-ignited engine with
increased cooled EGR [30] has BSFC of about 245 g/kW-h.
The estimated BSFC for a multi-cylinder GDCI engine is
about 210 g/kW-h or about 16 percent less than the Jetta
diesel. This indicates that, at this important part-load operating
condition, GDCI has good fuel economy potential.
Fig -11: BSFC Comparison at 1500 rpm - 5 bar BMEP. GDCI
BSFC Estimated from Single-Cylinder Engine Testing [26]
2.2 Delphi Corporation et. al. [5]
A single cylinder (GDCI) ignition combustion system was
developed using RON 91 gasoline at low-to-moderate
injection pressure. Fuel injection and valve-train technologies
were key enablers. Low temperature combustion was
demonstrated from 2 to 18 bar IMEP with diesel-like
efficiency, NOX less than 0.2 g/kWh, and PM emissions less
than 0.1 FSN. Results suggest that after-treatment for NOX
and PM might be reduced or possibly eliminated, depending
on legislated limits.
At low load condition of 1500 rpm-2 bar IMEP; a secondary-
exhaust-valve-lift event was used to rebreathe hot exhaust gas
and promote auto-ignition. A “BDC” intake cam was also
used to maximize effective compression ratio. Even though
heat losses increased somewhat due to rebreathing, good ISFC
of about 230 g/kWh, stable combustion, and exhaust port
temperatures of about 250 C were obtained.
At medium load condition of 1500 rpm-6 bar IMEP, injector
developments combined with a multiple-late injection strategy
(triple) and low swirl produced the best ISFC and lowest
smoke. The most advanced injector design, injector E, did not
require swirl to achieve very low smoke and NOX levels.
Measurements of exhaust particulate size distribution showed
that very low PM emissions could be obtained with this
combustion system.
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At higher loads, late intake valve closing was used to reduce
cylinder pressure and temperature, and increase ignition delay.
Minimum ISFC of 181 g/kWh was obtained. Combustion
noise, maximum pressure rise rate, and ringing intensity were
in acceptable ranges, however, the correlation among these
noise parameters was poor. Combustion noise measured by an
AVL Combustion Noise Meter was chosen for optimization
studies.
Overall, single-cylinder engine tests of a GDCI combustion
system indicate good potential for a high efficiency, low-
emissions powertrain. Additional testing and development on
a multi-cylinder engine is needed, including cold-starting and
transient operation.
2.3 Delphi Powertrain et. al. [4]
A multi-cylinder engine (MCE) GDCI engine was compared
with single-cylinder engine. The MC engine is a 1.8L four-
cylinder engine with 4-valves-per-cylinder and a central-
mounted injector. A piston design based on single-cylinder
tests was incorporated in the multi-cylinder engine. The boost
system architecture is comprised of a variable geometry
turbocharger, a supercharger, and two intercoolers. The EGR
system is a compact, low-pressure system with an EGR cooler.
Preliminary tests were conducted at 2000rpm-11bar IMEP
under conditions very similar to those used for single-cylinder
engine (SCE) tests. Both the MCE and SCE were tested using
Shell E10 gasoline. Tests for the MCE were simple parametric
tests and are not considered optimized results. Individual-
cylinder data was recorded, averaged, and presented as engine
average data. Test results comparing the multi-cylinder engine
to the single-cylinder engine are shown in Fig. 12. Overall,
results are reasonably comparable for the two engines. ISFC
was 175 and 172 g/kWh for the MCE and SCE, respectively.
Combustion characteristics were somewhat different for the
two engines with significantly longer 10-90 burn duration and
somewhat later combustion phasing for the MCE. Combustion
noise for the MCE was 88 dB and slightly lower than both the
target and SCE results. Maximum pressure rise rate was also
somewhat lower for the MCE.
NOX and smoke emissions were well below targets for both
engines (Fig. 13). While CO emissions were comparable, HC
emissions for the MCE were high for this initial build. Such
high levels are not believed to be typical and are being
investigated for root cause. The higher HC for the MCE is
reflected in lower combustion efficiency relative to SCE
results.
Fig -12: Preliminary Combustion Test Results for GDCI
Multi-Cylinder Engine Compared to Single-Cylinder Engine
at 2000 rpm-11bar IMEP [4]
Fig -13: Preliminary emissions test results for GDCI multi-
cylinder engine compared to single-cylinder engine at 2000
rpm-11bar IMEP [4]
It was also detailed heat release and efficiency loss analyses
were performed to understand the fundamental processes
involved in GDCI combustion. Heat losses and combustion
losses were both very low, and contributed to indicated
thermal efficiencies of approximately 47%. Losses associated
with CO and HC emissions were higher than desired and are
strong candidates for near term work.
CONCLUSIONS
The present review study has investigated that the GDCI
engine was built in 2013 due to disadvantage of compression
ignition (diesel) engine (high PM and NOX emissions) and
advantages of gasoline engines (low PM and NOX emissions).
The compression ignition engine has limitations such as high
noise, weight, PM and NOX emissions compared to gasoline
engine. But the high efficiency, torque and better fuel
economy of compression ignition engine are the reasons of
Delphi Company to use compression ignition strategy for
building a new combustion system. The GDCI is a new
combustion system that overcomes many of the fundamental
limitations of diesel and gasoline engines. The GDCI provides
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the high efficiency of conventional diesel engines with
unleaded regular gasoline.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Author is thankful to Prof. Khalid Zaidi (Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim
University,Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh,India) for his counsel and
guidance during progress of the review work.
NOMENCLATURES
BDC Bottom Dead Center
CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy
CE percent Combustion Efficiency
CNL dBA Combustion Noise Level
CO g/kW-h Carbon Monoxide Emissions
DoE Design of Experiments
DOE Department of Energy
EGR percent by Exhaust Gas Recirculation
mass
FSN Filtered Smoke Number
GDCI Gasoline Direct Injection
Compression Ignition
GDI Gasoline Direct Injection
HATC Hyundai America Technical Center
HC g/kW-h Hydrocarbon Emissions
HCCI Homogeneous Charge
Compression Ignition
HD Heavy Duty
IMEP bar Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
ISCO g/kW-h Indicated Specific Carbon
Monoxide Emissions
ISCO2 g/kW-h Indicated Specific Carbon
Dioxide Emissions
ISFC g/kW-h Indicated Specific Fuel
Consumption
ISHC g/kW-h Indicated Specific
Hydrocarbon Emissions
ISNOx g/kW-h Indicated Specific Nitrous
Oxide Emissions
LD Light Duty
LTC Low Temperature Combustion
MCE Multi-Cylinder Engine
MHRR J/CAD Max Heat Release Rate
MLI Multiple Late Injection
NOX Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions
PCP bar Peak cylinder pressure
PHI (Ø) Equivalence Ratio
Ping bar Injection Pressure
PM Particulate Matter
PPCI Partially Premixed
Compression Ignition
Prail bar Rail Pressure
PW ms Pulse Width
Q mm3 Quantity Injected
Q% percent Quantity Injected as Percent
of Total Fuel
RPM rev/min Revolutions per Minute
SCE Single Cylinder Engine
SI Spark Ignited
SOC crank degrees Start of Combustion
SOI crank degrees Start of Injection
TDC Top Dead Center
UW University of Wisconsin-Madison
WERC Wisconsin Engine Research
Consultants
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of Fuels with High Resistance to Auto-Ignition in Late-
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9. G. Kalghatgi, P. Risberg, and H. Angström, Partially Pre-
Mixed Auto-Ignition of Gasoline to Attain Low Smoke
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10. G. Kalghatgi, Low NOx and Low Smoke Operation of a
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12. V. Manente, B. Johansson, and P. Tunestal, Half Load
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Technical Conference, ICES2009-76165, 2009.
14. V. Manente, P. Tunestal, B. Johansson, and W. Cannella,
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15. A. Weall, and N. Collings, Gasoline Fuelled Partially
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18. A. Dempsey, and R. Reitz, Computational Optimization
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with Conventional Gasoline, SAE Int. J. Engines,
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19. Y. Ra, P. Loeper, R. Reitz, and M. Andrie, Study of High
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21. S. Ciatti, and S. Subramanian, An Experimental
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ASME International Combustion Engine Division
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22. D. Adhikary, Y. Ra, R. Reitz, and S.Ciatti, Numerical
Optimization of a Light-Duty Compression Ignition
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01-1336, 2012.
23. H. Yang, S. Shuai, Z. Wang, and J. Wang, High
Efficiency and Low Pollutants Combustion: Gasoline
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01-0382, 2012.
24. R. Hansen, D. Splitter, and R. Reitz, Operating a Heavy-
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25. S. Kokjohn, R. Hanson, D. Splitter, and R. Reitz,
Experiments and Modeling of Dual Fuel HCCI and PCCI
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2009.
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Diesel-like Efficiency with Low CO2 Emissions, SAE
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BIOGRAPHIES
MeisamAhmadiGhadikolaei,
received the B.Sc. degree in
Mechanical Engineering from Islamic
Azad University, Sari branch, Iran in
2011, and received the M. Tech.
degree in Mechanical Engineering
(Thermal Sciences) under supervision
of Prof. Khalid Zaidi, from Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar
Pradesh, India in 2014.