childhood development and psychology

1. BASIC CONCEPT OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course you will be able to:
• explain basic principles of children’s development;
• understand children's characteristics, needs, and the multiple
interacting influences on children's development
• describe how children develop in each developmental domain;
• understand child basic psychology which will help to deal with
children in conflict with law and need of care and protection.
• ensure a protective environment for overall development of the
child.

3. WHAT IS CHILD DEVELOPMENT?
Child development refers to the biological, psychological
and emotional changes that occur in human beings
between birth and the end of adolescence then through
adulthood, as the individual progresses from
dependencyto increasing autonomy.
INTRODUCTION

4. Research says that a person’s life successes, health and emotional well-being
have their roots in early childhood. We know that if we get it right in the early
years, we can expect to see children thrive throughout school and their adult
lives.
Both nature and nurture (genes and environment) influences child’s
development. The quality of a child’s earliest environments and the availability
of appropriate experiences at the right stage of development are crucial
determinants of the way each child’s brain architecture develops.
The emotional, social and physical development of young children has a direct
effect on their overall development and on the adult they will become. It is
important to understand the need of investment in children (from early age) is
very important to maximize their future well-being.
IMPORTANCE OF CHILD DEVELOPEMNT

5. • Happy & Pleasant
• Tension and stress free
• Inquisitive & Curious
• Naughty
• Active
• Playful
• Interested in other people, activities etc.
• Enthusiastic
• Sensitive towards criticism and appreciation
CHARACTERISTICS Of CHILDREN EXHIBIT NORMALLY

6. STATUS OF CHILDREN PERTAINING TO THEIR
DEVELOPMENT
IN INDIA,
61
MILLION
UNDERNOURISHED

7. Source:NFHS-3, 2006
MALNOURISHMENT IN INDIA HAPPENS AT VERY
EARLY AGE IN CHILDREN

8. VERY LOW COVERAGE OF ESSENTIAL NUTRITION
INTERVENTIONS FOR UNDER TWO’S

9. 5 FACTS ABOUT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
1.Of all the human species
evolved on planet earth only
we survived because of our
adaptive brain development
during early childhood
1.By 3 years of age, a child
brain is twice as active as an
adult brain
1.87% of brain weight is
acquired by 3 years of
age (1100 grams)
1.50 - 75% of energy
consumption in the first
few years of life is
allocated to brain
development
1.In the 1st years of life the
brain grows at the pace of 700
new neural connections per
second-- a pace which is never
achieved again

10. KINDS OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Child development is overall development of a child which entails the
biological, psychological, and emotional changes, that occur in human
beings between birth and the end of adolescence. There are five main
areas of development.
 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT (Height, Strength And Weight)
 MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT (Attitude, Thinking,
Understanding)
 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (Interacting with other)
 MORAL AND ETHICAL DEVELOPMENT (Believes and Religions)
 LINGUISTIC AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

11. PSYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Physical development refers to the
changes in the appearance,
proportions, and of the child’s body.
It includes movement and their
senses how to deal with gravity, to
keep their balance, to move their
body through space, precise control
of hand muscles, eye-hand
coordination, proper height and
weight growth.

12. MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Mental and emotional development refers to changes
in how the child feels and expresses the feelings. It
includes different stages till the child attains 18 years
of age. (Erikson's 8 stages of development)
 Learning basic trust ( 1-2 years)
 Includes stormy self - will, tantrums, stubbornness,
and negativism.(18 months to 4 years)
 Imagination, cooperation ,lead and follow (3 and
half years to 6 years) Relating to peer group,
understanding team work, mastering social studies,
reading, arithmetic(6-12 years)
 Asking questions about identity (who am I ?),
anxiety, anger, love, developing sexual and gender
identities (12-18 years) etc.
 Love, care and wisdom — 18 years onwards

13. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Social development refers to the
learning of values, inculcating the
knowledge and skills which enable
the children to relate to other
people effectively and to
contribute in positive ways to their
family, school and the community.
Children learn all this directly by
all those who care for them and
teach them. The indirect medium
of learning is through social
relationships within the family or
with friends and by the means of
their participation in culture
around them. On the basis of all
this, they develop a sense of who

14. MORAL AND ETHICAL DEVELOPMENT
Moral and ethical development refers to
understanding the standards set by parents
and society and responding according to what
is right and wrong. It makes the basis of
managing emotions such as anger, aggression,
and self- destructive or antisocial behaviors. In
the first stage of ethical development, a child
develops fear of punishment or an appraisal .
The second stage comprises of the
development of desire to be perceived as a
good person. In the third stage, the child
develops concern for the relationship with the
society as a whole.

15. LINGUISTIC AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Linguistic and Cognitive Development refers
to the development of a child in terms of how
the Information gets processed, development
of perceptual skill, conceptual resources,
language learning and other aspects of the
developed adult brain. These are the changes
observed, how the child speaks, thinks,
remembers, reasons, and understands.

16. IMPORTANCE OF WORKING FOR AND WITH
CHILDREN
• They are mostly not accepted as holders of
rights sometimes as “possessions” of
parents
• Children have specific needs relating to
their childhoods in contrast to adults. The
special nature of childhood (and
motherhood), being “voiceless” children
have been relatively “invisible”
• Often do not have the capacity to protect
themselves, from abuse, from exploitation
• Children’s rights “scattered” over other
various human rights instruments

17. AGE AND STAGES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT
INFANT
• 0 TO 12 Months (1
year old)
TODDLERS
• 1 Year to 3 Years
CHILDHOOD
• 3 to 12 years
ADOLESCENTS
• 13 to 18 years

18. Contd..
a) Infant – from birth to 1 year of age
• The child is totally dependent on the caregiver for the fulfilment of their
needs.
• The period of the most rapid growth and development.
b) Toddler – from 1 to 3 years of age
• Communicate their likes and dislikes and act independently (as much as they
can)
• Developing the language skills that helps them to express their ideas, wants, and
needs.
c) Childhood – from 3 to 12 years of age
• Acquiring learning skill that will associate with formal school
education
• Learns about numbers, colors, shapes and the reasons for everydayevents.
• Thinking develops rapidly and her interest in the outside world grows by leaps
and bounds.
d) Adolescence – from 13 to 18 years of age
• The beginning of this period is marked by puberty.
• Puberty refers to the stage around 11-14 years of age, when there is a spurt in
physical growth.
• This results in a rapid increase in height and weight and the emergence of
secondary sexual characteristics (face hair, pubic hair, sexual organs)

19.  http://psychology.about.com/od/developme
ntalpsychology/ss/early-childhood-
development_3.htm
 Thompson and Randall, retrieved from
http://www.desmos.info/en/doc/Childrens_S
piritual_Development.pdf
 http://www.preservearticles.com/201105206
839/physical-growth-and-development-of-
a-child.html