The document discusses child development and the factors that influence it. It defines child development and outlines its key areas including cognition, social interaction, speech and language, physical skills, and sensory awareness. It then explains some common problems in child development such as receptive language disorder, expressive language disorder, speech production delays, cognitive delays, and emotional or behavioral delays. Finally, it discusses the major factors that influence child development, including heredity, environment, sex, exercise, hormones, nutrition, family influences, geographical factors, socioeconomic status, and learning/reinforcement.

1. UNIT 1. CHILD DEVELOPMENT
BY SHAH JEHAN
UNIT 1. CHILD DEVELOPMENT
BY SHAH JEHAN
UNIT 1. CHILD DEVELOPMENT
BY
SHAH JEHAN

2. Child Development
Definition: Child
development, also known
as child psychology, is
defined as "knowledge
concerned with both the
nature of development
and the control of
physical, language,
thought, and emotional
changes that occur in a

3. Scope of child development
Cognition: The ability to
learn and problem solve
Social interaction and
emotional regulation:
Interacting with others and
mastering self-control

4. Speech and Language:
Understanding and using
language, reading and
communicating
Physical skills: : Fine
motor (finger) skills and
gross motor (whole body)
skills
Sensory awareness: :
The registration of sensory

5. Reasons for Studying Child
Development
▸ Recognize the importance of
primary care relationships
▸ Provides quality curriculum
through routine care
environment
▸ Recognize that each child is
unique
▸ Have realistic expectations of
young children

6. ▸ Provide
developmentally
appropriate play and
learning activities
▸ Provides safe
environments
▸ Monitors progress to
detect delays
▸ Supports relationships
with families

7. Problems in Child
Development:1)
Receptive Language
Disorder
In this case, a child is
unable to identify colours,
shapes, and other body
parts because they don’t
understand these
concepts. This connection
takes time to build,

8. 2) Expressive Language
Disorder
In this issue a child is unable
to come up with larger words
based on their age. They may
be able to say a few things
such as “Ma!” but that is
about it. Even as they get
older, this is where their
development will get stuck.
This is a common sign in

9. 3) Speech Production
The final developmental delay when
it comes to speech involves speech
production. This entails a child not
having the ability to generate the
words due to their physiological
structure. For example, the child
may have a weak jaw or are unable
to move the tongue as required to
make words. This can require
appropriate assessment from a

10. 4) Cognitive Delay
In some children, this is
about understanding
learned concepts, while
others simply lack the
intellectual awareness to
piece information
together. Children with
these delays are known to
find it hard to keep up in

11. 5) Gross Motor Delays
In this type of problem, a
child is unable to coordinate
his/her large muscles or even
their small muscles. In
general, parents will notice
this when their child is
unable to hold something or
may not be able to walk as
quickly as others.

12. 6) Fine Motor Delays
A fine motor delay is when
the child can’t do simple
tasks such as brushing
his/her teeth. This
becomes a real challenge
for them, and they refuse
to do it over time.

13. 7) Emotional or
Behavioral Delays
When compared to other
children his age, a child is
unable to detect certain
emotions around them. This
means that if they engage in a
two-way conversation with a
child their age, the outcome
will be unexpected. In fact,

15. •Chronological age :
Number of years since
birth
•Biological age: Age in
terms of physical health
•Psychological age:
Adaptive capacity
compared to others of
the same chronological
age
•Social age: Social roles

16. 1.2. Overview of Growth and
Development
Growth: Growth refers to a
quantitative increase in body
dimensions. It implies a change
in quantity and this results
in increase in height, size
and weight of the whole
or any of the parts of the
body.

17. Development:
Development refers to the
qualitative changes in the
organism as whole.
Development is a
continuous process through
which physical, emotional
and intellectual changes
occur.

18. Different parts of growth and
development
 Physical growth and development
 Social growth and development
 Emotional development
 Mental development

19. General Nature of
Growth and
Development
Growth Development
Growth refers to
physiological
changes
Overall changes
in the individual.
Changes in the
quantitative
Changes in the
quality along
with quantitative

20. Growth Development
Growth does not
continue
throughout life
Development
continues
throughout life
Growth stops
after maturation
Development is
progressive

21. Growth Development
Growth occurs
due to the
multiplication of
cells
Development
occurs due to
both maturation
and interaction
with the
environment
Growth is Development is

22. Growth Development
Growth is one of
the parts of the
developmental
process
Development is a
wider and
comprehensive
term
Growth may or
may not bring
development.
Development is
possible without
growth.

23. Growth Development
The changes
produced by
growth are
subjects of
measurements.
They may be
quantified and
Development
brings qualitative
changes which are
difficult to
measure directly.
They are assessed
through keen

24. 1.3. Nature and Nurture
Controversy

26. Definition of nature;
Nature refers to the
hereditary factors or the
genes of a child, which not
only defines a child’s
physical appearance but
also helps in building a
child’s personality traits

27. Definition of nurture; nurture
refers to various environmental
factors that impact our
personality traits, our childhood
experiences, how and where the
child is raised, social
relationships, and culture.

29. Some philosophers
such as Plato and
Descartes suggested
that certain things are
inborn, or that they
simply occur naturally
regardless of
environmental
influences.

30. Other well-known
thinkers such as John
Locke believed in what is
known as tabula rasa,
which suggests that the
mind begins as a blank
slate. According to this
notion, everything that we
are and all of our
knowledge is determined

31. All of us are born with
specific genetic traits and are
nurtured in different
environments and thus we all
develop different traits.
However, how we react to the
various environmental
factors is determined by our
genetic factors too. This may
indicate that these factors are

32. General Nature of Growth
and Development
1. Development is a continuous
process
Development starts with conception
and ends with death. It takes place
gradually and throughout one’s life.
So, it is a continuous process

33. 2. Principle of lack of
Uniformity in the developmental
rate
For an individual the rate of
development of various
dimensions of personality is not
uniform throughout one’s life. It
is not steady.

34. 3. Development follows a pattern
There is uniformity in
developmental pattern of every
individual. i.e., in language
development, physical and
psychosocial development etc. there
is a definite sequence or pattern
over different stages of
development.

35. 4. Development proceeds from
general to specific
At first the ability to respond generally
to all or similar situation developed in
children. Then the ability to respond
specifically to specific situation is
developed. E.g., child cries, Whole body
involvement ---- specific cry Call Daddy,
Mummy to all----specific persons

37. 5. Most traits are corelated in
development
The various aspects or dimensions
of one’s growth and development
are inter-related. Change in one
dimension influences the change in
other dimensions.

38. 6. Development is a
product of interaction
of the organism and
environment
Development involves active
interaction between the
forces within the individual
and forces in the
environment.

40. 77. 7 . Principle of
Cephalocaudal and Proximo
distal tendencies
Development follows these two
tendencies. Cephalocaudal
means from head to foot, i.e.,
An individual first gains
control over head, then over
arm and then on legs.
Proximodistal means from
near to the distant, i.e.,. Parts
of the body near to the center

41. Cephalocaudal and
Proximo distal
tendencies

42. 8. Development is predictable
General nature and behaviour of a
child in one or more aspects can be
predicted with the help of uniformity
of pattern and sequence in the
development.

43. Factors Influencing Child
Development
1. Heredity
2. Environment
3. Sex
4. Exercise and Health
5. Hormones

44. 6. Nutrition
7. Familial Influence
8. Geographical
Influences
9. Socio-Economic
Status
10. Learning and
Reinforcement

45. 1. Heredity
Heredity is the transmission of physical
characteristics from parents to children
through their genes. It influences all
aspects of physical appearance such as
height, weight, body structure, the color
of the eye, the texture of the hair, and
even intelligence and aptitudes. Diseases
and conditions such as heart disease,
diabetes, obesity, etc., can also be passed
through genes

46. 2. Environment
Some of the environmental factors
influencing early childhood development
involve the physical surroundings and
geographical conditions of the place the
child lives in, as well his social
environment and relationships with
family and peers.

47. 3. Sex
The sex of the child is another major factor
affecting the physical growth and
development of a child. Boys and girls grow
in different ways, especially nearing puberty.
Boys tend to be taller and physically stronger
than girls. However, girls tend to mature
faster during adolescence, while boys mature
over a longer period of time.

48. 4. Exercise and Health
Exercise here refers to the normal
playtime and sports activities which help
the body gain an increase in muscular
strength and put on bone mass. Exercise
also keeps them healthy and fights off
diseases by strengthening the immune
system, especially if they play outside..

49. 5. Hormones
Hormones belong to the endocrine system and
influence the various functions of our bodies.
They are produced by different glands that are
situated in specific parts of the body to secrete
hormones that control body functions. Their
timely functioning is critical for normal
physical growth and development in children.
Imbalances in the functioning of hormone-
secreting glands can result in growth defects,
obesity, behavioral problems and other
diseases.

50. 6. Nutrition
Nutrition is a critical factor in growth as
everything the body needs to build and
repair itself comes from the food we eat.
Malnutrition can cause deficiency diseases
that adversely affect the growth and
development of children. On the other
hand, overeating can lead to obesity and
health problems in the long run, such as
diabetes and heart disease

51. 7. Familial Influence
Families have the most profound impact in
nurturing a child and determining the ways
in which they develop psychologically and
socially.. The most positive growth is seen
when families invest time, energy and love
in the development of the child through
activities, such as reading to them, playing
with them and having deep meaningful
conversations.

52. 8. Geographical Influences
The schools they attend, the neighborhood
they live in, the opportunities offered by the
community and their peer circles are some
of the social factors affecting a child’s
development. Living in an enriching
community that has parks, libraries and
community centers for group activities and
sports all play a role in developing the
child’s skills, talents, and behaviour.

53. 9. Socio-Economic Status
The socio-economic status of a family
determines the quality of the opportunity a
child gets. Studying in better schools that
are more expensive definitely has benefits
in the long run.

54. 10. Learning and Reinforcement
Learning involves much more than
schooling. It is also concerned with building
the child up mentally, intellectually,
emotionally, and socially so they operate as
healthy functional individuals in the society.
This is where the development of the mind
takes place and the child can gain some
maturity. Reinforcement is a component of
learning where an activity or exercise is
repeated and refined to harden the lessons
learned.