Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.
Cardiomyopathy, or heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body. The disease can also cause abnormal heart rhythms.
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.
Cardiomyopathy, or heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body. The disease can also cause abnormal heart rhythms.
Heart failure (HF) is a common cardiovascular condition with increasing incidence and prevalence. Unlike western countries where heart failure is predominantly a disease of elderly, in India it affects younger age group. Heart failure is a chronic condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in your body.
Angina also known as angina pectoris is a medical condition characterized by chest pain usually left sided due to inadequate blood supply (ischemia) to the heart muscles due to obstruction (like presence of blood clot), narrowing or contraction (vasospasm) of the supplying coronary arteries.
Rheumatic heart disease is a condition in which the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever. The heart valve damage may start shortly after untreated or under-treated streptococcal infection such as strep throat or scarlet fever.
Role of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Inhibition Beyond BP Reductionmagdy elmasry
Hypertension Mediated Organ Damage : How We Prevent It?The Role Of RAAS In Cardiovascular Continuum.Changes in Arterial Diameter in Patients with Arteriosclerosis or Atherosclerosis.Not All Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Are Equal.Question : ACEIs vs. ARBsIs One Class Better For Cardiovascular Diseases?BP Variability .Central BP
.
Vascular Age &
Arterial Stiffness.Achieving BP Goals.
Heart failure (HF) is a common cardiovascular condition with increasing incidence and prevalence. Unlike western countries where heart failure is predominantly a disease of elderly, in India it affects younger age group. Heart failure is a chronic condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in your body.
Angina also known as angina pectoris is a medical condition characterized by chest pain usually left sided due to inadequate blood supply (ischemia) to the heart muscles due to obstruction (like presence of blood clot), narrowing or contraction (vasospasm) of the supplying coronary arteries.
Rheumatic heart disease is a condition in which the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever. The heart valve damage may start shortly after untreated or under-treated streptococcal infection such as strep throat or scarlet fever.
Role of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Inhibition Beyond BP Reductionmagdy elmasry
Hypertension Mediated Organ Damage : How We Prevent It?The Role Of RAAS In Cardiovascular Continuum.Changes in Arterial Diameter in Patients with Arteriosclerosis or Atherosclerosis.Not All Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Are Equal.Question : ACEIs vs. ARBsIs One Class Better For Cardiovascular Diseases?BP Variability .Central BP
.
Vascular Age &
Arterial Stiffness.Achieving BP Goals.
The term ischemic heart disease (IHD) describes a group of clinical syndromes characterized by myocardial ischemia, an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand.
Because the fundamental pathophysiologic defect in the ischemic myocardium is inadequate perfusion, ischemia is associated not only with insufficient oxygen supply, but also with reduced availability of nutrients and inadequate removal of metabolic end products.
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) caused by atherosclerosis of the epicardial vessels leading to coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main etiology of IHD.
Leading cause of death
Resulting from myocardial ischemia—an imbalance between the supply (perfusion) and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood.
90% of cases, the cause of myocardial ischemia is reduced blood flow due to obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries.
IHD is often termed coronary artery disease (CAD) or coronary heart disease.
There is a long period (up to decades) of silent, slow progression of coronary lesions before symptoms appear.
IHD are only the late manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis that may have started during childhood or adolescence
Myocardial infarction, the most important form of IHD, in which ischemia causes the death of heart muscle.
Angina pectoris, in which the ischemia is of insufficient severity to cause infarction, but may be a harbinger of MI.
Chronic IHD with heart failure.
Sudden cardiac death.
The dominant cause of the IHD syndromes is insufficient coronary perfusion relative to myocardial demand, due to • Chronic, progressive atherosclerotic narrowing of the epicardial coronary arteries, and • Variable degrees of superimposed acute plaque change, thrombosis, and vasospasm
Clinical manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis are generally due to • Progressive narrowing of the lumen leading to stenosis (“fixed” obstructions) or • Acute plaque disruption with thrombosis, both of which compromise blood flow.
A fixed lesion obstructing 75% or greater of the lumen is generally required to cause symptomatic ischemia precipitated by exercise (most often manifested as chest pain, known as angina)
Obstruction of 90% of the lumen can lead to inadequate coronary blood flow even at rest.
Cardiogenic shock is a condition of diminished cardiac output that severely impairs cardiac perfusion. In this condition in which the heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
Coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease ANILKUMAR BR
Cardiovascular disease are becoming a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and they are also emerging as prominent national health problem in developing countries.
Coronary artery disease has become the major cause of early death and disability in the population.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) can also be used interchangeably with the terms atherosclerotic heart disease or ischemic heart disease.
All of these terms imply insufficient perfusion of the coronary arteries from an abnormal narrowing of the vessels, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue.
The term coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease, is a condition refers to diseases of the heart that result from a decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle.
Non modifiable risk factors
Modifiable risk factors
Contributing risk factors
Pharmacotherapy of congestive heart faliure Rahulvaish13
This PPT covers the pathophysiology, treatment protocol and details of individual drugs used and those drugs failed in clinical trials; taken from standard text books and articles as reference. This will be extremely useful for undergraduates ( MBBS, BDS,) and postgraduates (MD,MDS ,Phd).
Coronary Atherosclerosis OR Coronary artery disease (CAD).pptxJITENDRAKUMARDAS15
Coronary atherosclerosis /CAD is characterized by accumulation of fatty deposits along the inner most layer of the coronary arteries.
The topic coronary atherosclerosis is summarized by introduction, definition, etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestation, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, complications, preventions, management, nursing diagnosis.
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired. This typically includes a physical examination and a review of the patient's medical history, but not deeper investigation such as neuroimaging.
First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery.
Nurse Managers are required to be aware of the techniques that can help them ensure effective management of educational/service unit. Communication is one of the most important activities in the nursing management. It is the foundation upon which the manager achieves organizational objectives.
Communication is a process of change. In order to achieve the desired result, the communication necessarily is effective and purposive.
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes, the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop. Hemorrhoids are also called piles.
Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) is the pre-eminent resuscitation course for the recognition and intervention of cardiopulmonary arrest or other cardiovascular emergencies.
Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath the liver. The gallbladder holds a digestive fluid called bile that's released into the small intestine.
Pancreatitis is inflammation in the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits tucked behind the stomach in the upper abdomen. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digestion and hormones that help regulate the way your body processes sugar (glucose).
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
The human eye is an organ that reacts to light in many circumstances. As a conscious sense organ the human eye allows vision; rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision, including color differentiation and the perception of depth. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million colors.
The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. The skin is only a few millimeters thick yet is by far the largest organ in the body. The average person's skin weighs 10 pounds and has a surface area of almost 20 square feet.
Immunity can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize and reject what is foreign.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
3. INCIDENCE:
Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary heart disease (CHD),
are epidemic in India. The Registrar General of India reported
that CHD led to 17% of total deaths and 26% of adult deaths in 2001-
2003, which increased to 23% of total and 32% of adult deaths in
2010-2013.
4. RISK FACTORS:
MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS:
Tobacco use
High blood cholesterol or triglyceride levels
Lack of exercise
Obesity
Stress
NONMODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS:
Family history of heart disease
Older age
Diabetes
High blood pressure
5. CAUSES
Development of atherosclerosis;
Coronary artery disease is thought to begin with damage or injury to
the inner layer of a coronary artery, sometimes as early as childhood.
The damage may be caused by various factors, including:
Smoking
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Diabetes or insulin resistance
Sedentary lifestyle
17. PREVENTION:
Quit smoking
Control conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol
and diabetes
Stay physically active
Eat a low-fat, low-salt diet that's rich in fruits, vegetables and
whole grains
Maintain a healthy weight
Reduce and manage stress
18. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
Various drugs can be used to treat coronary artery disease, including:
Vasodilators (These drugs acts as blood vessel dilator):
• Nitrates
Beta-Blockers (Decrease work load in heart):
• Propranolol 20-40 mg
Calcium channel blocker (They improve coronary blood flow):
• Nifedipine
• Verapamil
20. ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICINES-
Methydopa- This medication is used alone or with other medications
to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Lowering high blood
pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems.
Methyldopa works by relaxing blood vessels so blood can flow more
easily.
Sodium nitroprusside- It is used for lowering the blood pressure.
Amlodipine- Amlodipine is used with or without other medications
to treat high blood pressure. Lowering high blood pressure helps
prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. Dose-10 mg,20
mg.
23. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Instruct the client regarding the purpose of diagnostic medical &
surgical procedures and the pre- & post procedure expectations.
Assist the client to identify risk factors that can be modified, and set
goals that will promote change in lifestyle to reduce the impact of risk
factors.
Instruct client regarding a low-calorie, low-sodium, low-cholesterol,
low-fat diet with a increase in dietary fiber. Stress that dietary changes
are not temporary and must be maintained for life.
Provide community resources to client regarding exercise, smoking
cessation and stress reduction.
24. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Impaired gas exchange related to decreased blood flow as evidenced by
breathlessness
Acute pain related to disease condition as evidenced by patient
verbalization
Impaired physical mobility related to weakness as evidenced by patient
is unable to perform daily activity.
Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement related to less intake of
food as evidenced by weight loss
25. RESEARCH STUDY
A new study has found that the heart’s small left ventricle with thick
walls, can be the strongest predictor of morphologic remodeling, which is
most likely to be considered a first step towards heart failure in patients
with ischemic heart disease. According to study coordinators Frank
Rademakers and Jan D’Hooge, the results of the DOPPLER-CIP
(Determining Optimal non-invasive Parameters for the Prediction of Left
ventricular morphologic and functional Remodeling in Chronic Ischemic
Patients).
27. CONCLUSION
Drug-eluting stents — a less-invasive alternative to bypass surgery — are as
effective as surgery for many patients with a blockage in the left main
coronary artery, a study has found. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
surgery has long been considered the definitive treatment for patients with
left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD), in which the artery that supplies
oxygen-rich blood to most of the heart muscles is clogged with
atherosclerotic plaque. However, stents, which are placed into the diseased
artery via a catheter that is inserted through a small opening in a blood vessel
in the groin, arm, or neck, are a less-invasive treatment option for many
people with coronary artery disease.
29. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Black M. joyce, Hwks hokanson jane,medical surgical nursing.8th edition. volume 2.
New delhi ;Reed elsevier india private limited:2009.p1411-1426.
Suddarth’s and brunner, Hinkle L.Janice, Cheever H.Kerry. text book of medical
surgical nursing.13th edition . volume 1.New delhi: wolters kluwer india Pvt ltd
;2014.p729-759.
Chugh N S . text book of medical surgical nursing .volume 1.delhi;avichal publisher
company:2013.p303-310.
https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/heart-disease-coronary-artery-disease#1
http://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-
disease/coronary-artery-disease
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/coronary-heart-disease
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/coronary-heart-disease
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16898-coronary-artery-disease