2. Content
Cells composition
Father of cell
Classical interpretation of cell
Modern interpretation of cells
Cell facts
Parting thoughts
How cells theory being used?
Modern cell theory
Cell processes
DNA replication
Cell migration
Cell-Orgenells-functions
Types of cells
Types of cells in human body
4. Father of cell
The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke
in 1665.
5. Classical interpretation
1. All living organisms are made up of one or
more cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
4. The cell is the unit of structure, physiology,
and organization in living things.
5. The cell retains a dual existence as a
distinct entity and a building block in the
construction of organisms.
6. Modern interpretation
The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include:
The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in
living organisms.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within
cells.
Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed
from cell to cell during cell division.
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in
organisms of similar species.
7. CONT
All known living things are made up of one or more
cells.
Some organisms are made up of only one cell and are
known as unicellular organisms.
Others are multicellular, composed of a number of
cells.
The activity of an organism depends on the total
activity of independent cells.
All cells have basic chemical conposition.
8. Some Random Cell Facts
The average human being is composed of
around 100 Trillion individual cells!!!
It would take as many as 50 cells to cover the
area of a dot on the letter “i”
9. Some Parting Thoughts
It is amazing to think that the cells that make
up our bodies are just as alive as we are.
Humans are just an intricately designed
community of cells, which must work together
to survive
10. How Has The Cell Theory Been
Used?
The basic discovered truths about cells, listed
in the Cell Theory, are the basis for things
such as:
Disease/Health/Medical Research and
Cures(AIDS, Cancer, Vaccines, Cloning, Stem
Cell Research, etc.)
11. Modern Cell Theory
Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements, in addition
to the original Cell Theory:
The cell contains hereditary information(DNA) which
is passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
All cells are basically the same in chemical
composition and metabolic activities.
All basic chemical & physiological functions are
carried out inside the cells.(movement,
digestion,etc)
Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular
structures within the cell(organelles, nucleus,
plasma membrane)
12. Cell Processes: Endocytosis and
Exocytosis
Cells also perform the active transport
processes of endocytosis and Exocytosis.
Endocytosis is the process of internalizing and
digesting substances, such as seen
with macrophages and bacteria. The digested
substances are expelled through Exocytosis.
These processes also allow for molecule
transportation between cells.
13. Endocytosis & Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Movement of
particles into the cell
from external
environment
Going inside the cell
Starts when a
molecule go inside
the cell
Exocytosis
Movement of
particles from cell to
external environment
Going outside the
cell
When some particles
needs to go out from
the cells
proteins are inside
the cell...so.proteins
came outside the
cell.
14. Endocytosis & Exocytosis
When you getting food
inside there is two types
Pinocytosis: when cell
getting inside food that is
liquid
Phagocytosis:when cell
take Solid Food
Particles+kilk bacteria or
other foreign material
Require energy
Required for
Secretion of
Proteins and Other
Chemicals madetors
from cells
Required Energy
But In Rare Cases
15. Cell Migration
Cell migration is a process that is vital for the
development of tissues and organs. Cell
movement is also required for mitosis and
cytokinesis to occur. Cell migration is made
possible by interactions between motor
enzymes and cytoskeleton microtubules.
16. DNA Replication and Protein
Synthesis
The cell process of DNA replication is an
important function that is needed for several
processes including chromosome synthesis
and cell division to occur. DNA
transcription and RNA translation make the
process of protein synthesis possible.
17. DNA Replication
Replication of DNA means Formation ,Copy
and Duplication of DNA
There are many enzymes in it.
1. DNA Enzyme
2. Single strand building proteins (SSBP)
3. DNA polymaraiz 1
4. DNA polymaraiz 2
5. DNA polymaraiz 3
19. Types of cells
Cells can be subdivided into the following
subcategories:
1. Prokaryotes
2. Eukaryotes:
20. Types of cells
Prokaryotes:
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus
(though they do have
circular DNA) and other
membrane-bound
organelles (though they
do contain ribosomes).
Bacteria and Archaea are
two domains of
prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes:
Eukaryotes, on the other
hand, have distinct nuclei
bound by a nuclear
membrane and
membrane-bound
organelles (mitochondria,
chloroplasts, lysosomes,
rough and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum,
vacuoles). In addition, they
possess organized
chromosomes which store
genetic material.
21. Types of cells
Prokaryotic cell
Unicellular
No memberane
bounded organelles
Examole: bacteria
cyano-bacteria
No nucleus
No neuclear
memberane
Eukaryotic cell
Multicellular
Memberane
bounded organelles
Example: animals,
plants, fungi.
Nucleus present
Nuclear memberane
also present
22. Types of Cells
Ribosome are Smaller
Mitochondria is absent
Chromosomes Are
singular, Small and
Circular
DNA Note Wrapped
Around Proteins
Flagella are of
microlevel
No cell memberane
Cell Size is 1-10
micrometers
Vesicles are present
Cell wall is complex
Ribosome are larger
Mitochondria is present
Chromosomes are
Multiple and Large.
DNA wrap around
protein
Flagella are of sub-
micro level
Cell memberane is
present
Cell Size Is 10-100
Micrometer
Vesicles is present
Cell wall is simple
23. Types of cell in human body
1. Muscles cells
2. Nerve cells
3. Blood cells
4. Immune cell
5. Connective cells etc...
24. characteristics of a living cell?
Living things are highly organised, from the
smallest part to the largest.
All living things have an ability to acquire
materials and energy.
All living things have an ability to respond to
their environment.
All living things have an ability to reproduce.
All living things have an ability to adapt.
25. How big are cells?
Smallest free-living cell = Mycoplasma
genitalium Size = 0.2 to 0.3 µm 3.
Bacteria e.g. Eschericia coli (aka E.coli) •
Size=1 µm by 3 µm 4.
Human red blood cell = 8 µm in diameter 5.
Largest cell on the human body = ovum •
Size= • 1000 µm in diameter (1 mm) 6.
Smallest cell in the human body = sperm cell.
7.
Largest cell = yolk of an ostrich egg 9.8.
1. تمام جاندار ایک یا ایک سے زیادہ خلیوں پر مشتمل ہوتے ہیں۔
2. خلیات زندگی کی بنیادی اکائی ہیں۔
All. تمام خلیات پہلے سے موجود خلیوں سے پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔ (اومنی سیلولی ای سیلولا)
The. سیل جانداروں میں ساخت ، جسمانیات اور تنظیم کی اکائی ہے۔
The. سیل حیاتیات کی تعمیر میں ایک الگ وجود اور عمارت کے طور پر دوہری وجود کو برقرار رکھتا ہے۔
جدید سیل تھیوری کے عام طور پر قبول شدہ حصوں میں شامل ہیں:
1. سیل جانداروں میں ساخت اور کام کا بنیادی اکائی ہے۔
2. تمام خلیات تقسیم سے پہلے سے موجود خلیوں سے پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔
3. خلیوں کے اندر توانائی کا بہاؤ (میٹابولزم اور بائیو کیمسٹری) ہوتا ہے۔
C. سیلوں میں موروثی معلومات (ڈی این اے) ہوتی ہیں جو سیل ڈویژن کے دوران ایک خلیے سے دوسرے خلیوں میں گزرتی ہیں۔
5. تمام خلیات بنیادی طور پر ایک ہی نوع کے حیاتیات میں کیمیائی ساخت میں ایک جیسے ہیں۔
6. تمام جاندار چیزیں ایک یا ایک سے زیادہ خلیوں پر مشتمل ہیں۔
7. کچھ حیاتیات صرف ایک خلیے پر مشتمل ہوتے ہیں اور انہیں یونیل سیل حیاتیات کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے۔
8. دوسرے ملٹی سیلولر ہیں ، جو خلیوں کی ایک بڑی تعداد پر مشتمل ہیں۔
9. حیاتیات کی سرگرمی آزاد خلیوں کی کل سرگرمی پر منحصر ہے۔