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Cells
The document discusses cells and their organization. It begins by outlining the levels of organization from subatomic particles to cells to tissues and organisms. It then details some of the key discoveries in cell theory, including Hooke discovering cells in 1665, Leeuwenhoek developing the microscope, and Brown discovering the nucleus in 1831. It discusses the formulation of the plant and animal cell theories by Schleiden and Schwann. The document outlines the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including that prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotes have internal membranes and organelles like the nucleus. It provides details on specific animal and plant cell structures and their functions.
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Cells
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- 2. subatomic particles atoms and molecules cells tissues organs systems organisms LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
- 4. DISCOVERY OF CELLS Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek perfected the construction of the compound microscope in 1674. Robert Brown discovered the nucleus of the cell in 1831 and observed the streaming movement of the cell’s cytoplasm (Brownian movement).
- 5. DISCOVERY OF CELLS Felix Dujardin observed that cells are not empty but are filled with thick, jelly-like fluid in 1835. Johannes Purkinje named the jelly-like fluid as protoplasm in 1839. Matthias Schleiden formulated the plant cell theory in 1838. Theodor Schwann formulated the animal cell theory in 1839. Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells must come from pre-existing cells in 1855.
- 6. PROTOPLASM In biology,protoplasm is the viscid, translucent polyphasic colloid with water as the continuous phase that makes up the essential material of all plant and animal cells. Protoplasm is composed mainly of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts. The protoplasm surrounding the nucleus is known as the cytoplasm and that composing the nucleus is the nucleoplasm (sometimes termed bioplasm).
- 7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CYTOPLASMAND PROTOPLASM The main difference between the cytoplasm and protoplasm is its content and function. A protoplasm is the actual living substance that composes the inside of the cell. A part of it is the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the one that surrounds the nucleus.
- 8. MODERN CELL THEORIES 1.All organisms are made up of cells and cell is the basic structural unit of life. (Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann) 2. All cells must have come from pre-existing cells. (Rudolf Virchow)
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- 10. DEFINITION OF PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES Prokaryotes (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut or kernel, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. -otes; also spelled "procaryotes") are organisms without a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are multicellular. Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus. This feature gives them their name, (also spelled "eucaryote,") which comes from the Greek ευ, meaning good/true, and karyon meaning nut, refering to the nucleus. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
- 11. ATTRIBUTES OF PROKARYOTIC CELLAND EUKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELL Nucleus Present Absent Number of chromosomes More than one One--but not true chromosome: Plasmids Cell Type Usually multicellular Usually unicellular (some cyanobacteria may be multicellular) True Membrane bound Nucleus Present Absent Example Animals and Plants Bacteria
- 12. CONTINUATION… EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTICCELL Lysosomes Present Absent Microtubules Present Absent or rare Endoplasmic reticulum Present Absent Mitochondria Present Absent Cytoskeleton Present May be absent Ribosomes larger smaller Vesicles Present Present Golgi apparatus Present Absent Chloroplasts Present (in plants) Absent; chlorophyll scattered in the cytoplasm Vacuoles Present Present Cell size 10-100um 1-10um
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- 16. CELL PARTS ANDTHEIR FUNCTIONS ORGANELLE LOCATION DESCRIPTION FUNCTION cell wall plant *outer layer *rigid, strong, stiff *made of cellulose *support (grow tall) *protection *allows H2O, O2, CO2 to pass into and out of cell cell membrane both plant and animal *plant - inside cell wall *animal - outer layer; cholesterol *selectively permeable *phospholipid bilayer *support & protection *controls movement of materials in/out of cell *barrier between cell and its environment *maintains homeostasis
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- 18. CONTINUATION… ORGANELLE LOCATION DESCRIPTIONFUNCTION nucleus both plant and animal *large, oval *controls cell activities nuclear membrane both plant and animal *surrounds nucleus *selectively permeable *controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus cytoplasm both plant and animal *clear, thick, jellylike material and organelles found inside cell membrane *supports/protects cell organelles
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- 20. CONTINUATION… ORGANELLE LOCATION DESCRIPTIONFUNCTION ribosome both plant and animal *small bodies free or attached to E.R. *produces proteins chloroplast plant *green, oval usually containing chlorophyll (green pigment) *uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) vacuole plant - few/large animal - small *fluid-filled sacs *store food, water, waste (plants need to store large amounts of food)
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- 22. CONTINUATION… ORGANELLE LOCATION DESCRIPTIONFUNCTION lysosome plant - uncommon animal - common *small, round, with a membrane *breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules *digests old cell parts mitochondrion both plant and animal *bean-shaped with inner membranes *breaks down sugar molecules into energy endoplasmic reticulum smooth ER rough ER both plant and animal *network of tubes or membranes *carries materials through cell *synthesizes lipids *synthesizes proteins
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- 24. CONTINUATION… ORGANELLE LOCATION DESCRIPTIONFUNCTION golgi apparatus both plant and animal *membrane-bound vesicles of flattened sacs and stacks parallel to each other *serves as storage modifications and packaging of secretory products in vesicles centriole animal *cylindrical structure composed of microtubules located in the centrosome just outside the nucleus *formation and anchoring of the spindle fibers during cell division cytoskeleton both plant and animal *complex network of tubules and filaments *cell shape and movement of cell parts
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- 26. ANIMAL CELL VS.PLANT CELL Plant and animal cells have several differences and similarities. For example, animal cells do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts but plant cells do. Animal cells are round and irregular in shape while plant cells have fixed, rectangular shapes.
- 27. ATTRIBUTES OF ANIMAL CELLAND PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Cell wall Absent Present (formed of cellulose) Shape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape) Vacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells). One, large central vacuole taking up 90% of cell volume. Centrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms.
- 28. CONTINUATION… ANIMAL CELL PLANTCELL Mitochondria Present Present Plastids Absent Present Golgi Apparatus Present Present Plasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane Nucleus Present Present
- 29. CONTINUATION… ANIMAL CELL PLANTCELL Chloroplast Animal cells don't have chloroplasts Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food Cytoplasm Present Present Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present Ribosomes Present Present
- 30. CONTINUATION… ANIMAL CELL PLANTCELL Microtubules/ Microfilaments Present Present Flagella May be found in some cells May be found in some cells Lysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm. Lysosomes usually not evident. Cilia Present It is very rare
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