This document summarizes a research study on detecting sleep apnea using physiological signals. The study proposes detecting sleep apnea automatically using short-term event extraction from electrocardiography (ECG) signals combined with neural network methods. Currently, sleep apnea is diagnosed through overnight polysomnography testing in a sleep lab, which is costly and has limited availability. The proposed method uses ECG signals as input data, applies signal processing techniques like notch filtering and wavelet transformation to extract features, and then uses a neural network to classify whether sleep apnea is present or not. This automated approach could enable faster diagnosis and analysis of more patients compared to current polysomnography testing.
AUTOMATIC HOME-BASED SCREENING OF OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA USING SINGLE CHANNE...ijaia
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most widespread respiratory diseases today. Complete or relative breathing cessations due to upper airway subsidence during sleep is OSA. It has confirmed potential influence on Covid-19 hospitalization and mortality, and is strongly associated with major comorbidities of severe Covid-19 infection. Un-diagnosed OSA may also lead to a variety of severe physical and mental side-effects. To score OSA severity, nocturnal sleep monitoring is performed under defined protocols and standards called polysomnography (PSG). This method is time-consuming, expensive, and requiring professional sleep technicians. Automatic home-based detection of OSA is welcome and in great demand. It is a fast and effective way for referring OSA suspects to sleep clinics for further monitoring. On-line OSA detection also can be a part of a closed-loop automatic control of the OSA therapeutic/assistive devices. In this paper, several solutions for online OSA detection are introduced and tested on 155 subjects of three different databases. The best combinational solution uses mutual information (MI) analysis for selecting out of ECG and SpO2-based features. Several methods of supervised and unsupervised machine learning are employed to detect apnoeic episodes. To achieve the best performance, the most successful classifiers in four different ternary combination methods are used. The proposed configurations exploit limited use of biological signals, have online working scheme, and exhibit uniform and acceptable performance (over 85%) in all the employed databases. The benefits have not been gathered all together in the previous published methods.
Design and development of electro optical system for acquisition of ppg signa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Sleep Apnea Identification using HRV Features of ECG Signals IJECEIAES
Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder that interferes with the breathing of a person. During sleep, people can stop breathing for a moment that causes the body lack of oxygen that lasts for several seconds to minutes even until the range of hours. If it happens for a long period, it can result in more serious diseases, e.g. high blood pressure, heart failure, stroke, diabetes, etc. Sleep apnea can be prevented by identifying the indication of sleep apnea itself from ECG, EEG, or other signals to perform early prevention. The purpose of this study is to build a classification model to identify sleep disorders from the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) features that can be obtained with Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. In this study, HRV features were processed using several classification methods, i.e. ANN, KNN, N-Bayes and SVM linear Methods. The classification is performed using subjectspecific scheme and subject-independent scheme. The simulation results show that the SVM method achieves higher accuracy other than three other methods in identifying sleep apnea. While, time domain features shows the most dominant performance among the HRV features.
Heart rate detection using hilbert transformeSAT Journals
Abstract The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a well known method that can be used to measure Heart Rate Variability (HRV). This paper describes a procedure for processing electrocardiogram signals (ECG) to detect Heart Rate Variability (HRV). In recent years, there have been wide-ranging studies on Heart rate variability in ECG signals and analysis of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA). Normally the Heart rate variability is studied based on cycle length variability, heart period variability, RR variability and RR interval tachogram. The HRV provides information about the sympathetic-parasympathetic autonomic stability and consequently about the risk of unpredicted cardiac death. The heart beats in ECG signal are detected by detecting R-Peaks in ECG signals and used to determine useful information about the various cardiac abnormalities. The temporal locations of the R-wave are identified as the locations of the QRS complexes. In the presence of poor signal-to-noise ratios or pathological signals and wrong placement of ECG electrodes, the QRS complex may be missed or falsely detected and may lead to poor results in calculating heart beat in turn inter-beat intervals. We have studied the effects of number of common elements of QRS detection methods using MIT/BIH arrhythmia database and devised a simple and effective method. In this method, first the ECG signal is preprocessed using band-pass filter; later the Hilbert Transform is applied on filtered ECG signal to enhance the presence of QRS complexes, to detect R-Peaks by setting a threshold and finally the RR-intervals are calculated to determine Heart Rate. We have implemented our method using MATLAB on ECG signal which is obtained from MIT/BIH arrhythmia database. Our MATLAB implementation results in the detection of QRS complexes in ECG signal, locate the R-Peaks, computes Heart Rate (HR) by calculating RR-internal and plotting of HR signal to show the information about HRV. Index Terms: ECG, QRS complex, R-Peaks, HRV, Heart Rate signal, RSA, Hilbert Transform, Arrhythmia, MIT/BIH, MATLAB and Lynn’s filters
Extraction of respiratory rate from ppg signals using pca and emdeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
AUTOMATIC HOME-BASED SCREENING OF OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA USING SINGLE CHANNE...ijaia
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most widespread respiratory diseases today. Complete or relative breathing cessations due to upper airway subsidence during sleep is OSA. It has confirmed potential influence on Covid-19 hospitalization and mortality, and is strongly associated with major comorbidities of severe Covid-19 infection. Un-diagnosed OSA may also lead to a variety of severe physical and mental side-effects. To score OSA severity, nocturnal sleep monitoring is performed under defined protocols and standards called polysomnography (PSG). This method is time-consuming, expensive, and requiring professional sleep technicians. Automatic home-based detection of OSA is welcome and in great demand. It is a fast and effective way for referring OSA suspects to sleep clinics for further monitoring. On-line OSA detection also can be a part of a closed-loop automatic control of the OSA therapeutic/assistive devices. In this paper, several solutions for online OSA detection are introduced and tested on 155 subjects of three different databases. The best combinational solution uses mutual information (MI) analysis for selecting out of ECG and SpO2-based features. Several methods of supervised and unsupervised machine learning are employed to detect apnoeic episodes. To achieve the best performance, the most successful classifiers in four different ternary combination methods are used. The proposed configurations exploit limited use of biological signals, have online working scheme, and exhibit uniform and acceptable performance (over 85%) in all the employed databases. The benefits have not been gathered all together in the previous published methods.
Design and development of electro optical system for acquisition of ppg signa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Sleep Apnea Identification using HRV Features of ECG Signals IJECEIAES
Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder that interferes with the breathing of a person. During sleep, people can stop breathing for a moment that causes the body lack of oxygen that lasts for several seconds to minutes even until the range of hours. If it happens for a long period, it can result in more serious diseases, e.g. high blood pressure, heart failure, stroke, diabetes, etc. Sleep apnea can be prevented by identifying the indication of sleep apnea itself from ECG, EEG, or other signals to perform early prevention. The purpose of this study is to build a classification model to identify sleep disorders from the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) features that can be obtained with Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. In this study, HRV features were processed using several classification methods, i.e. ANN, KNN, N-Bayes and SVM linear Methods. The classification is performed using subjectspecific scheme and subject-independent scheme. The simulation results show that the SVM method achieves higher accuracy other than three other methods in identifying sleep apnea. While, time domain features shows the most dominant performance among the HRV features.
Heart rate detection using hilbert transformeSAT Journals
Abstract The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a well known method that can be used to measure Heart Rate Variability (HRV). This paper describes a procedure for processing electrocardiogram signals (ECG) to detect Heart Rate Variability (HRV). In recent years, there have been wide-ranging studies on Heart rate variability in ECG signals and analysis of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA). Normally the Heart rate variability is studied based on cycle length variability, heart period variability, RR variability and RR interval tachogram. The HRV provides information about the sympathetic-parasympathetic autonomic stability and consequently about the risk of unpredicted cardiac death. The heart beats in ECG signal are detected by detecting R-Peaks in ECG signals and used to determine useful information about the various cardiac abnormalities. The temporal locations of the R-wave are identified as the locations of the QRS complexes. In the presence of poor signal-to-noise ratios or pathological signals and wrong placement of ECG electrodes, the QRS complex may be missed or falsely detected and may lead to poor results in calculating heart beat in turn inter-beat intervals. We have studied the effects of number of common elements of QRS detection methods using MIT/BIH arrhythmia database and devised a simple and effective method. In this method, first the ECG signal is preprocessed using band-pass filter; later the Hilbert Transform is applied on filtered ECG signal to enhance the presence of QRS complexes, to detect R-Peaks by setting a threshold and finally the RR-intervals are calculated to determine Heart Rate. We have implemented our method using MATLAB on ECG signal which is obtained from MIT/BIH arrhythmia database. Our MATLAB implementation results in the detection of QRS complexes in ECG signal, locate the R-Peaks, computes Heart Rate (HR) by calculating RR-internal and plotting of HR signal to show the information about HRV. Index Terms: ECG, QRS complex, R-Peaks, HRV, Heart Rate signal, RSA, Hilbert Transform, Arrhythmia, MIT/BIH, MATLAB and Lynn’s filters
Extraction of respiratory rate from ppg signals using pca and emdeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Photoplethysmography (PPG) and Phonocardiography (PCG) are two important non-invasive techniques for monitoring physiological parameters of cardiovascular diagnostics. The PCG signal discloses information about cardiac function through vibrations caused by the working heart. PPG measures relative blood volume changes in the blood vessels close to the skin. This paper emphasizes on simultaneous acquisition of PCG and PPG signals from the same subject with the aid of NIELVIS II+ DAQ and the signals are imported to MATLAB for further processing. Heart rate is extracted from both the signals which are found to be distinctive. This analytical approach of processing these signals can abet for analysis of Heart rate variability (HRV) which is widely used for quantifying neural cardiac control and low variability is particularly predictive of death in patients after myocardial infarction.
Real Time Signal Quality Aware Internet of Things IOT Framework for FPGA Base...ijtsrd
Day by day the scope and use of the electronics concepts in bio-medical field is increasing gradually. A novel approach to the design of real time ECG signal acquisition system for patient monitoring in medical application, FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array is the core heart of proposed system which is configured and programmed to acquire using ECG Electrocardiogram sensor. In this paper a new concept of ECG telemetry system is discussed along with signal quality aware IoT framework for energy efficient ECG monitoring system. Tele monitoring is a medical practice that involves monitoring patients who are not at the same location as the healthcare provider. The purpose of the present study is use to identify heart condition and give the information to the doctor. The objective of the study is to improve the doctor-patient ratio and evaluation of cardiac diseases in the rural population. The proposed system for the electrocardiogram ECG monitoring controlled by FPGA and implemented in the form of android application. Dhanashri P. Yamagekar | Dr. P. C. Bhaskar "Real Time Signal Quality Aware Internet of Things (IOT) Framework for FPGA Based ECG Telemetry System and Development of Android Application" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18938.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/18938/real-time-signal-quality-aware-internet-of-things-iot-framework-for-fpga-based-ecg-telemetry-system-and-development-of-android-application/dhanashri-p-yamagekar
Evaluation of patient electrocardiogram datasets using signal quality indexingjournalBEEI
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is widely used in the hospital emergency rooms for detecting vital signs, such as heart rate variability and respiratory rate. However, the quality of the ECGs is inconsistent. ECG signals lose information because of noise resulting from motion artifacts. To obtain an accurate information from ECG, signal quality indexing (SQI) is used where acceptable thresholds are set in order to select or eliminate the signals for the subsequent information extraction process. A good evaluation of SQI depends on the R-peak detection quality. Nevertheless, most R-peak detectors in the literature are prone to noise. This paper assessed and compared five peak detectors from different resources. The two best peak detectors were further tested using MIT-BIH arrhythmia database and then used for SQI evaluation. These peak detectors robustly detected the R-peak for signals that include noise. Finally, the overall SQI of three patient datasets, namely, Fantasia, CapnoBase, and MIMIC-II, was conducted by providing the interquartile range (IQR) and median SQI of the signals as the outputs. The evaluation results revealed that the R-peak detectors developed by Clifford and Behar showed accuracies of 98% and 97%, respectively. By introducing SQI and choosing only high-quality ECG signals, more accurate vital sign information will be achieved.
This research task develops a mobile healthcare analysis system (PHAS) which combines both easy ECG signal measurement and reliable analysis of heart rate variability for home care purpose. The PHAS is composed by a health care platform (HCP) and a data system analysis (DSA) module. The HCP consists of a self-developed two pole electrocardiography (ECG) measuring device and the DSA a data processing unit for detection and analysis of heart rate variability. For the DSA module, the adaptive R Peak detection algorithm is proposed to reliably detect the R peak of ECG for HRV analysis. A number of features are extracted from ECG signals. A data mining method is employed for HRV analysis to exploit the correlation between HRV and these features. Experiments are conducted by establishing a database of ECG signals measured from 29 subjects under rest and exercise condition. The results show the PHAS’s significant potential in mobile applications of personal daily health care.
Arduino uno based obstructive sleep apnea detection using respiratory signaleSAT Journals
Abstract The monitoring of breathing dynamics is an essential diagnostic tool in various clinical environments, such as sleep analysis, intensive care and central nervous and physiological disorder analysis. This paper introduces a mathematical representation of respiratory pattern in frequency domain .Sleep apnea is defined as cessation of airflow to the lungs during sleep for 10 sec. It normally results from either lack in neural input from the central nervous system (Central Sleep Apnea) or Upper airway collapse (Obstructive sleep apnea).Microcontroller based sleep apnea monitor consists of a piezoelectric sensor attached to rib cage of patient. The amplified signal obtained from the patient is applied to the microcontroller. The method mentioned in the paper is based on extraction of four enhanced main energy features of respiratory signal from 30 second respiratory data through auto regressive modeling and other techniques. The four features extracted are Signal power, Respiration frequency, Dominant frequency in power spectrum, Maximum power in specturm . These features are compared with their threshold values and introduced to a series of condition for each epoch. Keywords: Auto-regression, Sleep apnea, Energy index, Respiratory frequency, Least squares method.
A general framework for improving electrocardiography monitoring system with ...journalBEEI
As one of the most important health monitoring systems, electrocardiography (ECG) is used to obtain information about the structure and functions of the human heart for detecting and preventing cardiovascular disease. Given its important role, it is vital that the ECG monitoring system provides relevant and accurate information about the heart. Over the years, numerous attempts were made to design and develop more effective ECG monitoring system. Nonetheless, the literature reveals not only several limitations in conventional ECG monitoring system but also emphasizes on the need to adopt new technology such as machine learning to improve the monitoring system as well as its medical applications. This paper reviews previous works on machine learning to explain its key features, capabilities as well as presents a general framework for improving ECG monitoring system.
This is a presentation I gave at the Heart Rhythm Society Scientific Sessions in 2015, where I hypothesized that consumer wearables would evolve into real ambulatory cardiac monitors. I introduced a concept that I called "Heart Rate-Activity Discordance" to describe how a simple HR and Activity-tracking wearable could provide provide AI-enabled notifications for users to take ECGs. The AI would "learn" for a given individual what the HR-Activity signature was for a specific cardiac rhythm. Over a short period of time, asymptomatic arrhythmias could be detected and arrhythmic burden quantified-- all from a totally noninvasive, convenient, and low-cost wearable, such as an Apple Watch. We are at the dawn of just such a development-- my vision from this presentation two and a half years ago soon will be realized. Stay Tuned!
Enhancement of ecg classification using ga and psoeSAT Journals
Abstract ECG signal classification utilizes for different predictions of heart diseases. These ECG signals have to be classified using different frequency bands according to different energy levels for better prediction of features. These signals have to be classified in different five bands P, Q, R, S and T. These sub-bands provide peak information available in different sub-bands. For the classification various approaches have to be implemented for filtration of signal. In the purposed work Adaptive filter has been implemented for the noise reduction from these signals. Classification of the ECG signal has been optimized using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization approach. These approaches of classification provide better results i.e. 100 and 100 for 106o and 119o respectively for energy levels of ECG signal. Keywords:- ECG, noise reduction, Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization approach
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA C...IAEME Publication
In this paper an effective and most reliable method for appropriate classification of cardiac arrhythmia using automatic Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been proposed. The results are encouraging and are found to have produced a very confident and efficient arrhythmia classification, which is easily applicable in diagnostic decision support system. The authors have employed 3 neural network classifiers to classify three types of beats of ECG signal, namely Normal (N), and two abnormal beats Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) and Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC). The classifiers used in this paper are K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naive Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Multi-Class Support Vector Machine (MSVM). The performance of the classifiers is evaluated using 5 parametric measures namely Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp), Precision (Pr), Bit Error Rate (BER) and Accuracy (A). Hence MSVM classifier using Crammers method is very effective for proper ECG beat classification.
Computer Aided Detection of Obstructive Sleep Apnea from EEG Signalssipij
Sleep Apnea is an anomaly in sleeping characterized by short pause in breathing. Failure to treat sleep
apnea leads to fatal complications in both psychological and physiological being of human.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) performs an important task in probing for sleep apnea through identifying
and recording the brain’s activities while sleeping. In this study, computer aided detection of sleep apnea
from EEG signals is developed to optimize and increase the prompt recognition and diagnosis of sleep
apnea in patients. The time domain, wavelets, and frequency domain of the EEG signals were computed,
and features were extracted from these domains. These features are inputted into two machine learning
algorithms: Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbors of different kernel functions and orders.
Evaluation metrics such as specificity, accuracy, and sensitivity are computed and analyzed for the
classifiers. The KNN classifier outperforms the SVM in classifying apnea from non-apnea events in
patients. The KNN order 3 shows the highest performance sensitivity of 85.92%, specificity of 80% and
accuracy of 82.69%.
Computer Aided Detection of Obstructive Sleep Apnea from EEG Signalssipij
Sleep Apnea is an anomaly in sleeping characterized by short pause in breathing. Failure to treat sleep
apnea leads to fatal complications in both psychological and physiological being of human.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) performs an important task in probing for sleep apnea through identifying
and recording the brain’s activities while sleeping. In this study, computer aided detection of sleep apnea
from EEG signals is developed to optimize and increase the prompt recognition and diagnosis of sleep
apnea in patients. The time domain, wavelets, and frequency domain of the EEG signals were computed,
and features were extracted from these domains. These features are inputted into two machine learning
algorithms: Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbors of different kernel functions and orders.
Evaluation metrics such as specificity, accuracy, and sensitivity are computed and analyzed for the
classifiers. The KNN classifier outperforms the SVM in classifying apnea from non-apnea events in
patients. The KNN order 3 shows the highest performance sensitivity of 85.92%, specificity of 80% and
accuracy of 82.69%.
Computer Aided Detection of Obstructive Sleep Apnea from EEG Signalssipij
Sleep Apnea is an anomaly in sleeping characterized by short pause in breathing. Failure to treat sleep
apnea leads to fatal complications in both psychological and physiological being of human.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) performs an important task in probing for sleep apnea through identifying
and recording the brain’s activities while sleeping. In this study, computer aided detection of sleep apnea
from EEG signals is developed to optimize and increase the prompt recognition and diagnosis of sleep
apnea in patients. The time domain, wavelets, and frequency domain of the EEG signals were computed,
and features were extracted from these domains. These features are inputted into two machine learning
algorithms: Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbors of different kernel functions and orders.
Evaluation metrics such as specificity, accuracy, and sensitivity are computed and analyzed for the
classifiers. The KNN classifier outperforms the SVM in classifying apnea from non-apnea events in
patients. The KNN order 3 shows the highest performance sensitivity of 85.92%, specificity of 80% and
accuracy of 82.69%.
Photoplethysmography (PPG) and Phonocardiography (PCG) are two important non-invasive techniques for monitoring physiological parameters of cardiovascular diagnostics. The PCG signal discloses information about cardiac function through vibrations caused by the working heart. PPG measures relative blood volume changes in the blood vessels close to the skin. This paper emphasizes on simultaneous acquisition of PCG and PPG signals from the same subject with the aid of NIELVIS II+ DAQ and the signals are imported to MATLAB for further processing. Heart rate is extracted from both the signals which are found to be distinctive. This analytical approach of processing these signals can abet for analysis of Heart rate variability (HRV) which is widely used for quantifying neural cardiac control and low variability is particularly predictive of death in patients after myocardial infarction.
Real Time Signal Quality Aware Internet of Things IOT Framework for FPGA Base...ijtsrd
Day by day the scope and use of the electronics concepts in bio-medical field is increasing gradually. A novel approach to the design of real time ECG signal acquisition system for patient monitoring in medical application, FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array is the core heart of proposed system which is configured and programmed to acquire using ECG Electrocardiogram sensor. In this paper a new concept of ECG telemetry system is discussed along with signal quality aware IoT framework for energy efficient ECG monitoring system. Tele monitoring is a medical practice that involves monitoring patients who are not at the same location as the healthcare provider. The purpose of the present study is use to identify heart condition and give the information to the doctor. The objective of the study is to improve the doctor-patient ratio and evaluation of cardiac diseases in the rural population. The proposed system for the electrocardiogram ECG monitoring controlled by FPGA and implemented in the form of android application. Dhanashri P. Yamagekar | Dr. P. C. Bhaskar "Real Time Signal Quality Aware Internet of Things (IOT) Framework for FPGA Based ECG Telemetry System and Development of Android Application" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18938.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/18938/real-time-signal-quality-aware-internet-of-things-iot-framework-for-fpga-based-ecg-telemetry-system-and-development-of-android-application/dhanashri-p-yamagekar
Evaluation of patient electrocardiogram datasets using signal quality indexingjournalBEEI
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is widely used in the hospital emergency rooms for detecting vital signs, such as heart rate variability and respiratory rate. However, the quality of the ECGs is inconsistent. ECG signals lose information because of noise resulting from motion artifacts. To obtain an accurate information from ECG, signal quality indexing (SQI) is used where acceptable thresholds are set in order to select or eliminate the signals for the subsequent information extraction process. A good evaluation of SQI depends on the R-peak detection quality. Nevertheless, most R-peak detectors in the literature are prone to noise. This paper assessed and compared five peak detectors from different resources. The two best peak detectors were further tested using MIT-BIH arrhythmia database and then used for SQI evaluation. These peak detectors robustly detected the R-peak for signals that include noise. Finally, the overall SQI of three patient datasets, namely, Fantasia, CapnoBase, and MIMIC-II, was conducted by providing the interquartile range (IQR) and median SQI of the signals as the outputs. The evaluation results revealed that the R-peak detectors developed by Clifford and Behar showed accuracies of 98% and 97%, respectively. By introducing SQI and choosing only high-quality ECG signals, more accurate vital sign information will be achieved.
This research task develops a mobile healthcare analysis system (PHAS) which combines both easy ECG signal measurement and reliable analysis of heart rate variability for home care purpose. The PHAS is composed by a health care platform (HCP) and a data system analysis (DSA) module. The HCP consists of a self-developed two pole electrocardiography (ECG) measuring device and the DSA a data processing unit for detection and analysis of heart rate variability. For the DSA module, the adaptive R Peak detection algorithm is proposed to reliably detect the R peak of ECG for HRV analysis. A number of features are extracted from ECG signals. A data mining method is employed for HRV analysis to exploit the correlation between HRV and these features. Experiments are conducted by establishing a database of ECG signals measured from 29 subjects under rest and exercise condition. The results show the PHAS’s significant potential in mobile applications of personal daily health care.
Arduino uno based obstructive sleep apnea detection using respiratory signaleSAT Journals
Abstract The monitoring of breathing dynamics is an essential diagnostic tool in various clinical environments, such as sleep analysis, intensive care and central nervous and physiological disorder analysis. This paper introduces a mathematical representation of respiratory pattern in frequency domain .Sleep apnea is defined as cessation of airflow to the lungs during sleep for 10 sec. It normally results from either lack in neural input from the central nervous system (Central Sleep Apnea) or Upper airway collapse (Obstructive sleep apnea).Microcontroller based sleep apnea monitor consists of a piezoelectric sensor attached to rib cage of patient. The amplified signal obtained from the patient is applied to the microcontroller. The method mentioned in the paper is based on extraction of four enhanced main energy features of respiratory signal from 30 second respiratory data through auto regressive modeling and other techniques. The four features extracted are Signal power, Respiration frequency, Dominant frequency in power spectrum, Maximum power in specturm . These features are compared with their threshold values and introduced to a series of condition for each epoch. Keywords: Auto-regression, Sleep apnea, Energy index, Respiratory frequency, Least squares method.
A general framework for improving electrocardiography monitoring system with ...journalBEEI
As one of the most important health monitoring systems, electrocardiography (ECG) is used to obtain information about the structure and functions of the human heart for detecting and preventing cardiovascular disease. Given its important role, it is vital that the ECG monitoring system provides relevant and accurate information about the heart. Over the years, numerous attempts were made to design and develop more effective ECG monitoring system. Nonetheless, the literature reveals not only several limitations in conventional ECG monitoring system but also emphasizes on the need to adopt new technology such as machine learning to improve the monitoring system as well as its medical applications. This paper reviews previous works on machine learning to explain its key features, capabilities as well as presents a general framework for improving ECG monitoring system.
This is a presentation I gave at the Heart Rhythm Society Scientific Sessions in 2015, where I hypothesized that consumer wearables would evolve into real ambulatory cardiac monitors. I introduced a concept that I called "Heart Rate-Activity Discordance" to describe how a simple HR and Activity-tracking wearable could provide provide AI-enabled notifications for users to take ECGs. The AI would "learn" for a given individual what the HR-Activity signature was for a specific cardiac rhythm. Over a short period of time, asymptomatic arrhythmias could be detected and arrhythmic burden quantified-- all from a totally noninvasive, convenient, and low-cost wearable, such as an Apple Watch. We are at the dawn of just such a development-- my vision from this presentation two and a half years ago soon will be realized. Stay Tuned!
Enhancement of ecg classification using ga and psoeSAT Journals
Abstract ECG signal classification utilizes for different predictions of heart diseases. These ECG signals have to be classified using different frequency bands according to different energy levels for better prediction of features. These signals have to be classified in different five bands P, Q, R, S and T. These sub-bands provide peak information available in different sub-bands. For the classification various approaches have to be implemented for filtration of signal. In the purposed work Adaptive filter has been implemented for the noise reduction from these signals. Classification of the ECG signal has been optimized using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization approach. These approaches of classification provide better results i.e. 100 and 100 for 106o and 119o respectively for energy levels of ECG signal. Keywords:- ECG, noise reduction, Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization approach
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA C...IAEME Publication
In this paper an effective and most reliable method for appropriate classification of cardiac arrhythmia using automatic Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been proposed. The results are encouraging and are found to have produced a very confident and efficient arrhythmia classification, which is easily applicable in diagnostic decision support system. The authors have employed 3 neural network classifiers to classify three types of beats of ECG signal, namely Normal (N), and two abnormal beats Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) and Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC). The classifiers used in this paper are K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naive Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Multi-Class Support Vector Machine (MSVM). The performance of the classifiers is evaluated using 5 parametric measures namely Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp), Precision (Pr), Bit Error Rate (BER) and Accuracy (A). Hence MSVM classifier using Crammers method is very effective for proper ECG beat classification.
Computer Aided Detection of Obstructive Sleep Apnea from EEG Signalssipij
Sleep Apnea is an anomaly in sleeping characterized by short pause in breathing. Failure to treat sleep
apnea leads to fatal complications in both psychological and physiological being of human.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) performs an important task in probing for sleep apnea through identifying
and recording the brain’s activities while sleeping. In this study, computer aided detection of sleep apnea
from EEG signals is developed to optimize and increase the prompt recognition and diagnosis of sleep
apnea in patients. The time domain, wavelets, and frequency domain of the EEG signals were computed,
and features were extracted from these domains. These features are inputted into two machine learning
algorithms: Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbors of different kernel functions and orders.
Evaluation metrics such as specificity, accuracy, and sensitivity are computed and analyzed for the
classifiers. The KNN classifier outperforms the SVM in classifying apnea from non-apnea events in
patients. The KNN order 3 shows the highest performance sensitivity of 85.92%, specificity of 80% and
accuracy of 82.69%.
Computer Aided Detection of Obstructive Sleep Apnea from EEG Signalssipij
Sleep Apnea is an anomaly in sleeping characterized by short pause in breathing. Failure to treat sleep
apnea leads to fatal complications in both psychological and physiological being of human.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) performs an important task in probing for sleep apnea through identifying
and recording the brain’s activities while sleeping. In this study, computer aided detection of sleep apnea
from EEG signals is developed to optimize and increase the prompt recognition and diagnosis of sleep
apnea in patients. The time domain, wavelets, and frequency domain of the EEG signals were computed,
and features were extracted from these domains. These features are inputted into two machine learning
algorithms: Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbors of different kernel functions and orders.
Evaluation metrics such as specificity, accuracy, and sensitivity are computed and analyzed for the
classifiers. The KNN classifier outperforms the SVM in classifying apnea from non-apnea events in
patients. The KNN order 3 shows the highest performance sensitivity of 85.92%, specificity of 80% and
accuracy of 82.69%.
Computer Aided Detection of Obstructive Sleep Apnea from EEG Signalssipij
Sleep Apnea is an anomaly in sleeping characterized by short pause in breathing. Failure to treat sleep
apnea leads to fatal complications in both psychological and physiological being of human.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) performs an important task in probing for sleep apnea through identifying
and recording the brain’s activities while sleeping. In this study, computer aided detection of sleep apnea
from EEG signals is developed to optimize and increase the prompt recognition and diagnosis of sleep
apnea in patients. The time domain, wavelets, and frequency domain of the EEG signals were computed,
and features were extracted from these domains. These features are inputted into two machine learning
algorithms: Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbors of different kernel functions and orders.
Evaluation metrics such as specificity, accuracy, and sensitivity are computed and analyzed for the
classifiers. The KNN classifier outperforms the SVM in classifying apnea from non-apnea events in
patients. The KNN order 3 shows the highest performance sensitivity of 85.92%, specificity of 80% and
accuracy of 82.69%.
Extraction of respiratory rate from ppg signals using pca and emdeSAT Journals
Abstract Photoplethysmography is a non-invasive electro-optic method developed by Hertzman, which provides information on the blood volume flowing at a particular test site on the body close to the skin. PPG waveform contains two components; one, attributable to the pulsatile component in the vessels, i.e. the arterial pulse, which is caused by the heartbeat, and gives a rapidly alternating signal (AC component). The second one is due to the blood volume and its change in the skin which gives a steady signal that changes very slowly (DC component). PPG signal consists of not only the heart-beat information but also a respiratory signal. Estimation of respiration rates from Photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals would be an alternative approach for obtaining respiration related information.. There have been several efforts on PPG Derived Respiration (PDR), these methods are based on different signal processing techniques like filtering, wavelets and other statistical methods, which work by extraction of respiratory trend embedded into various physiological signals. PCA identifies patterns in data, and expresses the data in such a way as to highlight their similarities and differences. Since patterns in data can be hard to find in data of high dimension, where the luxury of graphical representation is not available, PCA is a powerful tool for analyzing such data. Due to external stimuli, biomedical signals are in general non-linear and non-stationary. Empirical Mode Decomposition is ideally suited to extract essential components which are characteristic of the underlying biological or physiological processes. The basis functions, called Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) represent a complete set of locally orthogonal basis functions whose amplitude and frequency may vary over time. The contribution reviews the technique of EMD and related algorithms and discusses illustrative applications. Test results on PPG signals of the well known MIMIC database from Physiobank archive reveal that the proposed EMD method has efficiently extracted respiratory information from PPG signals. The evaluated similarity parameters in both time and frequency domains for original and estimated respiratory rates have shown the superiority of the method. Index Terms: Respiratory signal, PPG signal, Principal Component Analysis, EMD, ECG
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Electrocardiogram signal processing algorithm on microcontroller using wavele...IJECEIAES
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an important parameter for analyzing the cardiac system. It serves as the primary diagnostic tool for patients with suspected heart disease, guiding appropriate cardiac investigations according to the disease or condition suspected. However, ECG measurements may generate noise, leading to false diagnoses. The wavelet transform is an effective and widely-used technique for eliminating noise. Typically, analysis and generation algorithms are developed on computer and using software built in. This paper presents a noise elimination algorithm based on the wavelet transform method, designed to operate on resource-limited Node microcontroller unit (MCU). An efficiency study was conducted to determine the optimum mother wavelet implementation of the algorithm, and the results showed that, when considering synthetic ECG signals, db4 was the most suitable for eliminating interference by achieving the highest signal to noise ratio (SNR) and correlation coefficient. In addition, this algorithm prototype can analyze ECG signals using the wavelet transform method processed in a microcontroller and is accurate compared to reliable programs. It has the potential to be further developed into a low-cost portable ECG signal measurement tool for use in remote medicine, healthcare facilities in resource-limited areas, education and training, as well as home monitoring for chronic patients.
An algorithm for obtaining the frequency and the times of respiratory phases...IJECEIAES
This work proposes a computational algorithm which extracts the frequency, timings and signal segments corresponding to respiratory phases, through buccal and nasal acoustic signal processing. The proposal offers a computational solution for medical applications which require on-site or remote patient monitoring and evaluation of pulmonary pathologies, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The state of the art presents a few respiratory evaluation proposals through buccal and nasal acoustic signals. Most proposals focus on respiratory signals acquired by a medical professional, using stethoscopes and electrodes located on the thorax. In this case the signal acquisition process is carried out through the use of a low cost and easy to use mask, which is equipped with strategically positioned and connected electret microphones, to maximize the proposed algorithm’s performance. The algorithm employs signal processing techniques such as signal envelope detection, decimation, fast Fourier transform (FFT) and detection of peaks and time intervals via estimation of local maxima and minima in a signal’s envelope. For the validation process a database of 32 signals of different respiratory modes and frequencies was used. Results show a maximum average error of 2.23% for breathing rate, 2.81% for expiration time and 3.47% for inspiration time.
The ECG signals captured from the body of the patient using three electrode model is processed and
conditioned by the analog front end device is finally sent to the data acquisition unit. The data acquisition
unit used is the user pc/ laptop with MATLAB. Using very specific image processing techniques the critical
intelligence from the captured image is extracted. From this processed image any sort of abnormal
conditions is determined which is informed to the corresponding doctor via text message. Simultaneously
the processed image is sent to the doctor mail by using specific TCP/IP protocol.
The ECG signals captured from the body of the patient using three electrode model is processed and conditioned by the analog front end device is finally sent to the data acquisition unit. The data acquisition unit used is the user pc/ laptop with MATLAB. Using very specific image processing techniques the critical intelligence from the captured image is extracted. From this processed image any sort of abnormal conditions is determined which is informed to the corresponding doctor via text message. Simultaneously the processed image is sent to the doctor mail by using specific TCP/IP protocol.
Acoustic analysis of Sleep Apnoea and Hypopnea events in night-time respirato...Muhammad Alli
Final year undergraduate project detecting sleep apnoea and hypopnea from audio breathing signals for the RCSI.
Developed a solution using signal processing in the time domain in conjunction with parallel processing on a GPU.
Previous research work has highlighted that neuro-signals of Alzheimer’s disease patients are least complex and have low synchronization as compared to that of healthy and normal subjects. The changes in EEG signals of Alzheimer’s subjects start at early stage but are not clinically observed and detected. To detect these abnormalities, three synchrony measures and wavelet-based features have been computed and studied on experimental database. After computing these synchrony measures and wavelet features, it is observed that Phase Synchrony and Coherence based features are able to distinguish between Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy subjects. Support Vector Machine classifier is used for classification giving 94% accuracy on experimental database used. Combining, these synchrony features and other such relevant features can yield a reliable system for diagnosing the Alzheimer’s disease.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.