This document discusses the experimental analysis of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) under cyclic loading. BRBs are a type of bracing system used in structures to resist lateral forces like earthquakes. They have advantages over conventional bracing systems in providing a more stable hysteretic response. The study involved fabricating BRB models and testing them under static ultimate and cyclic loading. One model was tested to determine ultimate strength, while another was used to study behavioral characteristics under loading and unloading cycles. The results showed that BRBs can undergo considerable yielding in both tension and compression and dissipate more energy than conventional braces.
IRJET - Experimental Study on Performance of Buckling Restrained BracingsIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the performance of buckling restrained bracings (BRBs). BRBs are a type of seismic bracing that can yield in both tension and compression without buckling, providing stable energy dissipation. The study models five different BRB designs using finite element analysis to evaluate their hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation capacity when subjected to cyclic loading. The BRB designs vary the core plate shape and thickness, the material properties, and the gap size between the core and restraining tube. The goal is to identify the most efficient and economical BRB design that maximizes yield capacity and energy dissipation for seismic applications.
Buckling Restrained Braces (Brb) – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs) as a lateral load resisting system for structures in seismic areas. It discusses how BRBs were developed to overcome the weaknesses of concentric bracing, which can buckle in compression. BRBs consist of a steel core encased in a concrete-filled tube with a coating to allow the core to slide without bonding. This restrains buckling and provides stable hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation in both tension and compression cycles. The document reviews the history, components, behavior, advantages and disadvantages of BRBs. It also summarizes several research papers that have studied innovative applications and testing of BRB systems.
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a 13-story reinforced concrete building with different types of concrete and steel bracing systems. The bracing systems studied include diagonal, V-type, inverted V-type, combined V-type, K-type, and X-type bracings. The building is analyzed using ETAB software according to Indian seismic design standards. Results show that X-type concrete bracing and combined V-type steel bracing most effectively reduce story drift and displacement. Both systems increase the building's base shear, stiffness, strength, and displacement capacity when bracing is provided on all sides or any two parallel sides of the building. The study concludes that concrete and steel bracing are effective techniques for
Numerical Study on Retrofitting Of Beam Column Joint Strengthened With CFRPIRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical study on retrofitting an exterior beam-column joint with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). A finite element model of an unstrengthened joint and a joint strengthened with CFRP wrapping is created in ANSYS. The models are subjected to cyclic loading and their stress distributions and deformations are analyzed and compared. The results show that strengthening the joint with CFRP increases its structural stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation capacity. The load-carrying capacity of the strengthened joint is 30% higher than the unstrengthened joint. CFRP wrapping is an effective rehabilitation technique for improving the seismic performance of damaged reinforced concrete beam-column joints.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the structural design considerations for tall buildings. It discusses how mankind has sought to build taller structures throughout history as symbols of power. For tall buildings, lateral loads from wind and earthquakes must be effectively resisted to prevent shear failure, overturning, or excessive deflection. Various lateral load resisting systems are explored, including moment frames, braced frames, tube structures, and outrigger systems. Rigidity indices are used to compare the bending and shear resistance of different structural configurations. The challenges of seismic design are also addressed. The document reviews previous research on improving the performance of reinforced concrete frames through the addition of bracing or shear walls.
Study of Eccentrically Braced Outrigger Frame under Seismic ExitationIJTET Journal
Outrigger braced structures has efficient structural form consist of a central core, comprising braced frames with
horizontal cantilever ”outrigger” trusses or girders connecting the core to the outer column. When the structure is loaded
horizontally, vertical plane rotation of the core is restrained by the outriggers through tension in windward column and
compression in leeward column. The effective structural depth of the building is greatly increased, thus augmenting the lateral
stiffness of the building and reducing the lateral deflections and moments in core. In effect, the outriggers join the columns to the
core to make the structure behave as a partly composite cantilever. By providing eccentrically braced system in outrigger frame by
varying the size of links and analyzing it. Push over analysis is carried out by varying the link size using computer programs, Sap
2007 to understand their seismic performance. The ductile behavior of eccentrically braced frame is highly desirable for structures
subjected to strong ground motion. Maximum stiffness, strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity are provided by
eccentrically braced frame. Studies were conducted on the use of outrigger frame for the high steel building subjected to
earthquake load. Braces are designed not to buckle, regardless of the severity of lateral loading on the frame. Thus eccentrically
braced frame ensures safety against collapse.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Seismic Retrofitting of RCC StructuresIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete beam-column joints using concrete jacketing. The study tested control specimens designed to code standards and retrofitted specimens with concrete jackets added. The specimens were subjected to reverse cyclic loading to examine their performance and lateral load capacity. The concrete jackets were intended to improve seismic performance by increasing strength, stiffness, deformation capacity, and connection integrity of the joints. The results provide information on the behavior and effectiveness of reinforced concrete beam-columns strengthened with concrete jacketing under cyclic loading conditions.
Review on Structural Performance of Braced Steel Sturtures Under Dynamic LoadingIRJET Journal
This document reviews the structural performance of braced steel structures under dynamic loading. It discusses three main types of bracings: eccentric braced frames, shape memory alloys, and buckling restrained braces. Eccentric braced frames provide energy dissipation and ductility through a ductile link. Shape memory alloys can regain their original shape after deformation and dissipate energy. Buckling restrained braces prevent buckling of steel braces under seismic loads through a composite action of a steel core encased in mortar. The document reviews various literature studying the seismic behavior and failures of these bracing systems.
IRJET - Experimental Study on Performance of Buckling Restrained BracingsIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the performance of buckling restrained bracings (BRBs). BRBs are a type of seismic bracing that can yield in both tension and compression without buckling, providing stable energy dissipation. The study models five different BRB designs using finite element analysis to evaluate their hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation capacity when subjected to cyclic loading. The BRB designs vary the core plate shape and thickness, the material properties, and the gap size between the core and restraining tube. The goal is to identify the most efficient and economical BRB design that maximizes yield capacity and energy dissipation for seismic applications.
Buckling Restrained Braces (Brb) – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs) as a lateral load resisting system for structures in seismic areas. It discusses how BRBs were developed to overcome the weaknesses of concentric bracing, which can buckle in compression. BRBs consist of a steel core encased in a concrete-filled tube with a coating to allow the core to slide without bonding. This restrains buckling and provides stable hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation in both tension and compression cycles. The document reviews the history, components, behavior, advantages and disadvantages of BRBs. It also summarizes several research papers that have studied innovative applications and testing of BRB systems.
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a 13-story reinforced concrete building with different types of concrete and steel bracing systems. The bracing systems studied include diagonal, V-type, inverted V-type, combined V-type, K-type, and X-type bracings. The building is analyzed using ETAB software according to Indian seismic design standards. Results show that X-type concrete bracing and combined V-type steel bracing most effectively reduce story drift and displacement. Both systems increase the building's base shear, stiffness, strength, and displacement capacity when bracing is provided on all sides or any two parallel sides of the building. The study concludes that concrete and steel bracing are effective techniques for
Numerical Study on Retrofitting Of Beam Column Joint Strengthened With CFRPIRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical study on retrofitting an exterior beam-column joint with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). A finite element model of an unstrengthened joint and a joint strengthened with CFRP wrapping is created in ANSYS. The models are subjected to cyclic loading and their stress distributions and deformations are analyzed and compared. The results show that strengthening the joint with CFRP increases its structural stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation capacity. The load-carrying capacity of the strengthened joint is 30% higher than the unstrengthened joint. CFRP wrapping is an effective rehabilitation technique for improving the seismic performance of damaged reinforced concrete beam-column joints.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the structural design considerations for tall buildings. It discusses how mankind has sought to build taller structures throughout history as symbols of power. For tall buildings, lateral loads from wind and earthquakes must be effectively resisted to prevent shear failure, overturning, or excessive deflection. Various lateral load resisting systems are explored, including moment frames, braced frames, tube structures, and outrigger systems. Rigidity indices are used to compare the bending and shear resistance of different structural configurations. The challenges of seismic design are also addressed. The document reviews previous research on improving the performance of reinforced concrete frames through the addition of bracing or shear walls.
Study of Eccentrically Braced Outrigger Frame under Seismic ExitationIJTET Journal
Outrigger braced structures has efficient structural form consist of a central core, comprising braced frames with
horizontal cantilever ”outrigger” trusses or girders connecting the core to the outer column. When the structure is loaded
horizontally, vertical plane rotation of the core is restrained by the outriggers through tension in windward column and
compression in leeward column. The effective structural depth of the building is greatly increased, thus augmenting the lateral
stiffness of the building and reducing the lateral deflections and moments in core. In effect, the outriggers join the columns to the
core to make the structure behave as a partly composite cantilever. By providing eccentrically braced system in outrigger frame by
varying the size of links and analyzing it. Push over analysis is carried out by varying the link size using computer programs, Sap
2007 to understand their seismic performance. The ductile behavior of eccentrically braced frame is highly desirable for structures
subjected to strong ground motion. Maximum stiffness, strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity are provided by
eccentrically braced frame. Studies were conducted on the use of outrigger frame for the high steel building subjected to
earthquake load. Braces are designed not to buckle, regardless of the severity of lateral loading on the frame. Thus eccentrically
braced frame ensures safety against collapse.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Seismic Retrofitting of RCC StructuresIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete beam-column joints using concrete jacketing. The study tested control specimens designed to code standards and retrofitted specimens with concrete jackets added. The specimens were subjected to reverse cyclic loading to examine their performance and lateral load capacity. The concrete jackets were intended to improve seismic performance by increasing strength, stiffness, deformation capacity, and connection integrity of the joints. The results provide information on the behavior and effectiveness of reinforced concrete beam-columns strengthened with concrete jacketing under cyclic loading conditions.
Review on Structural Performance of Braced Steel Sturtures Under Dynamic LoadingIRJET Journal
This document reviews the structural performance of braced steel structures under dynamic loading. It discusses three main types of bracings: eccentric braced frames, shape memory alloys, and buckling restrained braces. Eccentric braced frames provide energy dissipation and ductility through a ductile link. Shape memory alloys can regain their original shape after deformation and dissipate energy. Buckling restrained braces prevent buckling of steel braces under seismic loads through a composite action of a steel core encased in mortar. The document reviews various literature studying the seismic behavior and failures of these bracing systems.
Lateral Load Analysis of a Building with & Without Knee BracingIJERA Editor
In last decades steel structures has played an important role in construction industry. Providing strength, stability
and ductility are major purposes of seismic design. It is necessary to design a structure to perform well under
seismic loads. Steel braced frame is one of the structural systems used to resist earthquake loads in structures.
Steel bracing is economical, easy to erect, occupies less space and has flexibility to design for meeting the
required strength and stiffness. Bracing can be used as retrofit as well. There are various types of steel bracings
such as Diagonal, X, K, V, inverted V type or chevron and global type concentric bracings. In the present study,
it was shown that modelling of the G+4 steel bare frame with various bracings (X, V, inverted V, and Knee
bracing) by computer software SAP2000 and pushover analysis results are obtained. Comparison between the
seismic parameters such as base shear, roof displacement, time period, storey drift, performance point for steel
bare frame with different bracing patterns are studied. It is found that the X type of steel bracings significantly
contributes to the structural stiffness and reduces the maximum interstate drift of steel building than other
bracing systems.
This document provides a review of steel-concrete composite (SCC) girders under shock loads. SCC construction combines the advantages of steel and concrete by using mechanical shear connectors to bond a steel beam and concrete slab. Under shock loads, SCC girders can experience local failures like concrete crushing or steel buckling. The complex force transfer during shock loading is discussed. Different types of shear connectors are described, and the interface behavior between the steel beam and concrete slab is important to resist shear forces. Both full and partial composite action are examined in terms of flexural capacity under different interaction assumptions. The behavior of SCC girders under shock loading, including dynamic load factors, is also reviewed.
1. The document discusses the behavior of reinforced concrete sections subjected to combined flexural moment and axial force.
2. It describes the unified theory for analyzing concrete design, which can develop a single theory to determine stress resultants for various concrete member types, design methods, and codes.
3. The theory unifies the analysis of beams, columns, reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete, and different cross-section types by incorporating various stress-strain models.
Analysis of Beam-Column Joint subjected to Seismic Lateral Loading – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the analysis and design of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic lateral loading. It discusses that beam-column joints are critical parts that can fail in earthquakes due to shear or inadequate reinforcement anchorage. The document examines different types of beam-column joints and codes for their design. It also reviews past literature on modeling and testing beam-column joints and factors that influence their behavior under seismic loads. The conclusion is that beam-column joint design and detailing is important for seismic resistance and codes have improved based on research but more study is still needed.
Comparitive study on rcc and composite (cft) multi storeyed buildingseSAT Journals
The document compares the performance of reinforced concrete (RCC) and composite (CFT) multi-storey buildings under lateral loads. Nonlinear time history analyses were performed on G+14, G+19, and G+24 buildings with different lateral load-resisting systems including bracing and shear walls. Parameters like natural period, displacement, and drift were compared. The CFT buildings showed shorter periods and better performance, with natural periods up to 25% less than the RCC buildings. The CFT buildings also exhibited reduced displacements and drifts compared to the RCC structures.
Seismic performance of weak base strong column steel moment framesSebastian Contreras
This document summarizes research on the seismic performance of steel moment frames with weak base connections and strong columns. The researchers analyzed a 4-story steel moment frame building using nonlinear time history analysis with different base connection strengths, including fixed, pinned, and varying hysteretic strengths from 1 to 0.3 times column strength. Results showed promise for weaker base connections but also issues like reduced base stiffness concentrating deformations in the first story. Future work is needed to further evaluate weak-base strong-column systems and address limitations.
Use of flat slabs in multi storey commercial building situated in high seismi...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses a study that compares the behavior of multi-storey commercial buildings with flat slab construction and conventional reinforced concrete frame construction. Six building models are analyzed: conventional RC frame and flat slab buildings with heights of 4, 9, and 13 stories. The models are analyzed using ETABS software to study parameters like lateral displacement, storey drift, storey shear, column moments and axial forces, and time period under different load conditions. The analysis is done for Seismic Zone IV. The study aims to better understand the seismic behavior of flat slab buildings and identify design improvements needed for their performance in high seismic zones.
This research introduces a new simple, efficient, and practical procedure to design
the reinforced concrete (RC) circular slabs which have large diameters. The principal
idea of this paper concerns to use the isotropic perpendicular RC straight joists to
resist the external load. The yield-line theory was adapted to analysis the circular
waffle slabs. The steps of design were according to the ACI Code provisions. Fixed
and simply supported circular slabs were presented. Closed form equations have been
driven by author for the purposes of analysis and design this type of slabs by the
present procedure. Uniformly distributed load was considered, that represent almost
practical cases. Useful illustration example is presented in this study according to the
available materials in Iraq to facilitate the job of designers. The good performance of
RC circular slab which design by the present procedure proved clearly the efficiency
of this technique.
IRJET- Behaviour of Castellated Beam with Coupled StiffenerIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a study on the behavior of castellated beams with coupled stiffeners. A steel I-section beam is selected and analyzed using finite element analysis software.
2) Experimental testing is conducted on beams with two-point loading. The deflection at the beam center and various failure patterns are examined. The goal is to determine if load capacity increases or decreases with an optimized stiffener placed within hexagonal openings.
3) Previous research has looked at shear buckling behavior of web-posts, parametric studies of connections with circular openings, and using topology optimization to design perforated sections. Stiffeners are commonly used to strengthen plates and increase shear and moment resistance.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
This document summarizes research on beam-column connections in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the design of new joints, failure of existing joints in earthquakes, and general response characteristics including stiffness, strength, and deformation capacity. It also examines interior and exterior joint details, the effect of axial loads, and plastic drift capacity. The document provides recommended envelope relations for joint strength and stiffness based on experimental data. It concludes with references to further research on modeling joint behavior and fragility.
This document discusses the structural analysis and design of portal frames in single storey steel buildings. It covers topics such as global analysis including second order effects and imperfections, the design procedure of portal frames, and design of roof and vertical bracing. For global analysis, it describes methods for calculating alpha_cr to assess the influence of second order effects, and how to account for frame imperfections and joint stiffness. The design procedure section outlines different analysis and verification methods to use based on the value of alpha_cr, including considering global and local imperfections.
This document provides an introduction to the selection and design of deep foundations. It discusses different types of deep foundations including large displacement piles (driven timber, concrete, steel piles), small displacement piles (Raymond step-tapered piles), and nondisplacement piles (uncased, cased, pressure-grouted drilled shafts). Key factors in selecting a deep foundation type include load capacity, structure application, soil conditions, cost, and construction efficiency. The document outlines design methodology, load transfer mechanisms, lateral load capacity considerations, and applications for driven pile groups and drilled shaft foundations.
1. The document discusses parameters that affect the strength of concrete in externally prestressed bridges. It examines factors like tendon layout, prestressing method, effective depth and eccentricity of external tendons, and materials used for tendons.
2. Studies have found that draped tendon profiles provide higher strength than straight profiles. External prestressing requires more prestressing force than internal prestressing, except for very deep girders. Increased effective depth and eccentricity of external tendons enhances strength.
3. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons are an alternative to steel but have issues with brittleness and cost. Overall, optimizing tendon layout and placement can improve the strength of externally prestressed concrete bridges
Retrofitting of Beam-Column Joint using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer and G...Satyam Vijay Bhosale
Retrofitting of an existing building is immensely essential for the deteriorated and damaged structure in Engineering and Medical fields. It refers to endowing the structure with a service level higher than that initially planned by modifying the structures, not necessarily damage area. Beam-column joints, being the lateral and vertical load transferring connections in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures and hence the satisfactory performance of these joints is key to control the performance of connecting structural members during any event.
The project involves the study of the load carrying capacity of the beam-column joint after the application of the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and GFRP (Glass fibre Reinforced Polymer) sheets. Five beam-column joint models were cast out of which one model was the control specimen and others were cast for the purpose of the retrofitting. Four specimens were retrofitted by L-shape and straight configurations. The project focused on the effect of using the CFRP sheets and GFRP sheets for enhancing the strength and ductility of the beam-column joint. The wraps were provided to prevent the shear failure of the beam-column joint. The failure criteria including ultimate capacity, mode of failure, initial stiffness, ductility and developed ultimate strain in the reinforcing steel and respective sheet were considered and then compared.
The document discusses the philosophy of seismic design of building structures. It explains that seismic design aims to allow some damage to occur in major earthquakes to avoid collapse, by designing structures to yield in specific zones. This dissipates energy through hysteretic damping. Structures are designed to remain elastic in minor quakes and have minimal damage in moderate quakes. Common lateral force resisting systems for reinforced concrete buildings are then described, including moment frames, shear walls, dual frames+walls, braced frames, trussed frames, and tube frames.
This document summarizes a dissertation on the effect of non-seismic walls on moment resisting frames in buildings. The dissertation examines whether reinforced concrete walls like stairwells and elevator shafts can be neglected in structural analysis. Through modeling and analysis of various building configurations using software, the dissertation found that for buildings up to 12 floors, such walls can be neglected and designed only for gravity loads if certain conditions are met regarding the walls' reinforcement and displacement. The presence of additional walls beyond one actually did not significantly increase the share of lateral loads resisted by the walls. The dissertation provides valuable insights into the interaction between structural wall and frame systems.
Design of FRP Axial Strengthening of RCC Columns -ACI 44 0.2R-08 - تصميم ت...Dr.Youssef Hammida
This study investigates the behavior and failure modes of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete wrapped with different FRP schemes, including fully wrapped, partially wrapped, and nonuniformly-wrapped concrete cylinders. By using the same amount of FRP, this study proposes a new wrapping scheme that provides a higher compressive strength
1. The document introduces reinforced concrete structures and provides an overview of their design process. It discusses common building elements like beams, slabs, columns, and foundations.
2. The design process involves analyzing loads, selecting an efficient structural form, evaluating safety, and planning construction. Designs must consider strength, serviceability, and safety factors.
3. Reinforced concrete is designed using limit state theory according to code BS 8110. Designs consider ultimate and serviceability limit states, and evaluate different load combinations and factors of safety.
Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) in framed structures as Structural Fuses in ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) used as structural fuses in seismic regions. BRBs consist of a steel core laterally restrained by a buckling restrained mechanism, such as a steel tube filled with concrete. This prevents local and global buckling of the core. Experimental tests show BRBs exhibit stable hysteretic behavior with nearly ideal bilinear hysteresis loops during cyclic loading. BRBs are efficient at dissipating energy and enhancing structural performance during earthquakes by undergoing inelastic deformation as structural fuses. The document reviews several international studies that have validated the effectiveness of BRBs through experimental testing and analysis.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Moment Resisting Frames of Steel and Composit...IRJET Journal
This document compares moment resisting frames made of steel composite materials and reinforced concrete (RC) under seismic loading. Four models each of a G+10 and G+20 building were analyzed with ETABS software - two as ordinary moment resisting frames (OMRF) and two as special moment resisting frames (SMRF). Results for steel composite frames showed lower displacement, drift, and shear compared to RC frames, but within acceptable limits. Steel composite structures provide advantages over RC structures such as reduced weight, cost, and faster construction for high-rise buildings.
Lateral Load Analysis of a Building with & Without Knee BracingIJERA Editor
In last decades steel structures has played an important role in construction industry. Providing strength, stability
and ductility are major purposes of seismic design. It is necessary to design a structure to perform well under
seismic loads. Steel braced frame is one of the structural systems used to resist earthquake loads in structures.
Steel bracing is economical, easy to erect, occupies less space and has flexibility to design for meeting the
required strength and stiffness. Bracing can be used as retrofit as well. There are various types of steel bracings
such as Diagonal, X, K, V, inverted V type or chevron and global type concentric bracings. In the present study,
it was shown that modelling of the G+4 steel bare frame with various bracings (X, V, inverted V, and Knee
bracing) by computer software SAP2000 and pushover analysis results are obtained. Comparison between the
seismic parameters such as base shear, roof displacement, time period, storey drift, performance point for steel
bare frame with different bracing patterns are studied. It is found that the X type of steel bracings significantly
contributes to the structural stiffness and reduces the maximum interstate drift of steel building than other
bracing systems.
This document provides a review of steel-concrete composite (SCC) girders under shock loads. SCC construction combines the advantages of steel and concrete by using mechanical shear connectors to bond a steel beam and concrete slab. Under shock loads, SCC girders can experience local failures like concrete crushing or steel buckling. The complex force transfer during shock loading is discussed. Different types of shear connectors are described, and the interface behavior between the steel beam and concrete slab is important to resist shear forces. Both full and partial composite action are examined in terms of flexural capacity under different interaction assumptions. The behavior of SCC girders under shock loading, including dynamic load factors, is also reviewed.
1. The document discusses the behavior of reinforced concrete sections subjected to combined flexural moment and axial force.
2. It describes the unified theory for analyzing concrete design, which can develop a single theory to determine stress resultants for various concrete member types, design methods, and codes.
3. The theory unifies the analysis of beams, columns, reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete, and different cross-section types by incorporating various stress-strain models.
Analysis of Beam-Column Joint subjected to Seismic Lateral Loading – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the analysis and design of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic lateral loading. It discusses that beam-column joints are critical parts that can fail in earthquakes due to shear or inadequate reinforcement anchorage. The document examines different types of beam-column joints and codes for their design. It also reviews past literature on modeling and testing beam-column joints and factors that influence their behavior under seismic loads. The conclusion is that beam-column joint design and detailing is important for seismic resistance and codes have improved based on research but more study is still needed.
Comparitive study on rcc and composite (cft) multi storeyed buildingseSAT Journals
The document compares the performance of reinforced concrete (RCC) and composite (CFT) multi-storey buildings under lateral loads. Nonlinear time history analyses were performed on G+14, G+19, and G+24 buildings with different lateral load-resisting systems including bracing and shear walls. Parameters like natural period, displacement, and drift were compared. The CFT buildings showed shorter periods and better performance, with natural periods up to 25% less than the RCC buildings. The CFT buildings also exhibited reduced displacements and drifts compared to the RCC structures.
Seismic performance of weak base strong column steel moment framesSebastian Contreras
This document summarizes research on the seismic performance of steel moment frames with weak base connections and strong columns. The researchers analyzed a 4-story steel moment frame building using nonlinear time history analysis with different base connection strengths, including fixed, pinned, and varying hysteretic strengths from 1 to 0.3 times column strength. Results showed promise for weaker base connections but also issues like reduced base stiffness concentrating deformations in the first story. Future work is needed to further evaluate weak-base strong-column systems and address limitations.
Use of flat slabs in multi storey commercial building situated in high seismi...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses a study that compares the behavior of multi-storey commercial buildings with flat slab construction and conventional reinforced concrete frame construction. Six building models are analyzed: conventional RC frame and flat slab buildings with heights of 4, 9, and 13 stories. The models are analyzed using ETABS software to study parameters like lateral displacement, storey drift, storey shear, column moments and axial forces, and time period under different load conditions. The analysis is done for Seismic Zone IV. The study aims to better understand the seismic behavior of flat slab buildings and identify design improvements needed for their performance in high seismic zones.
This research introduces a new simple, efficient, and practical procedure to design
the reinforced concrete (RC) circular slabs which have large diameters. The principal
idea of this paper concerns to use the isotropic perpendicular RC straight joists to
resist the external load. The yield-line theory was adapted to analysis the circular
waffle slabs. The steps of design were according to the ACI Code provisions. Fixed
and simply supported circular slabs were presented. Closed form equations have been
driven by author for the purposes of analysis and design this type of slabs by the
present procedure. Uniformly distributed load was considered, that represent almost
practical cases. Useful illustration example is presented in this study according to the
available materials in Iraq to facilitate the job of designers. The good performance of
RC circular slab which design by the present procedure proved clearly the efficiency
of this technique.
IRJET- Behaviour of Castellated Beam with Coupled StiffenerIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a study on the behavior of castellated beams with coupled stiffeners. A steel I-section beam is selected and analyzed using finite element analysis software.
2) Experimental testing is conducted on beams with two-point loading. The deflection at the beam center and various failure patterns are examined. The goal is to determine if load capacity increases or decreases with an optimized stiffener placed within hexagonal openings.
3) Previous research has looked at shear buckling behavior of web-posts, parametric studies of connections with circular openings, and using topology optimization to design perforated sections. Stiffeners are commonly used to strengthen plates and increase shear and moment resistance.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
This document summarizes research on beam-column connections in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the design of new joints, failure of existing joints in earthquakes, and general response characteristics including stiffness, strength, and deformation capacity. It also examines interior and exterior joint details, the effect of axial loads, and plastic drift capacity. The document provides recommended envelope relations for joint strength and stiffness based on experimental data. It concludes with references to further research on modeling joint behavior and fragility.
This document discusses the structural analysis and design of portal frames in single storey steel buildings. It covers topics such as global analysis including second order effects and imperfections, the design procedure of portal frames, and design of roof and vertical bracing. For global analysis, it describes methods for calculating alpha_cr to assess the influence of second order effects, and how to account for frame imperfections and joint stiffness. The design procedure section outlines different analysis and verification methods to use based on the value of alpha_cr, including considering global and local imperfections.
This document provides an introduction to the selection and design of deep foundations. It discusses different types of deep foundations including large displacement piles (driven timber, concrete, steel piles), small displacement piles (Raymond step-tapered piles), and nondisplacement piles (uncased, cased, pressure-grouted drilled shafts). Key factors in selecting a deep foundation type include load capacity, structure application, soil conditions, cost, and construction efficiency. The document outlines design methodology, load transfer mechanisms, lateral load capacity considerations, and applications for driven pile groups and drilled shaft foundations.
1. The document discusses parameters that affect the strength of concrete in externally prestressed bridges. It examines factors like tendon layout, prestressing method, effective depth and eccentricity of external tendons, and materials used for tendons.
2. Studies have found that draped tendon profiles provide higher strength than straight profiles. External prestressing requires more prestressing force than internal prestressing, except for very deep girders. Increased effective depth and eccentricity of external tendons enhances strength.
3. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons are an alternative to steel but have issues with brittleness and cost. Overall, optimizing tendon layout and placement can improve the strength of externally prestressed concrete bridges
Retrofitting of Beam-Column Joint using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer and G...Satyam Vijay Bhosale
Retrofitting of an existing building is immensely essential for the deteriorated and damaged structure in Engineering and Medical fields. It refers to endowing the structure with a service level higher than that initially planned by modifying the structures, not necessarily damage area. Beam-column joints, being the lateral and vertical load transferring connections in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures and hence the satisfactory performance of these joints is key to control the performance of connecting structural members during any event.
The project involves the study of the load carrying capacity of the beam-column joint after the application of the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and GFRP (Glass fibre Reinforced Polymer) sheets. Five beam-column joint models were cast out of which one model was the control specimen and others were cast for the purpose of the retrofitting. Four specimens were retrofitted by L-shape and straight configurations. The project focused on the effect of using the CFRP sheets and GFRP sheets for enhancing the strength and ductility of the beam-column joint. The wraps were provided to prevent the shear failure of the beam-column joint. The failure criteria including ultimate capacity, mode of failure, initial stiffness, ductility and developed ultimate strain in the reinforcing steel and respective sheet were considered and then compared.
The document discusses the philosophy of seismic design of building structures. It explains that seismic design aims to allow some damage to occur in major earthquakes to avoid collapse, by designing structures to yield in specific zones. This dissipates energy through hysteretic damping. Structures are designed to remain elastic in minor quakes and have minimal damage in moderate quakes. Common lateral force resisting systems for reinforced concrete buildings are then described, including moment frames, shear walls, dual frames+walls, braced frames, trussed frames, and tube frames.
This document summarizes a dissertation on the effect of non-seismic walls on moment resisting frames in buildings. The dissertation examines whether reinforced concrete walls like stairwells and elevator shafts can be neglected in structural analysis. Through modeling and analysis of various building configurations using software, the dissertation found that for buildings up to 12 floors, such walls can be neglected and designed only for gravity loads if certain conditions are met regarding the walls' reinforcement and displacement. The presence of additional walls beyond one actually did not significantly increase the share of lateral loads resisted by the walls. The dissertation provides valuable insights into the interaction between structural wall and frame systems.
Design of FRP Axial Strengthening of RCC Columns -ACI 44 0.2R-08 - تصميم ت...Dr.Youssef Hammida
This study investigates the behavior and failure modes of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete wrapped with different FRP schemes, including fully wrapped, partially wrapped, and nonuniformly-wrapped concrete cylinders. By using the same amount of FRP, this study proposes a new wrapping scheme that provides a higher compressive strength
1. The document introduces reinforced concrete structures and provides an overview of their design process. It discusses common building elements like beams, slabs, columns, and foundations.
2. The design process involves analyzing loads, selecting an efficient structural form, evaluating safety, and planning construction. Designs must consider strength, serviceability, and safety factors.
3. Reinforced concrete is designed using limit state theory according to code BS 8110. Designs consider ultimate and serviceability limit states, and evaluate different load combinations and factors of safety.
Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) in framed structures as Structural Fuses in ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) used as structural fuses in seismic regions. BRBs consist of a steel core laterally restrained by a buckling restrained mechanism, such as a steel tube filled with concrete. This prevents local and global buckling of the core. Experimental tests show BRBs exhibit stable hysteretic behavior with nearly ideal bilinear hysteresis loops during cyclic loading. BRBs are efficient at dissipating energy and enhancing structural performance during earthquakes by undergoing inelastic deformation as structural fuses. The document reviews several international studies that have validated the effectiveness of BRBs through experimental testing and analysis.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Moment Resisting Frames of Steel and Composit...IRJET Journal
This document compares moment resisting frames made of steel composite materials and reinforced concrete (RC) under seismic loading. Four models each of a G+10 and G+20 building were analyzed with ETABS software - two as ordinary moment resisting frames (OMRF) and two as special moment resisting frames (SMRF). Results for steel composite frames showed lower displacement, drift, and shear compared to RC frames, but within acceptable limits. Steel composite structures provide advantages over RC structures such as reduced weight, cost, and faster construction for high-rise buildings.
CONCRETE-ENCASED CFST BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS: A REVIEWIRJET Journal
This document reviews concrete-encased concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam-column joints. It discusses how beam-column joints are the most seismically affected part of framed structures, so understanding their seismic performance is important. Concrete-encased CFST beam-column joints consist of a CFST core surrounded by reinforced concrete. The document reviews the properties and performance of these joints, including different types of connections, experimental investigations that have been conducted, and the results of one experimental program that tested seismic performance and found three main failure types. In summary, concrete-encased CFST beam-column joints demonstrate favorable seismic behavior and strength due to the composite action of the steel tube and concrete.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Seismic Behaviour of RCC and Steel-Concrete C...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete concrete (RCC) frame structures and steel-concrete composite frame structures. Five 20-story building models are analyzed: one RCC structure and four composite structures with different column and beam configurations. Parameters like time period, story displacement, drift ratio, base shear, etc. are extracted and compared for the structures under equivalent static and response spectrum analysis for seismic zones II and V. The results show that composite structures have higher time periods and displacements but lower drift ratios and base shears compared to the RCC structure. In particular, composite model 3 with rectangular concrete filled steel columns performed better with smaller displacements and drift ratios.
Bracing elements in structural system plays a vital role in the seismic behaviour of high rise buildings during earthquake. Many of the structural failures in buildings during strong earthquake shaking have indicated that sustainable strength and stable energy dissipation capability are most desirable to maintain inter story drifts and overall structural displacements within tolerable levels. So earthquake action brings a greater concern in the structural design of buildings which is situated in earthquake prone areas. Steel bracing are the common type which mainly used to resist the lateral loads acting during a seismic activity. Conventional types of lateral load resisting systems are concentrically-braced frames (CBFs) and eccentrically braced frames (EBF). Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) are recent developed structural system which has a stable energy dissipation property. Main advantage of BRB is its ability to yield both in tension and compression without buckling, thus obtaining a stable hysteresis loop. The BRB brace placed in a concentric frame is termed as BRBF system.
IRJET- A Study on Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Column Steel Beam Connect...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the behavior of steel beam to concrete filled steel tubular column connections using different types of concrete. Specifically, it examines connections using light weight concrete and normal concrete with an external diaphragm. Two specimens of each concrete type were tested under static loading. The results showed panel zone deformation in the beam-column joints for both light weight and normal concrete. However, light weight concrete connections performed better in terms of seismic performance and energy dissipation compared to normal concrete connections. The aim of the study was to develop a more economical concrete filled steel tubular structure system by utilizing lighter concrete materials.
Stiffening and Strengthening of Deteriorated Cellular Beams by Local Post- Te...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on strengthening deteriorated cellular beams through local post-tensioning. Cellular beams are prone to deterioration over time due to their increased depth and exposure. The study aims to introduce local post-tensioning as a simple, low-cost method to stiffen and strengthen cellular beams without adding new material. Local post-tensioning involves attaching reinforcing bars to the bottom of the beam and tensioning them using jacks to improve load capacity. Deteriorated beams were modeled and analyzed in ANSYS. The results showed that local post-tensioning combined with stiffeners was the most effective approach, able to recover over 180% of the original load capacity.
IRJET- Study on the Structural Behavior of Concrete Encased Steel Composi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the structural behavior of concrete-encased steel composite columns. Theoretical, analytical, and experimental investigations were conducted. The finite element software ANSYS was used for analytical modeling. In experiments, reinforced concrete columns were compared to concrete-encased steel columns with varying steel section orientations. The results showed that concrete-encased steel composite columns exhibited higher load capacity and less axial shortening compared to reinforced concrete columns. The orientation of the encased steel section also affected the structural behavior. In general, the study demonstrated that concrete-encased steel composite columns provide improved structural performance over conventional reinforced concrete columns.
1. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of reinforced concrete as a structural material and its wide use in structures.
2. It outlines key design assumptions used in reinforced concrete design including strain compatibility between concrete and steel, stress-strain relationships of materials, and failure conditions.
3. It describes the behavior of reinforced concrete beams under increasing loads and how cracking occurs initially in the tension side before steel reinforcement engages to resist bending.
RELIABILITY STUDIES ON COMPOSITE COLUMNS USING RELIABILITY INDEX APPROACHIRJET Journal
The document discusses reliability studies on composite columns using the reliability index approach. It conducts a reliability analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) columns using the first-order second moment (FOSM) method to understand the impact of random variables. The reliability index and probability of failure are calculated for longer columns (L/D > 12) and shorter columns (L/D < 12) using the FOSM method. Results are presented in tables showing the reliability index values for various column dimensions classified as longer columns.
Steel is widely used for structures due to its strength, light weight, and fast construction. This document introduces steel design based on the limit state method per Indian codes. It describes rolled steel sections like beams, channels, angles, and plates used in design. Key properties of structural steel like yield strength and ductility are discussed. The limit state method involves checking strength and serviceability limits under different load combinations and safety factors to ensure safety and comfort over the structure's lifetime.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses the design of compression members in steel structures. It begins by defining compression members as members subjected to compressive stresses, such as columns, struts, and compression flanges. It notes that compression members are more prone to buckling than tension members. The document then discusses factors that influence the buckling strength of compression members, such as the member's length, cross-sectional properties, end conditions, and bracing. It also discusses eccentric loading of columns and the various sections that can be used or built up for compression members.
The Structural Behaviour of Concrete Filled Steel Tubular columnsIRJET Journal
This document describes a study comparing the structural behavior of concrete-filled steel tubular columns made with different steel materials through numerical analysis and experimental testing. Six column specimens were tested - two each made with stainless steel, mild steel, and cold-formed steel tubes. Both short and long columns were analyzed. The numerical analysis found that stainless steel columns had the highest load-carrying capacity. The experimental results supported this, with stainless steel columns outperforming the other materials. There was good agreement between the numerical and experimental load values, with errors generally below 5%. The study concluded that stainless steel provided the best performance for concrete-filled steel tubular columns subjected to axial loads.
Analysis of Multi-Storey Steel Structure with Different Infills and Steel Bra...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a 9-story steel structure with different bracing and infill systems through modeling and analysis. Four structural models are considered: a bare frame, bare frame with precast panel infill, bare frame with X-bracing, and bare frame with X-bracing and precast panel infill. The models are analyzed using software to determine base shear, story drift, and displacement under seismic loads. Results show that use of bracing and infills helps reduce displacement and story drift, with the model containing both X-bracing and precast infill performing best by minimizing drift. Infill and bracing systems thus improve the structure's lateral stiffness and strength during earthquakes.
Study on Steel Beam Column Joint using Different Connections – State of ArtIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on different types of steel beam-column connections, focusing on reduced beam section (RBS) connections. It discusses how RBS connections improve ductility by localizing plastic hinging in the reduced beam section, away from the connection. Several studies are summarized that experimentally and numerically analyze the behavior of RBS connections under cyclic loading, finding they provide excellent ductile performance by maintaining the elasticity of the connection region. Parameters like RBS geometry and profile are investigated. The document concludes RBS connections enhance seismic performance by preventing failure of connection components.
IJET-Waste Water Treatment Unit using Activated CharcoalIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on different types of steel beam-column connections, focusing on reduced beam section (RBS) connections. It discusses how RBS connections improve ductility by localizing plastic hinging in the reduced beam section, away from the connection. Several studies are summarized that evaluate the behavior and performance of RBS connections through experimental testing and finite element modeling. The research shows that RBS connections can provide excellent seismic performance by maintaining the elastic behavior of the connection while forming plastic hinges in the reduced beam section.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ANALYSIS OF STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE WITH DIFF...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the analysis of steel-concrete composite structures with different shear wall positions. Five models of an 8-storey composite building were analyzed: without shear walls, with a center shear wall, shear walls in the x-direction, shear walls in the y-direction, and shear walls at the corners. The analysis found that the model with shear walls at the corners experienced the minimum displacement, storey drift, and time period compared to the other models.
IRJET- Seismic Response of Multi-Storey Building with Short Core Buckling...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the seismic response of multi-story buildings with different bracing systems, including short core buckling restrained braces (BRBs). 8- and 16-story building models were created with conventional bracing, long core BRBs, and short core BRBs. Non-linear time history analysis was performed and results were compared. Short core BRBs have a shorter steel core than conventional long core BRBs, which can impact energy dissipation. The study aims to provide more detailed behavior analysis of buildings with short core BRBs using different core materials.
Experimental Study of Concrete Filled Tubular Short ColumnsIRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental study on the behavior of concrete filled tubular short columns of different cross-sectional shapes (circular, rectangular, and square). Specimens were tested under axial compression loading to determine their failure mechanisms and load-carrying capacities. The key findings were that square CFT columns exhibited 11.46% higher ultimate load capacity than circular columns and 10.07% higher than rectangular columns. All specimens failed via local buckling of the steel tube. Theoretical load estimates from design codes were generally lower than the tested loads.
Similar to IRJET- Experimental Analysis of Buckling Restrained Brace Under Cyclic Loadng (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.