This document discusses a study that compares the behavior of multi-storey commercial buildings with flat slab construction and conventional reinforced concrete frame construction. Six building models are analyzed: conventional RC frame and flat slab buildings with heights of 4, 9, and 13 stories. The models are analyzed using ETABS software to study parameters like lateral displacement, storey drift, storey shear, column moments and axial forces, and time period under different load conditions. The analysis is done for Seismic Zone IV. The study aims to better understand the seismic behavior of flat slab buildings and identify design improvements needed for their performance in high seismic zones.
Reinforced concrete special moment frames • are used as part of seismic force-resisting systems in buildings that are designed to resist earthquakes. • Beams, columns, and beam-column joints in moment frames are prop... more abstract
Comparison of performance of lateral load resisting systems in multi storey f...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper introduces the comparison between lateral load resisting systems in multi storey building. Multi storey building
composed of very special class of structure and therefore require special treatment. Hence to overcome the effects of seismic
forces, Flat slab system in which slab rests on drop or capital which is connected to column is induced with different load
resisting systems. The combined systems which is used to withstand seismic forces in this study are 1. Flat slab without lateral
load resisting system, 2. Flat slab with shear wall, 3. Flat slab with infill wall, 4. Flat slab with bracings, 5. Flat slab with shear
wall and bracings. ETABS software version is used to accomplish dynamic analysis and also building is investigated for nonlinear
static analysis in order to identify seismic demands. From the obtained results conclusions are drawn.
Keywords: Capital, Bracings, Dynamic, and Treatment etc…
Diagrid structural systems
are emerging as structurally efficient as well as architecturally significant assemblies for tall buildings.
. The evolution of tall building structural systems based on new structural
concepts with newly adopted high strength materials and construction methods have been towards “stiffness” and “lightness”. Structural systems are become
“lighter” and “stiffer”.
It is common knowledge that rather than directly standing the forces,
it is better to reduce them and dissipate the magnitude of vibrations.
Structure design of high rise buildings is governed by lateral loads due to
wind or earthquake.
Lateral load resistance of structure is provided by interior structural system
or exterior structural system.
The selected structural system should be such that it should be effectively
utilized for structural requirements.
Recently diagrid structural system is adopted in tall buildings due to its
structural efficiency and flexibility in architectural planning.
Reinforced concrete special moment frames • are used as part of seismic force-resisting systems in buildings that are designed to resist earthquakes. • Beams, columns, and beam-column joints in moment frames are prop... more abstract
Comparison of performance of lateral load resisting systems in multi storey f...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper introduces the comparison between lateral load resisting systems in multi storey building. Multi storey building
composed of very special class of structure and therefore require special treatment. Hence to overcome the effects of seismic
forces, Flat slab system in which slab rests on drop or capital which is connected to column is induced with different load
resisting systems. The combined systems which is used to withstand seismic forces in this study are 1. Flat slab without lateral
load resisting system, 2. Flat slab with shear wall, 3. Flat slab with infill wall, 4. Flat slab with bracings, 5. Flat slab with shear
wall and bracings. ETABS software version is used to accomplish dynamic analysis and also building is investigated for nonlinear
static analysis in order to identify seismic demands. From the obtained results conclusions are drawn.
Keywords: Capital, Bracings, Dynamic, and Treatment etc…
Diagrid structural systems
are emerging as structurally efficient as well as architecturally significant assemblies for tall buildings.
. The evolution of tall building structural systems based on new structural
concepts with newly adopted high strength materials and construction methods have been towards “stiffness” and “lightness”. Structural systems are become
“lighter” and “stiffer”.
It is common knowledge that rather than directly standing the forces,
it is better to reduce them and dissipate the magnitude of vibrations.
Structure design of high rise buildings is governed by lateral loads due to
wind or earthquake.
Lateral load resistance of structure is provided by interior structural system
or exterior structural system.
The selected structural system should be such that it should be effectively
utilized for structural requirements.
Recently diagrid structural system is adopted in tall buildings due to its
structural efficiency and flexibility in architectural planning.
Evaluation of the Seismic Response Parameters for Infilled Reinforced Concret...IOSRJMCE
RC frames with unreinforced masonry infill walls are a common form of construction all around the world. Often, engineers do not consider masonry infill walls in the design process because the final distribution of these elements may be unknown to them, or because masonry walls are regarded as non-structural elements. Separation between masonry walls and frames is often not provided and, as a consequence, walls and frames interact during strong ground motion. This leads to structural response deviating radically from what is expected in the design. The presence of masonry infills can result in higher stiffness and strength and it is cheap and built with low cost labor. Under lateral load, Masonry walls act as diagonal struts subjected to compression, while reinforced concrete confining members (Frames) act in tension and/or compression, depending on the direction of lateral earthquake forces. The main objective of this research is to develop a realistic matrix for the response modification factors for medium-rise skeletal buildings with masonry infills. In this study, the contribution of the masonry infill walls to the lateral behavior of reinforced concrete buildings was investigated. For this purpose, a five, seven and ten stories buildings are modelled as bare and infilled frames. The parameters investigated were infill ratio, panel aspect ratio, unidirectional eccentricity, bidirectional eccentricities. A Parametric study was developed on the behavior of medium rise infilled frame buildings under lateral loads to investigate the effect of these parameters as well as infill properties on this behavior
Effect of non Seismic Walls
On Moment Resisting Frames in buildings.
Can we neglect reinforce concrete walls like
(stairwells, elevator shafts and so forth)?
*And what are the behavior of these walls during the yielding
point for the steel in work stress stage uncracked section
[Elastic Response Parameters] and after the yielding point in Plastic stage cracked section (Ultimate strength) since
*(Plastic Hinges) will occur in the Frames during plastic
stage And the frames shall peer all the entire seismic loads
And what are these Condition and arrangements to keep
the section walls in safety during plastic stage
so they can carry just the ordinary(D+L) axial loads.
Dose reinforcement for axial ordinary loads enough for these walls from collapsing?
All these answers you will get it when you look at the Dissertation
Diagrid structural system strategies to reduce lateral forces on high rise bu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of concentric and eccentric type of bracings on performance based seis...eSAT Journals
Abstract When a tall building is subjected to lateral or torsional deflections under the action of seismicloads, the resulting oscillatory movement can induce a wide range of responses in the building’s occupants.[1]As a result, lateral stiffness is a major consideration in the design of tall buildings. Bracing is a highly efficient and economical method of resisting lateral forces in a frame structure. In this present study, the effect of four different types of bracing systems have been studied, for the use in SMRF RC framed building situated in seismic zone IV, in order to provide lateral stiffness and results in terms of storey shears and storey drifts have been presented. Keywords: RC Building, Concentric and Eccentric Bracings, Storey Drift,Storey Shear, Pushover Curves.
Seismic performance of a rc frame with soft storey criteriaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Soft first storey is a typical feature in the modern multi-storey constructions in urban India. Social and functional need to provide parking space at ground level leads seismic vulnerability of such a building. The computer software usage in civil engineering has greatly reduced the complexities of different aspects in the analysis and design of projects. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the seismic behaviour of a multi-storey building with soft first storey. When subjected to seismic loads, it was observed that soft storey frames are less resistant when compared to infill frames.
Keywords: Masonry Infill (MI), Soft storey, relative stiffness, Diagonal strut, Base shear, response spectrum analysis, Time history analysis.
Seismic Drift Consideration in soft storied RCC buildings: A Critical ReviewIJERD Editor
Reinforced concrete frame buildings are becoming increasingly common in urban India. Many such
buildings constructed in recent times have a special feature – the ground storey is left open for the purpose of
parking, i.e., columns in the ground floor do not have any partition walls (of either masonry or
Reinforced concrete) between them. Such buildings are often called open ground storey buildings. The
relative horizontal displacement in the ground storey is much larger than storeys above it. The total horizontal
earthquake force it can carry in the ground storey is significantly smaller than storeys above it. The soft or weak
storey may exist at any storey level other than ground storey level. The presence of walls in upper storeys
makes them much stiffer than the open ground storey. Still Multi storey reinforced concrete buildings are
continuing to be built in India which has open ground storeys. It is imperative to know the behavior of
soft storey building to the seismic load for designing various retrofit strategies. Hence it is important to
study and understand the response of such buildings and make such buildings earthquake resistant based
on the study to prevent their collapse and to save the loss of life and property.
Analysis of outrigger system for tall vertical irregularites structures subje...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Analysis of the tall building is carried out to find the optimum position of outrigger system and belt truss by using lateral loads. The three dimensional model is considered and designed for the gravity load and placing of first and second position of the outrigger. Considering the design of Wind load is calculated by using IS 875 (Part 3) and Design of Earthquake load is calculated by using code IS 1893(part-1): 2000 in order to achieve reduction in drift, Deflection and story shear. The analysis is done by considering tall vertical irregularity of 30th storey of 7 X 7 bay for 1 to 10th storey and 7X6 bay 11th to 20th storey and 7X5 Bay 21st to 30th storey. Keywords: vertical irregularities, outrigger, linear static analysis Wind and earthquake load.
Design And Analysis Of Precast Load Bearing Walls For Multi Storey Building ...IJMER
In the present scenario of construction industry, time of construction is very crucial factor.
Pre-cast construction is gaining significance in general and urban areas in particular. The precast
technology is a viable and alternative technique to reduce the construction time. G+11 storey live
project is taken for analysis and design with load bearing walls. Design of precast wall panels and
design of precast slabs is carried using Indian codes subjected to gravity and lateral loads (seismic and
wind). Connections of wall to wall, wall to slab and foundation beam to wall is designed. The structural
system consists of load bearing walls and one-way slabs for gravity and lateral loads have been taken
for analysis using ETABS. Various wall forces, displacements and moments have been worked out for
different load combinations. Data base is presented for the worst load combination
OPTIMAL DIAGRID ANGLE TO MINIMIZE DRIFT IN HIGH-RISE STEEL BUILDINGS SUBJECTE...IAEME Publication
Nowadays, tending to use super high-rise steel buildings has increased the need for finding efficient and economical lateral load resisting systems. The diagrid structural system is widely used for medium- and super-high-rise buildings due to its structural efficiency. The aim of this study was to find the optimal diagrid angle to minimize the lateral drift in high-rise building. Five different diagrid angle configurations (27o, 45o, 56o, 72o, and 81o) have been considered for 24, 48 and 72-storey steel buildings. The results were tabulated by performing finite element analysis using ETABS version 15 in the form of lateral displacement and storey drift. It is shown that the optimal diagrid angle is smaller than 56o for 24-storey model, and between (56o- 72o) for 48-storey model, and 72o for 72-storey model.
Effect of Wind Load on Structural Performance of Dimensionally Regular & Irre...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Outriggers system is used as one of the best way of increasing the lateral stiffness and has been generally utilized in tall building structures. The outrigger system is very effective in increasing structure’s flexural stiffness. It is likewise viable in decreasing the horizontal top deflection and bending moments in the core of high-rise frame-core structures. This study presents the detailed analysis on how the top drift, inter-story drift, base moment in the core are influenced by the outriggers stiffness, outriggers optimum locations, columns axial stiffness and foundations flexibility. outrigger braced structures can strengthen a structure without disturbing its aesthetic appearance and this is a significant advantage over other lateral load resisting systems. The thesis compare between many outriggers systems including both concrete & steel Outriggers. The Rectangular shape & L- shaped building structures are taken for analysis. The study also presents simplified procedure to optimize the location of the outriggers that will result in a maximum reduction in the lateral displacement at the top of the building. The modeling of the structure is done using “ETABS” program. The investigation of the model is completed by comparable static technique. Finally, the thesis proposed a simplified analysis for outriggers structures with core for both regular and irregular high rise building.
A study on behaviour of outrigger system on high rise steel structure by vary...eSAT Journals
Abstract The outrigger system is one of the most efficient system used for high rise structures to resist lateral forces. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the static and dynamic behavior of the outrigger structural system on steel structure by reducing the depth of outrigger.5X5 bay 40 story 3D steel structures is modeled in ETABS v2013 software. Steel structure with central core and steel structure with outrigger structural system of varied depth of outrigger are compared. The depth of the outrigger is reduced to 2/3rd and 1/3rd of the story height along with the full story height. The depth of the belt-truss is equal to the height of the typical story and maintained same in all the structures. The key parameters discussed in this paper include lateral deflection and storey drift. From the analysis results it has been found that the comparative performance of outrigger with depth of full storey height and decreased depth shows minor difference in resistance towards lateral loads. Keywords: Outrigger system, Lateral Displacement, Inter story drift
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of the Seismic Response Parameters for Infilled Reinforced Concret...IOSRJMCE
RC frames with unreinforced masonry infill walls are a common form of construction all around the world. Often, engineers do not consider masonry infill walls in the design process because the final distribution of these elements may be unknown to them, or because masonry walls are regarded as non-structural elements. Separation between masonry walls and frames is often not provided and, as a consequence, walls and frames interact during strong ground motion. This leads to structural response deviating radically from what is expected in the design. The presence of masonry infills can result in higher stiffness and strength and it is cheap and built with low cost labor. Under lateral load, Masonry walls act as diagonal struts subjected to compression, while reinforced concrete confining members (Frames) act in tension and/or compression, depending on the direction of lateral earthquake forces. The main objective of this research is to develop a realistic matrix for the response modification factors for medium-rise skeletal buildings with masonry infills. In this study, the contribution of the masonry infill walls to the lateral behavior of reinforced concrete buildings was investigated. For this purpose, a five, seven and ten stories buildings are modelled as bare and infilled frames. The parameters investigated were infill ratio, panel aspect ratio, unidirectional eccentricity, bidirectional eccentricities. A Parametric study was developed on the behavior of medium rise infilled frame buildings under lateral loads to investigate the effect of these parameters as well as infill properties on this behavior
Effect of non Seismic Walls
On Moment Resisting Frames in buildings.
Can we neglect reinforce concrete walls like
(stairwells, elevator shafts and so forth)?
*And what are the behavior of these walls during the yielding
point for the steel in work stress stage uncracked section
[Elastic Response Parameters] and after the yielding point in Plastic stage cracked section (Ultimate strength) since
*(Plastic Hinges) will occur in the Frames during plastic
stage And the frames shall peer all the entire seismic loads
And what are these Condition and arrangements to keep
the section walls in safety during plastic stage
so they can carry just the ordinary(D+L) axial loads.
Dose reinforcement for axial ordinary loads enough for these walls from collapsing?
All these answers you will get it when you look at the Dissertation
Diagrid structural system strategies to reduce lateral forces on high rise bu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of concentric and eccentric type of bracings on performance based seis...eSAT Journals
Abstract When a tall building is subjected to lateral or torsional deflections under the action of seismicloads, the resulting oscillatory movement can induce a wide range of responses in the building’s occupants.[1]As a result, lateral stiffness is a major consideration in the design of tall buildings. Bracing is a highly efficient and economical method of resisting lateral forces in a frame structure. In this present study, the effect of four different types of bracing systems have been studied, for the use in SMRF RC framed building situated in seismic zone IV, in order to provide lateral stiffness and results in terms of storey shears and storey drifts have been presented. Keywords: RC Building, Concentric and Eccentric Bracings, Storey Drift,Storey Shear, Pushover Curves.
Seismic performance of a rc frame with soft storey criteriaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Soft first storey is a typical feature in the modern multi-storey constructions in urban India. Social and functional need to provide parking space at ground level leads seismic vulnerability of such a building. The computer software usage in civil engineering has greatly reduced the complexities of different aspects in the analysis and design of projects. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the seismic behaviour of a multi-storey building with soft first storey. When subjected to seismic loads, it was observed that soft storey frames are less resistant when compared to infill frames.
Keywords: Masonry Infill (MI), Soft storey, relative stiffness, Diagonal strut, Base shear, response spectrum analysis, Time history analysis.
Seismic Drift Consideration in soft storied RCC buildings: A Critical ReviewIJERD Editor
Reinforced concrete frame buildings are becoming increasingly common in urban India. Many such
buildings constructed in recent times have a special feature – the ground storey is left open for the purpose of
parking, i.e., columns in the ground floor do not have any partition walls (of either masonry or
Reinforced concrete) between them. Such buildings are often called open ground storey buildings. The
relative horizontal displacement in the ground storey is much larger than storeys above it. The total horizontal
earthquake force it can carry in the ground storey is significantly smaller than storeys above it. The soft or weak
storey may exist at any storey level other than ground storey level. The presence of walls in upper storeys
makes them much stiffer than the open ground storey. Still Multi storey reinforced concrete buildings are
continuing to be built in India which has open ground storeys. It is imperative to know the behavior of
soft storey building to the seismic load for designing various retrofit strategies. Hence it is important to
study and understand the response of such buildings and make such buildings earthquake resistant based
on the study to prevent their collapse and to save the loss of life and property.
Analysis of outrigger system for tall vertical irregularites structures subje...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Analysis of the tall building is carried out to find the optimum position of outrigger system and belt truss by using lateral loads. The three dimensional model is considered and designed for the gravity load and placing of first and second position of the outrigger. Considering the design of Wind load is calculated by using IS 875 (Part 3) and Design of Earthquake load is calculated by using code IS 1893(part-1): 2000 in order to achieve reduction in drift, Deflection and story shear. The analysis is done by considering tall vertical irregularity of 30th storey of 7 X 7 bay for 1 to 10th storey and 7X6 bay 11th to 20th storey and 7X5 Bay 21st to 30th storey. Keywords: vertical irregularities, outrigger, linear static analysis Wind and earthquake load.
Design And Analysis Of Precast Load Bearing Walls For Multi Storey Building ...IJMER
In the present scenario of construction industry, time of construction is very crucial factor.
Pre-cast construction is gaining significance in general and urban areas in particular. The precast
technology is a viable and alternative technique to reduce the construction time. G+11 storey live
project is taken for analysis and design with load bearing walls. Design of precast wall panels and
design of precast slabs is carried using Indian codes subjected to gravity and lateral loads (seismic and
wind). Connections of wall to wall, wall to slab and foundation beam to wall is designed. The structural
system consists of load bearing walls and one-way slabs for gravity and lateral loads have been taken
for analysis using ETABS. Various wall forces, displacements and moments have been worked out for
different load combinations. Data base is presented for the worst load combination
OPTIMAL DIAGRID ANGLE TO MINIMIZE DRIFT IN HIGH-RISE STEEL BUILDINGS SUBJECTE...IAEME Publication
Nowadays, tending to use super high-rise steel buildings has increased the need for finding efficient and economical lateral load resisting systems. The diagrid structural system is widely used for medium- and super-high-rise buildings due to its structural efficiency. The aim of this study was to find the optimal diagrid angle to minimize the lateral drift in high-rise building. Five different diagrid angle configurations (27o, 45o, 56o, 72o, and 81o) have been considered for 24, 48 and 72-storey steel buildings. The results were tabulated by performing finite element analysis using ETABS version 15 in the form of lateral displacement and storey drift. It is shown that the optimal diagrid angle is smaller than 56o for 24-storey model, and between (56o- 72o) for 48-storey model, and 72o for 72-storey model.
Effect of Wind Load on Structural Performance of Dimensionally Regular & Irre...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Outriggers system is used as one of the best way of increasing the lateral stiffness and has been generally utilized in tall building structures. The outrigger system is very effective in increasing structure’s flexural stiffness. It is likewise viable in decreasing the horizontal top deflection and bending moments in the core of high-rise frame-core structures. This study presents the detailed analysis on how the top drift, inter-story drift, base moment in the core are influenced by the outriggers stiffness, outriggers optimum locations, columns axial stiffness and foundations flexibility. outrigger braced structures can strengthen a structure without disturbing its aesthetic appearance and this is a significant advantage over other lateral load resisting systems. The thesis compare between many outriggers systems including both concrete & steel Outriggers. The Rectangular shape & L- shaped building structures are taken for analysis. The study also presents simplified procedure to optimize the location of the outriggers that will result in a maximum reduction in the lateral displacement at the top of the building. The modeling of the structure is done using “ETABS” program. The investigation of the model is completed by comparable static technique. Finally, the thesis proposed a simplified analysis for outriggers structures with core for both regular and irregular high rise building.
A study on behaviour of outrigger system on high rise steel structure by vary...eSAT Journals
Abstract The outrigger system is one of the most efficient system used for high rise structures to resist lateral forces. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the static and dynamic behavior of the outrigger structural system on steel structure by reducing the depth of outrigger.5X5 bay 40 story 3D steel structures is modeled in ETABS v2013 software. Steel structure with central core and steel structure with outrigger structural system of varied depth of outrigger are compared. The depth of the outrigger is reduced to 2/3rd and 1/3rd of the story height along with the full story height. The depth of the belt-truss is equal to the height of the typical story and maintained same in all the structures. The key parameters discussed in this paper include lateral deflection and storey drift. From the analysis results it has been found that the comparative performance of outrigger with depth of full storey height and decreased depth shows minor difference in resistance towards lateral loads. Keywords: Outrigger system, Lateral Displacement, Inter story drift
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effects of different mole spacings on the yield of summer groundnuteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of shape of intermediate sill on the design of stilling basin modeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Hydrogen production from glycerol using microbial electrolysis celleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental investigation, optimization and performance prediction of wind t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Sdci scalable distributed cache indexing for cache consistency for mobile env...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Dynamic analysis of steel tube structure with bracing systemseSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays, competition towards rise of tall steel structures made certain factors are compulsory like serviceability and comfort of human relating to lateral loads caused by wind or earthquake. Earthquake is dangerous to the living beings in terms of its effects on manmade structures. Structures like tall buildings are built to resist gravity loads. However many tall buildings are not so resistant in lateral loads due to earthquake so need an improvement in resisting lateral loads. So there are many structural systems which resist lateral loads by varying orientation, addition of different structural systems. Like steel tubular structural system is considered and compared for their results against lateral forces and also by providing mega bracing system and diagrid bracing system. In this dissertation work, four structural systems are considered in which one is framed structure and rest are tubular system with addition of different bracing systems as mega bracing and diagrid bracing system. For the purpose 45 storey steel structure with rectangular plan of dimension 44mx24m uniform throughout the height is considered and analyzed for gravity and lateral loads using ETABS software. Its intention is to obtain the functioning characteristics like displacements, storey shear, time period, frequency, peak displacement and peak acceleration in both x and y direction to get most economical structure in all ways. Results shows that the steel tubular structure with mega bracing system performance is much better than the framed structure, tubular and tubular structure with diagrid bracing system. Keywords: Steel Tube Structure, Mega Bracing, Diagrid Bracing, Dynamic Analysis, ETABS, Time and History Analysis.
Study of lateral load resisting systems of variable heights in all soil types...eSAT Journals
Abstract From the ancient time we know earthquake is a disaster causing event. Recent days structures are becoming more and more slender and more susceptible to sway and hence dangerous in the earthquake. Researchers and engineers have worked out in the past to make the structures as earthquake resistant. After many practical studies it has shown that use of lateral load resisting systems in the building configuration has tremendously improved the performance of the structure in earthquake. In present research we have used square grid of 20m in each direction of 5m bay in each direction, software used is ETABS 9.7.0, the work has been carried out for the different cases using shear wall and bracings for the different heights, maximum height considered for the present study is 75m. The modeling is done to examine the effect of different cases along with different heights on seismic parameters like base shear, lateral displacements and lateral drifts. The study has been carried out for the Zone V and all types of soils as specified in IS 1893-2002. Keywords: Bare Frame, Bracings, Shear Walls, Lateral Load Resisting Systems, Response Spectrum Method, Lateral Displacements, Drifts, Time Period, Base Shear, Seismic Zone, Soft soil
Behavior of plan irregularites using composite members by varying column spac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Several studies proofs that the weaker columns has low seismic resistance, for this it is need to make the column stronger. The stronger columns can be obtained by many ways, here in this paper steel-concrete composite columns are considered. Use of composite columns in construction reduces the cross-section of the columns throughout the building and also increases the lateral-load resisting capacity to columns. The models consists of G+10, G+15, G+20 stories of Rectangular, L, T and plus shaped structures in which column spacing are varied as 3m, 4m, 5m and 6m along both directions in all structures. For all models the composite-column of size 450x450mm (ISMB 250) is kept constant, only the beam size has been varied accordingly while modeling a structure. The Response Spectrum analysis is done for all the buildings using ETABS version 15. Study is based on the performance of a multi-story building with plan irregularity under major earthquake forces by considering parameters like displacement, storey shear and drifts. Even though the cross section of the column considered is very small for tall buildings, the structure behaves stiff for severe seismic zone-V and also for different conditions; this is done by introducing steel-concrete composite column in a given building. Hence it is concluded that the use of composite columns in construction resists the lateral forces for many vulnerable conditions.
Keywords: Composite Column, Irregular Structure, Seismic Zone, Varying Height, Column Spacing.
Behavior of plan irregularites using composite members by varying column spac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Several studies proofs that the weaker columns has low seismic resistance, for this it is need to make the column stronger. The stronger columns can be obtained by many ways, here in this paper steel-concrete composite columns are considered. Use of composite columns in construction reduces the cross-section of the columns throughout the building and also increases the lateral-load resisting capacity to columns. The models consists of G+10, G+15, G+20 stories of Rectangular, L, T and plus shaped structures in which column spacing are varied as 3m, 4m, 5m and 6m along both directions in all structures. For all models the composite-column of size 450x450mm (ISMB 250) is kept constant, only the beam size has been varied accordingly while modeling a structure. The Response Spectrum analysis is done for all the buildings using ETABS version 15. Study is based on the performance of a multi-story building with plan irregularity under major earthquake forces by considering parameters like displacement, storey shear and drifts. Even though the cross section of the column considered is very small for tall buildings, the structure behaves stiff for severe seismic zone-V and also for different conditions; this is done by introducing steel-concrete composite column in a given building. Hence it is concluded that the use of composite columns in construction resists the lateral forces for many vulnerable conditions.
Keywords: Composite Column, Irregular Structure, Seismic Zone, Varying Height, Column Spacing.
Seismic Response of Structure with Single Coreijtsrd
Shear walls and outriggers have been used so far to resist the seismic waves of earthquake and heavy winds actions. The complete failure of the structures that has occurred in the past due to catastrophic earthquake may be avoided with the use of shear wall in the structure. The study is concerned with the use of shear wall as a single core in structure that will resist the seismic waves of earthquake. In the present study analysis of RCC building has been carried out by changing the locations of shear walls in the building. The seismic analysis performed is linear dynamic response spectrum analysis using the well known analysis and design software ETABS 16.2.0. Seismic performance of the building has been investigated based on parameters such as strorey drift, base shear and storey displacement. Belsare Sumit Bandopanth | Dilip Budhlani "Seismic Response of Structure with Single Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30851.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30851/seismic-response-of-structure-with-single-core/belsare-sumit-bandopanth
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Use of flat slabs in multi storey commercial building situated in high seismic zone
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 08 | Aug-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 439
USE OF FLAT SLABS IN MULTI-STOREY COMMERCIAL BUILDING
SITUATED IN HIGH SEISMIC ZONE
Navyashree K1
, Sahana T.S2
1
Post graduation Student, Dept.of civil engineering, SSIT, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
2
Asst. professor, Dept.of civil engineering, SSIT, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
Abstract
In present era, conventional RC Frame buildings are commonly used for the construction. The use of flat slab building provides
many advantages over conventional RC Frame building in terms of architectural flexibility, use of space, easier formwork and
shorter construction time. The structural efficiency of the flat-slab construction is hindered by its poor performance under
earthquake loading. In the present work six number of conventional RC frame and Flat Slab buildings of G+3, G+8, and G+12
storey building models are considered. The performance of flat slab and the vulnerability of purely frame and purely flat slab
models under different load conditions were studied and for the analysis, seismic zone IV is considered. The analysis is done with
using E-Tabs software. It is necessary to analyze seismic behaviour of building for different heights to see what changes are going
to occur if the height of conventional RC Frame building and flat slab building changes. Therefore, the characteristics of the
seismic behaviour of flat slab and conventional RC Frame buildings suggest that additional measures for guiding the conception
and design of these structures in seismic regions are needed and to improve the performance of building having conventional RC
building and flat slabs under seismic loading, The object of the present work is to compare the behaviour of multi-storey
commercial buildings having flat slabs and conventional RC frame with that of having two way slabs with beams and to study the
effect of height of the building on the performance of these two types of buildings under seismic forces. Present work provides a
good source of information on the parameters lateral displacement, storey drift, storey shear, column moments and axial forces,
time period.
Keyword: Reinforced Concrete Frame; ETABS 9.7.4; Flat Slab.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The scarcity of space in urban areas has led to the
development of vertical growth consisting of low-rise,
medium-rise and tall buildings. Generally framed structures
are used for these buildings. They are subjected to both
vertical and lateral loads. Lateral loads due to wind and
earthquake governs the design rather than the vertical loads.
The buildings designed for vertical load may not have the
capacity to resist the lateral loads. The lateral loads are the
premier ones because in contrast to vertical load that may be
assumed to increase linearly with height; lateral loads are
quite variable and increase rapidly with height. Under a
uniform wind and earthquake loads the overturning moment
at the base is very large and varies in proportion to the
square of the height of the building. The lateral loads are
considerably higher in the top storey rather than the bottom
storey due to which building tends to act as cantilever.
These lateral forces tend to sway the frame. In many of the
seismic prone areas there are several instances of failure of
buildings which have not been designed for earthquake
loads. All these reaction makes the study of the effect of
lateral loads very important.
Pure rigid frame system or frame action obtained by the
interaction of slabs, beam and column is not adequate. The
frame alone fails to provide the required lateral stiffness for
buildings taller than 15 to 20 (50m to 60m) stories. It is
because of the shear taking component of deflection
produced by the bending of columns and slab causes the
building to deflect excessively. There are two ways to
satisfy these requirements. First is to increase the size of
members beyond and above the strength requirements and
second is to change the form of structure into more rigid and
stable to confine deformation. First approach has its own
limits, whereas second one is more elegant which increases
rigidity and stability of the structure and also confine the
deformation requirement. In earthquake engineering, the
structure is designed for critical force condition among the
load combination.
In the present study the response of multi-storey commercial
R.C. frame and R C flat slab to the lateral and vertical loads
have been done.
1.1 Framed Structure
Framed structures can be considered as an assemblage of
one dimensional and two dimensional members. The length
of a one dimensional member of a structure is large
compared to its other dimensions where as the thickness of a
two dimensional member is smaller than its other two
dimensions. A structure made of line members joined
together is referred to as framed structure. In general,
framed structures have three dimensional configurations.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 08 | Aug-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 440
While transferring loads acting on the structure, the
members of the structure are subjected to internal forces like
axial forces, shearing forces, bending and torsion moments.
Structural Analysis deals with analyzing these internal
forces in the members of the structures. The process of
analysis commences with planning of a structure, primarily
to meet the functional requirement of the user.
Planning a structure involves the selection of the most
suitable type of structure and the choice of its general layout
and overall dimension on the basis of economic, aesthetic,
functional and other criteria. Designing a structure entails
determining the disturbances to which it is expected to be
exposed during its life time and then choosing the
dimensions of its members as well as the details of their
connections. The structure is then analyzed, i.e., the internal
forces and moments in its members and the displacements of
some of its cross sections are computed. The member of
structure must have sufficient strength and rigidity so that
when the structure subjected to the disturbances to which it
is expected to be exposed, the components of stress and
displacement at any of its point do not exceed the maximum
allowable values given in the appropriate design course.
If the results of the analysis show that the members of the
structure do not have sufficient strength and rigidity to
satisfy the aforementioned requirements the structure is
redesigned, i.e., new dimensions of cross section are chosen.
The process is repeated until the structure is obtained which
satisfies all the aforementioned requirements.
1.2 Flat Slab
Common practice of design and construction is to support
the slabs by beams and support the beams by columns. This
may be called as beam-slab construction. The beams reduce
the available net clear ceiling height. Hence in warehouses,
offices and public halls sometimes beams are avoided and
slabs are directly supported by columns. These types of
construction are aesthetically appealing also. These slabs
which are directly supported by columns are called Flat
Slabs.
Fig -1: Typical Flat Slab (Without column head and drop)
The column head is sometimes widened so as to reduce the
punching shear in the slab. The widened portions are called
column heads. The column heads may be provided with any
angle from the consideration of architecture but for the
design, concrete in the portion at 45º on either side of
vertical only is considered as effective for the design.
Fig -2: Slab without drop and column with column head
Moments in the slabs are more near the column. Hence the
slab is thickened near the columns by providing the drops
as. Sometimes the drops are called as capital of the column.
Thus we have the following types of flat slabs.
Fig -3: Slab with drop and column without column head
(i) Slabs without drop and column with column head
(ii) Slabs without drop and column without column head
(iii) Slabs with drop and column with column head
Flat-slab building structures possesses major advantages
over traditional slab-beam-column structures because of the
free design of space, shorter construction time, architectural
–functional and economical aspects. Because of the absence
of deep beams and shear walls, flat-slab structural system is
significantly more flexible for lateral loads then traditional
RC frame system and that make the system more vulnerable
under seismic events.
The system consists of columns resting directly on floor
slabs for which sufficient strength and ductility should be
provided to enable sustaining of large inelastic deformations
without failure. The absence of beams, i.e., the transferring
of their role to the floor RC structure which gains in height
and density of reinforcement in the parts of the hidden
beams, the bearing capacity of the structural system, the
plate-column and plate-wall connection, all the advantages
and disadvantages of the system have been tested through
long years of analytical and experimental investigations. For
the last 20 to 30 years, the investigations have been directed
toward definition of the actual bearing capacity,
deformability and stability of these structural systems
designed and constructed in seismically active regions.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 08 | Aug-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 441
A flat slab is a highly indeterminate structure and its exact
analysis is difficult. An approximate analysis can be made
by considering an interior panel of slab. IS456-2000
provides an empirical approach Direct Design Method and
Equivalent Frame Analysis for the analysis of flat slab. Via
Direct Design Method this it’s easy to calculate bending
moment and shear force in flat slab without use of computer.
But the Equivalent Frame Analysis gives more exact results.
The behaviour and design of flat slabs structures for gravity
loads are well established but their seismic behaviour is not
well understood and generally found to be unsatisfactory.
Flat slab is susceptible to progressive brittle punching shear
failure under seismic loading. In flat slab building the most
vulnerable part is slab-column joint. Flat slabs with drop
panels or column capitals are generally constructed as these
extra projections provide safety against punching shear and
also reduce the heavy negative moment. If drop panels are
not provided then the system is termed as Flat Plate.
Extensive research has been carried out to find out the
behaviour of slab-column connection. The failure mode
depends upon the type and extent of loading. Punching shear
strength of slab-column connection is of importance which
very much depends on the gravity shear ratio. The
mechanism of transfer of moments from slab to column is
very complex when subjected to lateral loading and
unbalance moments. These unbalanced moments produce
additional shear and torsion at the connections and then get
transferred into the column which results in excessive
cracking of slab leading to further reduction in the stiffness
of the slab.
A flat-plate structure, as shown in Figure 4, consists of a
slab with uniform thickness supported on the columns with
no beams or drop panels. The economy of flat plate
buildings has lead to their wide spread utilization throughout
the world. Conventionally flat-plate structure is generally
used for lightly loaded structures such as apartments, hotels,
and office buildings with relatively short spans, typically
less than 6m. For longer spans or heavier loads, flat-slabs
system with shear capitals or drop panels would be more
feasible.
Fig -4: Flat-plate structure
Flat-plates have been widely used due to the reduced
construction cost associated with the simple formwork and
simple arrangement of flexural reinforcement. An additional
advantage of a flat-plate is reduced building storey heights
that result in more usable space in a building for a given or
limited height and reduces lateral loads acting on the system,
as well as mechanical, electrical, and cladding costs.
2. OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the study are:
The main objective of the analysis is to study the
different forces acting on a building. The analysis
is carried out in ETABS 9.7.4. Software. Results of
conventional R.C.C structure i.e. slab, beam and
column and flat slab R.C.C structure for different
heights are discussed below.
Conventional R.C.C structure and flat slab R.C.C
for different height are modeled and analyzed for
the different combinations of Dynamic loading.
The comparison is made between the conventional
R.C.C structure and flat slab R.C.C. Buildings are
situated in seismic zone IV.
To study the vulnerability of purely frame and
purely flat-slab models under different factors
which are Storey drift, lateral displacement, time
period and base shear have been obtained for
SPECX (EX) and SPECY (EY) in zone IV. The
axial load and moments in columns have been
obtained for various load combination in zone IV.
3. BUILDING DETAILS, PROGRAM AND
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Fig -5: Plan of the Commercial building
Following are details of the number of floors considered in
both RC frame and Flat slab building that have taken up for
the analysis and design.
Model 1 and 2 : Four storey (i.e. G+3)
Model 3 and 4 : Nine storey (i.e. G+8)
Model 5 and 6 : Thirteenth storey(i.e. G+12)
6000 6000 6000 6000 6000
60006000600060006000
PROPOSED LAYOUT PLAN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 08 | Aug-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 442
The height of each floor is 3.0m. The total height of Ground
plus three, eight and twelve storey building is 12.0 m, 27.0
m and 39.0 m. The plinth beam is provided above the
ground at the height of 1.5m from below ground level. 3D
Models of RC frame and flat plate for Ground plus three,
eight and twelve storey buildings is shown in figure 6 to 11
Fig -6: Model 1: 3D of RC Frame of G+3 storey building
Fig -7: Model 2: 3D Model of flat plate of G+3 storey
building
Fig -8: Model 3: 3D Model of RC frame of G+8 storey
building
Fig -9: Model 4: 3D Model of flat plate of G+8 storey
building
Fig -10: Model 5: 3D Model of RC frame of G+12 storey
building
Fig -11: Model 6: 3D Model of flat plate of G+12 storey flat
plate building
3.1 Preliminary Sections
The preliminary sections of columns and beams have been
fixed on the basis of deflection criteria [i.e. span to depth
ratio]. The sections were found to be satisfactory for the
given loads for a four storey model. These sections were
maintained uniform throughout the height. Similarly, all
other models, nine and thirteenth stories, were analyzed and
designed to meet the current Codes (IS 456:2000 and IS
1893:2002) and their structural member sizes chosen for the
study are given in below Table
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Table -1: Sizes of structural element
Sl
No
Name of element
Width
(mm)
Depth
(mm)
1
Column
(floor & roof) for
four, eight and
thirteenth storey
350 350
2
Beam
(floor & roof) for
four, eight and
thirteenth storey
300 600
3
Slabs for both four;
eight and thirteenth
storey
200
3.2 Materials
The Young’s modulus of elasticity of concrete was 35,000
MPa while the Poisson’s ratio was 0.2. The densities were
22 kN/m3
and 25 kN/m3
for solid concrete block and
concrete members respectively. For structural components
M 35and Fe 500 grade was considered.
3.3 Positions and Orientation of Columns
Figure 12 shows the position and orientation of columns and
beams. The building consists of 36 columns. The
orientations of member are chosen so that maximum
moment of inertia is achieved.
Fig -12: Position of the columns
Fig -13: Layout Plan of the Conventional frame Building
Fig -14: Layout Plan of the Flat plate Building
3.4 Program
The program consists of analyzing each of the multi-storey
buildings by using ETABS 9.7.4. In particular, the effects of
following with respect to the behaviour of columns, drift,
displacement, time period have been studied.
Flat plate (FP)
Height of the buildings
Convention RC frame (CF)
4. ANALYSIS OF THE BUILDING
4.1 Loads Considered:
Dead Load: The loads realized due to the following has
been considered
Self weight of structural members
Wall load
Unknown partition
Floor finish
The self weight of the members is calculated by assuming
the density as 25 kN/m3
and 22 kN/m3 for
concrete and solid
concrete block. Grade of Concrete is M35 and Grade of
Steel (Fy) is Fe500.
The self weight of slab =0.2 x 1 x 1 x 25 = 5 kN/m2
Load due to Unknown partition =1 kN/m2
Load due to floor finish= 1 kN/m2
Load due to wall: 0.2x (3.0-0.6) x22 = 10.56 kN/m2
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Live Load
Live load on floor slab and roof: 4kN/m2
. Allowance for the
reduction in live load is considered for determining the
column moments.
Earthquake Load
This load has been taken into account by specifying the zone
in which the building is located. Table 2 shows the details of
the earthquake parameters as the earthquake zone is
concerned.
Table -2: Earthquake Parameters
Zone (Z) IV
Response Reduction Factor (RF) 5
Importance Factor (I) 1
Rock and Soil Factor (SS) 2
Type of structures 1
Damping Ratio (DM) 0.05
Time Period Ta=0.075h0.75
4.2 Load Combinations:
The following combination of loads with appropriate partial
safety factor satisfying the Indian standard code provision
i.e. IS456:2000, table 18, clause 18.2.3.1 and IS 1893:2002,
clause6.3.2.1 are as follows,
1.5[DL + LL]
1.2[DL + LL+SPECX]
1.2[DL + LL+ SPECY]
1.2[DL + LL - SPECX]
1.2[DL + LL - SPECY]
1.5[DL + SPECX]
1.5[DL + SPECY]
1.5[DL - SPECX]
1.5[DL - SPECY]
0.9[DL] + 1.5[SPECX]
0.9[DL] + 1.5[SPECY]
0.9[DL] - 1.5[SPECX]
0.9[DL] -1.5[SPECY]
Fig -15: Storey Shear of EQX for Flat plate (Typical)
Fig -16: Storey Shear of Specx for Flat plate (Typical)
Fig -17: Displacement of Flat plate
Fig -18: Storey Shear of EQX for conventional Frame
(Typical)
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Fig -19: Storey Shear of Specx for conventional Frame
(Typical)
Fig -20: Displacement of conventional frame
Fig -21: Column axial load (Typical)
Fig -22: Slab moments along Mx for Conventional frame
System
Fig -23: Slab moments along Mx for Flat plate System
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The forces and displacements developed in each of the
members of the structure are got from the analysis. These
results obtained from the analysis have been discussed detail
in this chapter. Further these results have been used for the
understanding of the behaviour of the structure between the
conventional RC frames and flat plate under the effects of
lateral loads.
5.1 Column Moments
The critical columns i.e. type I have been chosen for the
study. Chart 1-7 shows the details of the column moments
and axial load obtained for columns. Chart 1-7 represents
the column results obtained for the structures which are
subjected to lateral loads only. The lateral load analysis for
flat plate is done to compare the same with that of
Conventional RC frame.
From the lateral load analysis results it can be observed that
in four storey building the moments (Mz) is maximum at
first and terrace level for types I of column. Thus a column
at first and terrace level attracts maximum steel as compared
to the other positions. From the results it can be observed
that the column moment for flat plate analysis is more than
that of the column moments of conventional RC frame
analysis in zone IV. The difference between the two varies
from 15 to 25(%).
From the lateral load analysis results it can be observed that
in nine storey building the moments (Mz) is maximum at
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second level for types I of column. Thus a column at second
level attracts maximum steel as compared to the other
positions. From the results it can be observed that the
column moment for flat plate analysis is more than that of
the column moments of conventional RC frame analysis in
zone IV. The difference between the two varies from 15-
20(%).
From the lateral load analysis results it can be observed that
in thirteenth storey building the moments (Mz) is maximum
at plinth and first level for types I of column. After second
level the moment’s decreases and increases as the height of
the building increases. Thus a column at plinth and first
level attracts maximum steel as compared to the other
positions. From the results it can be observed that the
column moment for flat plate analysis is more than that of
the column moments of conventional RC frame analysis in
zone IV. The difference between the two varies from 15-
30(%).
From the lateral load analysis results it can be observed that,
the axial load is more in flat plate compared to conventional
RC frame. The difference between the two varies up to
10(%).For all columns the columns have been designed for
the combination of dead load and earthquake load this
shows that earthquake combination is the worst combination
giving rise to the most critical sections. Earthquake is more
predominant than other loads. The behaviour of column
moments changes as the height of the building increases.
Height of the Building
The effect of height of the building is studied by considering
a thirteenth storey building. This study has been made for
conventional RC frame and flat plate. The results have been
represented in Chart 1-7. From the Charts it can be observed
that at level plinth, first, second and terrace the moments are
maximum in the column is most critical. Further after level
2 as the height increases the column moments criticality
decreases and increases at the top storey. The base shear,
time period, displacement and storey drift increases
drastically as the height increases
Chart -1: Design moments, three storey building Subjected
to vertical loads
Chart -2: Design moments, nine storey building Subjected
to vertical loads
Chart -3: Design moments, thirteen storey building
Subjected to vertical loads
Chart -4: Axial force, four storey building Subjected to
vertical load
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
ColumnMoments(Mz)kN-m
Storey
Storey Vs Column Moments (Mz)
CFG+3
FPG+3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
TERRACE
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
PLINTH
Columnments(Mz)kN-m
Storey
Storey Vs Column Moments(Mz)
CFG+8
FPG+8
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
PLINTH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
TERRACE
ColumnMoments(Mz)kN-m
Storey
Storey Vs Column Moments (Mz)
CFG+12
FPG+12
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
AxialLoadinkN
Storey
Storey Vs Column Axial Force (Pu)
CFG+3
FPG+3
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Chart -5: Axial force, thirteen storey building Subjected to
vertical loads
Chart -6: Axial force, nine storey building Subjected to
vertical loads
Chart -7: Axial force, four, nine and thirteen storey
building Subjected to vertical loads
5.2 Storey Shear
The results have been represented in Chart 8-11. From the
Chart it can be observed that the base shear is maximum at
plinth level for all types of column. After plinth level the
base shear decreases as the height of the building increases.
Due to the symmetric of the building the base shear will
same in both directions (Vx and Vy). Chart 8-11 it can be
observed that, the base shear will increase drastically as the
height increases. Base shear of flat plate building is less than
the conventional R.C.C building. The difference between the
two varies from 8 to 12(%)
Chart -8: Effect of storey shear on behaviour of column of
four storey building
Chart -9: Effect of storey shear on behaviour of column of
nine storey building
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000 TE…
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
PLI…
AxialLoadinkN
Storey vs Column Axial force
CFG+12
FPG+12
Storey
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
AxialLoadinkN
Storey
Storey Vs Column Axial Force (Pu)
CFG+8
FPG+8
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
G+3 G+8 G+12
AxialLoadinkN
No of Story
No of Storey Vs Axial Force
Convnetion Frame
Flat Plate
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
StoreyshearkN
Storey
Storey Vs Storey Shear
CFG+3
FPG+3
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
PLINTH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TERRA…
StoryshearkN
Story
Storey Vs Story Shear
CFG+8
FPG+8
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Chart -10: Effect of storey shear on behaviour of column of
thirteen storey building
Chart -11: Effect of storey shear on behaviour of column of
four, nine and thirteen storey building
5.3 Lateral Displacement
The results have been represented in Chart 12-15. From the
Chart it can be observed that the lateral displacement (both
Ux and Uy) is maximum at terrace level for all types of
column. Lateral displacement increases as the storey level
increases. Lateral displacement will be minimum at plinth
level and maximum at terrace level. Due to the symmetric of
the building the lateral displacement will be same in both
directions (Ux and Uy). From Chart it can be observed that,
the lateral displacement will increase drastically as the
height increases. Lateral displacement of conventional
R.C.C building is less than the flat plate building. The
difference between the two varies from 28 to 57(%).
Chart -12: Effect of lateral displacement on behaviour of
column of fourth storey building
Chart -13: Effect of lateral displacement on behaviour of
column of nine storey building
Chart -14: Effect of lateral displacement on behaviour of
column of thirteen storey building
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
PLI…
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
TER…
StoreyshearkN
Storey
Storey Vs Storey Shear
CFG+12
FPG+12
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
G+3 G+8 G+12
StoryShearikN
No of Story
No of Storey Vs Story Shear
Convnetion Frame
Flat Plate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
LateralDisplacmentinmm
Storey
Storey vs Lateral Displacement
CFG+3
FPG+3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
LateralDisplacmentinmm
Story
Storey Vs Lateral Displacement
CFG+8
FPG+8
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
PLINTH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
TERRA…
LateralDisplacmentinmm
Storey
Storey Vs Lateral Displacement
CFG+12
FPG+12
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Chart -15: Effect of lateral displacement on behaviour of
column of four, nine and thirteen storey building
5.4 Time Period
The results have been represented in Chart 16-19. From the
Chart it can be observed that the time period (both Tx and
Ty) is maximum at mode 1 and 2. The natural time period
increases as the height increases (No of stories). Due to the
symmetric of the building the time period will be same in
both directions (Tx and Ty). From Chart 19 it can be
observed that, the time period will increase drastically as the
height increases. In comparison of the conventional R.C.C
building and flat slab building, the time period is more for
flat slab building than conventional building. The difference
between the two varies from 14 to 33(%).
Chart -16: Effect of time period on behaviour of modes
shapes on fourth storey building
Chart -17: Effect of time period on behaviour of modes
shapes on nine storey building
Chart -18: Effect of time period on behaviour of modes
shapes on thirteen storey building
Chart -19: Effect of time period on behaviour of modes
shapes on fourth, nine and thirteen storey building
5.5 Storey Drift
The results have been represented in Chart 20-23. From the
Chart it can be observed that the storey drift (both Ux and
Uy) is maximum at second level for all types of column.
After second level the storey drift decreases as the height of
the building increases. Due to the symmetric of the building
the lateral displacement will be same in both directions (Ux
and Uy). From Chart it can be observed that, the storey drift
will increase drastically as the height increases. Storey drift
in building with flat slab construction is significantly more
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
G+3 G+8 G+12
LateralDisplacementinmm
No of Story
No of Storey Vs Lateral Displacemenet
Convnetion Frame
Flat Plate
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TimeperiodinSec
No of Modes
No of Modes Vs Time Period in Sec
CFG+3
FPG+3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TimeperiodinSec
No of Modes
No of modes Vs Time Period
CFG+8
FPG+8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TimeperiodinSec
No of Modes
No of Modes Vs Time Period
CFG+12
FPG+12
0
1
2
3
4
G+3 G+8 G+12
TimePeriodinSec
No of Story
No of Storey Vs Time Period
Convnetion Frame
Flat Plate
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as compared to conventional R.C.C building. As a result of
this, additional moments are developed. Therefore, the
columns of such buildings should be designed by
considering additional moments caused by the drift. The
difference between the two varies from 28-60(%).
Chart -20: Effect of storey drift on behaviour on fourth
storey building
Chart -21: Effect of storey drift on behaviour on nine storey
building
Chart -22: Effect of storey drift on behaviour on thirteen
storey building
Chart -23: Effect of storey drift on behaviour on four, nine
and thirteen storey building
6. CONCLUSIONS
This study presents a summary of the project work, for
conventional R.C.C building and flat slab building for
different floor height in the seismic region. The effect of
seismic load has been studied for the two types of building
with different height. On the basis of the results following
conclusions have been drawn:
1. The moment is maximum at plinth, first and second
level. After second level moments decreases and
increases at the top storey.
2. The column behavior changes as height of the building
increases.
3. The columns have been designed for the combination of
dead load and earthquake load for all cases and the load
combination 1.5[DL±EX] is the most critical.
4. The column moments are more in flat plate compared to
conventional R.C.C building.
5. Column moments in flat plate vary from 10 to 20 (%) as
compared to that of conventional R.C.C frames
depending upon the storey.
6. The base shears is maximum at plinth level for all types
of column. After plinth level the base shear decreases as
the height of the building increases. The base shear will
increase drastically as the height increases. Base shear
of flat plate building is less than the conventional R.C.C
building. The difference between the two varies from 8-
13(%).
7. The lateral displacement (both Ux and Uy) is maximum
at terrace level for all types of column. Lateral
displacement increases as the storey level increases.
The lateral displacement will increase drastically as the
height increases. Lateral displacement of conventional
R.C.C building is less than the flat plate building. The
difference between the two varies from 28-57(%).
8. The natural time period increases as the height increases
(No of stories).
9. In comparison of the conventional R.C.C building and
flat slab building, the time period is more for flat slab
building than conventional building. The difference
between the two varies from 14-33(%).
10. The time period will be maximum at mode 1 and 2.
After mode 2, time period will reduce drastically.
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
StoreyDrift
Storey
Storey Vs Storey Drift
CFG+3
FPG+3
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
PLINTH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TERR…
StoreyDrift
Storey
Storey Vs Storey Drift
CFG…
FPG…
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
0.004
0.0045
0.005
PLI…
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
StoreyDrift
Storey
Storey Vs Storey Drift
CFG+12
FPG+12
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
G+3 G+8 G+12
Drift
No of Storey
No of Storey Vs Drift
Convnetion Frame
Flat Plate
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11. The storey drift (both Ux and Uy) is maximum at
second level for all types of column. After second level
the storey drift decreases as the height of the building
increases.
12. Storey drift in building with flat slab construction is
significantly more as compared to conventional R.C.C
building. As a result of this, additional moments are
developed. Therefore, the columns of such buildings
should be designed by considering additional moments
caused by the drift. The difference between the two
varies from 28-60(%).
13. The earthquake forces is more predominant than others
loads.
14. Lateral displacement will be minimum at plinth level
and maximum at terrace level
SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDIES
1. The structure can be compared with post tensioned slab
designed methods
2. The structure behaviour different Seismic zones and its
Behaviour of Buildings having Flat Slabs with Drops.
3. The structure can be analysed with effect of Shear
Wall,
REFERENCES
1. Agarwal. P. and Shirkhande.M, “Earthquake resistant
Design of Structures” Printice- Hall of India Private
Ltd. New Delhi, India.
2. Alpa Sheth“Effect of perimeter frames in seismic
performance of tall concrete buildings with shear wall
core and flat slab system” The 14th
World Conference
on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008,
Beijing, China.
3. Apostolska1 R.P and Necevska-Cvetanovska G. S,
“Seismic performance of flat-slab building structural
systems” The 14th
World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China.
4. Bhavikatti S.S, “Advance R.C.C. Design” , New Age
International (p) Limited, Publishers, New Delhi, India.
5. Ema COELHO, Paulo CANDEIAS, Raul
ZAHARIAand Artur V. PINTO, “Assessment of the
seismic behavior of R C flat slab building structures”,
13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004 Paper No.
2630
6. Garg c.s, Yogendrasingh, Pradeep Bhargava and
Bhandari N.M, “Seismic performance of flat slab shear
wall system”, Journal of structural Engineering, Vol.37,
No.3, August-September2010, PP.203-207.
7. Lan N .Robertson, “Analysis flat slab structures
subjected to combined lateral and gravity load”, ACI
Structural Journal.
8. Pankaj Agarwal and Manish Shrikande (2007),
“Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures”, Prentice
Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, India.
9. Shyh-jiann Hwang and Jack p. moehle, “Models for
laterally loaded slab-column frames”, ACI Structural
Journal, March-April 2000.
10. IS: 456:2000, “Indian Standard Code for Plain and
Reinforced Concrete”, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
11. Prof. K S Sable, Er. V A Ghodechor, Prof. S B
Kandekar,“ Comparative Study of Seismic
Behavior of Multistorey Flat Slab and Conventional
Reinforced Concrete Framed Structures”, Volume 2,
Issue 3, June 2012
BIOGRAPHIES
Mrs. Navyashree K resident of Mysore
received her degree in Civil Engineering
from NIE, Mysore in the year August
2010.
Mrs. Sahana T.S (Asst.Professor)
received her M.E (Pre-stressed
concrete) from Banglore University.
Her area of interest includes
Earthquake engineering and Dynamics
of Structures. She has 5 years of
teaching experience.