Outrigger braced structures has efficient structural form consist of a central core, comprising braced frames with
horizontal cantilever ”outrigger” trusses or girders connecting the core to the outer column. When the structure is loaded
horizontally, vertical plane rotation of the core is restrained by the outriggers through tension in windward column and
compression in leeward column. The effective structural depth of the building is greatly increased, thus augmenting the lateral
stiffness of the building and reducing the lateral deflections and moments in core. In effect, the outriggers join the columns to the
core to make the structure behave as a partly composite cantilever. By providing eccentrically braced system in outrigger frame by
varying the size of links and analyzing it. Push over analysis is carried out by varying the link size using computer programs, Sap
2007 to understand their seismic performance. The ductile behavior of eccentrically braced frame is highly desirable for structures
subjected to strong ground motion. Maximum stiffness, strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity are provided by
eccentrically braced frame. Studies were conducted on the use of outrigger frame for the high steel building subjected to
earthquake load. Braces are designed not to buckle, regardless of the severity of lateral loading on the frame. Thus eccentrically
braced frame ensures safety against collapse.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OUTRIGGER STRUCTURE WITH DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONSIEI GSC
Presentation on COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OUTRIGGER STRUCTURE WITH DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS made by Nilesh Prajapati under guidance of Ms Pooja Mistry & prepared by Jugal Senghani at #33NCCE #IEIGSC
Effect of Wind Load on Structural Performance of Dimensionally Regular & Irre...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Outriggers system is used as one of the best way of increasing the lateral stiffness and has been generally utilized in tall building structures. The outrigger system is very effective in increasing structure’s flexural stiffness. It is likewise viable in decreasing the horizontal top deflection and bending moments in the core of high-rise frame-core structures. This study presents the detailed analysis on how the top drift, inter-story drift, base moment in the core are influenced by the outriggers stiffness, outriggers optimum locations, columns axial stiffness and foundations flexibility. outrigger braced structures can strengthen a structure without disturbing its aesthetic appearance and this is a significant advantage over other lateral load resisting systems. The thesis compare between many outriggers systems including both concrete & steel Outriggers. The Rectangular shape & L- shaped building structures are taken for analysis. The study also presents simplified procedure to optimize the location of the outriggers that will result in a maximum reduction in the lateral displacement at the top of the building. The modeling of the structure is done using “ETABS” program. The investigation of the model is completed by comparable static technique. Finally, the thesis proposed a simplified analysis for outriggers structures with core for both regular and irregular high rise building.
Analysis of outrigger system for tall vertical irregularites structures subje...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Analysis of the tall building is carried out to find the optimum position of outrigger system and belt truss by using lateral loads. The three dimensional model is considered and designed for the gravity load and placing of first and second position of the outrigger. Considering the design of Wind load is calculated by using IS 875 (Part 3) and Design of Earthquake load is calculated by using code IS 1893(part-1): 2000 in order to achieve reduction in drift, Deflection and story shear. The analysis is done by considering tall vertical irregularity of 30th storey of 7 X 7 bay for 1 to 10th storey and 7X6 bay 11th to 20th storey and 7X5 Bay 21st to 30th storey. Keywords: vertical irregularities, outrigger, linear static analysis Wind and earthquake load.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OUTRIGGER STRUCTURE WITH DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONSIEI GSC
Presentation on COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OUTRIGGER STRUCTURE WITH DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS made by Nilesh Prajapati under guidance of Ms Pooja Mistry & prepared by Jugal Senghani at #33NCCE #IEIGSC
Effect of Wind Load on Structural Performance of Dimensionally Regular & Irre...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Outriggers system is used as one of the best way of increasing the lateral stiffness and has been generally utilized in tall building structures. The outrigger system is very effective in increasing structure’s flexural stiffness. It is likewise viable in decreasing the horizontal top deflection and bending moments in the core of high-rise frame-core structures. This study presents the detailed analysis on how the top drift, inter-story drift, base moment in the core are influenced by the outriggers stiffness, outriggers optimum locations, columns axial stiffness and foundations flexibility. outrigger braced structures can strengthen a structure without disturbing its aesthetic appearance and this is a significant advantage over other lateral load resisting systems. The thesis compare between many outriggers systems including both concrete & steel Outriggers. The Rectangular shape & L- shaped building structures are taken for analysis. The study also presents simplified procedure to optimize the location of the outriggers that will result in a maximum reduction in the lateral displacement at the top of the building. The modeling of the structure is done using “ETABS” program. The investigation of the model is completed by comparable static technique. Finally, the thesis proposed a simplified analysis for outriggers structures with core for both regular and irregular high rise building.
Analysis of outrigger system for tall vertical irregularites structures subje...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Analysis of the tall building is carried out to find the optimum position of outrigger system and belt truss by using lateral loads. The three dimensional model is considered and designed for the gravity load and placing of first and second position of the outrigger. Considering the design of Wind load is calculated by using IS 875 (Part 3) and Design of Earthquake load is calculated by using code IS 1893(part-1): 2000 in order to achieve reduction in drift, Deflection and story shear. The analysis is done by considering tall vertical irregularity of 30th storey of 7 X 7 bay for 1 to 10th storey and 7X6 bay 11th to 20th storey and 7X5 Bay 21st to 30th storey. Keywords: vertical irregularities, outrigger, linear static analysis Wind and earthquake load.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
A study on behaviour of outrigger system on high rise steel structure by vary...eSAT Journals
Abstract The outrigger system is one of the most efficient system used for high rise structures to resist lateral forces. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the static and dynamic behavior of the outrigger structural system on steel structure by reducing the depth of outrigger.5X5 bay 40 story 3D steel structures is modeled in ETABS v2013 software. Steel structure with central core and steel structure with outrigger structural system of varied depth of outrigger are compared. The depth of the outrigger is reduced to 2/3rd and 1/3rd of the story height along with the full story height. The depth of the belt-truss is equal to the height of the typical story and maintained same in all the structures. The key parameters discussed in this paper include lateral deflection and storey drift. From the analysis results it has been found that the comparative performance of outrigger with depth of full storey height and decreased depth shows minor difference in resistance towards lateral loads. Keywords: Outrigger system, Lateral Displacement, Inter story drift
In last decades steel structures has played an impo rtant role in construction industry. Providing strength,stability and ductility are major purpose s of seismic design. It is necessary to design a structure to perform well under seismic loads. Stee l braced frame is one of the structural systems used to resist earthquake loads in structures. Stee l bracing is economical,easy to erect,occupies less space and has flexibility to design for meetin g the required strength and stiffness. Bracing can be used as retrofit as well. There are various type s of steel bracings such as Diagonal,X,K,V,inverted V type or chevron and global type concentr ic bracings. In the present study,it was shown that modeling of the G+4 steel bare frame with vari ous bracings (X,V,inverted V,and Knee bracing) by computer software SAP2000 and pushover analysis results are obtained. Comparison between the seismic parameters such as base shear,roof displacement,time period,storey drift,performance point for steel bare frame with differe nt bracing patterns are studied. It is found that the X type of steel bracings significantly contribu tes to the structural stiffness and reduces the maximum interstate drift of steel building than oth er bracing systems.
While Designing a High rise Load & Structural Analysis is major factor to consider. Here we analyzed some data and try to describe briefly. We hope that it will help you lot :) Done by Neeti Lamic, Bayezid, Sykot Hasan
Bracing elements in structural system plays a vital role in the seismic behaviour of high rise buildings during earthquake. Many of the structural failures in buildings during strong earthquake shaking have indicated that sustainable strength and stable energy dissipation capability are most desirable to maintain inter story drifts and overall structural displacements within tolerable levels. So earthquake action brings a greater concern in the structural design of buildings which is situated in earthquake prone areas. Steel bracing are the common type which mainly used to resist the lateral loads acting during a seismic activity. Conventional types of lateral load resisting systems are concentrically-braced frames (CBFs) and eccentrically braced frames (EBF). Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) are recent developed structural system which has a stable energy dissipation property. Main advantage of BRB is its ability to yield both in tension and compression without buckling, thus obtaining a stable hysteresis loop. The BRB brace placed in a concentric frame is termed as BRBF system.
RESPONSE OF LATERAL SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDING UNDER SEISMIC LOADSIjripublishers Ijri
Tall building development has been rapidly increasing worldwide introducing new challenges that need to be met through
engineering judgment. In modern tall buildings, lateral loads induced by wind or earthquake are often resisted by a
system of coupled shear walls. But when the building increases in height, the stiffness of the structure becomes more
important and introduction of outrigger beams between the shear walls and external columns is often used to provide
sufficient lateral stiffness to the structure. In general, earthquake ground motion can occur anywhere in the world and
the risk associated with tall buildings, especially under severe earthquakes, should be given particular attention, since
tall buildings often accommodate thousands of occupants.
Linear Dynamic Analysis of Different Structural Systems for Medium Rise Buil...Jamal Ali
A comparative study is carried out to examine the behavior of different structural systems under seismic loads in structurally irregular medium rise building. The structural systems analyzed in the case study include Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame (IMRF), Dual RCC Wall-Frame and RCC Braced Frame
Structures including Cross Braced, Single Diagonally Braced, V Braced and Inverted V Braced Frame Structure.
Performance of High-Rise Steel Building With and Without BracingsIJERA Editor
A comparative study on performance of high-rise steel building with and without bracings, carried
out on a residential building by considering the gravity loads and lateral loads in the form of Earth quake loads
and Wind loads incorporating the Bracings to reduce lateral loads on structural elements. In this study, a 20
storey steel frame structure has been selected to be idealized as multi storey steel building model. The model is
analyzed by using STAAD.Pro 2008 structural analysis software with the consideration of wind and earthquake
loads. At the same time the influence of X-bracing pattern has been investigated.The building proposed in
designed by Limit State Method according to steel code IS: 800-2007, the Wind load analysis according to IS:
875-(part-3)1987 and seismic/Earth quake loads according to IS: 1893 (Part-1)-2002. In this study the node
displacements of buildings having with and without bracings of wind and earthquake effect of Zone II and
Zone V, and the axial force of the members of the buildings having with and without bracings of wind and
earthquake effect of Zone II and Zone V.
Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Fr...ijsrd.com
Generally RC framed structures are designed without regards to structural action of masonry infill walls present. Masonry infill walls are widely used as partitions. These buildings are generally designed as framed structures without regard to structural action of masonry infill walls. They are considered as non- structural elements. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. Past earthquakes are evident that collapses due to soft storeys are most often in RC buildings. In the soft storey, columns are severely stressed and unable to provide adequate shear resistance during the earthquake. . In this study, 3D analytical model of twelve storeyed buildings have been generated for different buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool 'ETABS'. To study the effect of infill, ground soft, bare frame and models with ground soft having concrete core wall and shear walls and concrete bracings at different positions during earthquake; seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure.
A study on behaviour of outrigger system on high rise steel structure by vary...eSAT Journals
Abstract The outrigger system is one of the most efficient system used for high rise structures to resist lateral forces. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the static and dynamic behavior of the outrigger structural system on steel structure by reducing the depth of outrigger.5X5 bay 40 story 3D steel structures is modeled in ETABS v2013 software. Steel structure with central core and steel structure with outrigger structural system of varied depth of outrigger are compared. The depth of the outrigger is reduced to 2/3rd and 1/3rd of the story height along with the full story height. The depth of the belt-truss is equal to the height of the typical story and maintained same in all the structures. The key parameters discussed in this paper include lateral deflection and storey drift. From the analysis results it has been found that the comparative performance of outrigger with depth of full storey height and decreased depth shows minor difference in resistance towards lateral loads. Keywords: Outrigger system, Lateral Displacement, Inter story drift
In last decades steel structures has played an impo rtant role in construction industry. Providing strength,stability and ductility are major purpose s of seismic design. It is necessary to design a structure to perform well under seismic loads. Stee l braced frame is one of the structural systems used to resist earthquake loads in structures. Stee l bracing is economical,easy to erect,occupies less space and has flexibility to design for meetin g the required strength and stiffness. Bracing can be used as retrofit as well. There are various type s of steel bracings such as Diagonal,X,K,V,inverted V type or chevron and global type concentr ic bracings. In the present study,it was shown that modeling of the G+4 steel bare frame with vari ous bracings (X,V,inverted V,and Knee bracing) by computer software SAP2000 and pushover analysis results are obtained. Comparison between the seismic parameters such as base shear,roof displacement,time period,storey drift,performance point for steel bare frame with differe nt bracing patterns are studied. It is found that the X type of steel bracings significantly contribu tes to the structural stiffness and reduces the maximum interstate drift of steel building than oth er bracing systems.
While Designing a High rise Load & Structural Analysis is major factor to consider. Here we analyzed some data and try to describe briefly. We hope that it will help you lot :) Done by Neeti Lamic, Bayezid, Sykot Hasan
Bracing elements in structural system plays a vital role in the seismic behaviour of high rise buildings during earthquake. Many of the structural failures in buildings during strong earthquake shaking have indicated that sustainable strength and stable energy dissipation capability are most desirable to maintain inter story drifts and overall structural displacements within tolerable levels. So earthquake action brings a greater concern in the structural design of buildings which is situated in earthquake prone areas. Steel bracing are the common type which mainly used to resist the lateral loads acting during a seismic activity. Conventional types of lateral load resisting systems are concentrically-braced frames (CBFs) and eccentrically braced frames (EBF). Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) are recent developed structural system which has a stable energy dissipation property. Main advantage of BRB is its ability to yield both in tension and compression without buckling, thus obtaining a stable hysteresis loop. The BRB brace placed in a concentric frame is termed as BRBF system.
RESPONSE OF LATERAL SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDING UNDER SEISMIC LOADSIjripublishers Ijri
Tall building development has been rapidly increasing worldwide introducing new challenges that need to be met through
engineering judgment. In modern tall buildings, lateral loads induced by wind or earthquake are often resisted by a
system of coupled shear walls. But when the building increases in height, the stiffness of the structure becomes more
important and introduction of outrigger beams between the shear walls and external columns is often used to provide
sufficient lateral stiffness to the structure. In general, earthquake ground motion can occur anywhere in the world and
the risk associated with tall buildings, especially under severe earthquakes, should be given particular attention, since
tall buildings often accommodate thousands of occupants.
Linear Dynamic Analysis of Different Structural Systems for Medium Rise Buil...Jamal Ali
A comparative study is carried out to examine the behavior of different structural systems under seismic loads in structurally irregular medium rise building. The structural systems analyzed in the case study include Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame (IMRF), Dual RCC Wall-Frame and RCC Braced Frame
Structures including Cross Braced, Single Diagonally Braced, V Braced and Inverted V Braced Frame Structure.
Performance of High-Rise Steel Building With and Without BracingsIJERA Editor
A comparative study on performance of high-rise steel building with and without bracings, carried
out on a residential building by considering the gravity loads and lateral loads in the form of Earth quake loads
and Wind loads incorporating the Bracings to reduce lateral loads on structural elements. In this study, a 20
storey steel frame structure has been selected to be idealized as multi storey steel building model. The model is
analyzed by using STAAD.Pro 2008 structural analysis software with the consideration of wind and earthquake
loads. At the same time the influence of X-bracing pattern has been investigated.The building proposed in
designed by Limit State Method according to steel code IS: 800-2007, the Wind load analysis according to IS:
875-(part-3)1987 and seismic/Earth quake loads according to IS: 1893 (Part-1)-2002. In this study the node
displacements of buildings having with and without bracings of wind and earthquake effect of Zone II and
Zone V, and the axial force of the members of the buildings having with and without bracings of wind and
earthquake effect of Zone II and Zone V.
Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Fr...ijsrd.com
Generally RC framed structures are designed without regards to structural action of masonry infill walls present. Masonry infill walls are widely used as partitions. These buildings are generally designed as framed structures without regard to structural action of masonry infill walls. They are considered as non- structural elements. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. Past earthquakes are evident that collapses due to soft storeys are most often in RC buildings. In the soft storey, columns are severely stressed and unable to provide adequate shear resistance during the earthquake. . In this study, 3D analytical model of twelve storeyed buildings have been generated for different buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool 'ETABS'. To study the effect of infill, ground soft, bare frame and models with ground soft having concrete core wall and shear walls and concrete bracings at different positions during earthquake; seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure.
Analysis of diagrid structure in comparison with exterior braced frame structureeSAT Journals
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, diagrid structures have proven to be highly adaptable in structuring a wide range of building types, spans
and forms. In most applications, diagrids provide structural support to buildings that are non rectilinear, adapting well to highly
angular buildings and curved forms. The origin of the diagrid structural technology lies at the crossroads of engineering and
architecture. The term “diagrid” have come from perimeter diagonals which have good structural efficiency and is gaining new
interests in designing of tall structures because of its lattice like look. The term “diagrid” is a blending of the words “diagonal”
and “grid” and refers to a structural system that gains its structural integrity through use of triangulation. In the diagrid
structures, the vertical columns from the periphery are eliminated and this constructs the main difference between diagrids and
exterior braced frames. Having triangulated configuration, the diagrids are able to carry the gravity and lateral loads. They also
effectively minimize shear deformation as the diagonals carry the loads axially. The diagrid structural system is adopted these
days for tall buildings because of its stiffness and flexibility in the architectural planning. This paper presents the study of 20-
storey diagrid structure in comparison with exterior braced frame structure.Analysis results and design of both the models are
presented in terms of storey shear, displacement, drift and summary of lateral and gravity forces.
KeyWords:Diagrid structure, Exterior braced frame structure, Storey displacement, and Storey drift
Comparison of symmetric and asymmetric steel diagrid structures by non linear...eSAT Journals
Abstract Diagonalized grid structures – “diagrids” - have emerged as one of the most innovative and adaptable approaches to structuring buildings in this millennium. Diagrid is a particular form of space truss, it consists of perimeter grid made up of a series of triangulated truss system. Diagrid is formed by intersecting the diagonal and horizontal components. Construction of multi‐storey building is rapidly increasing throughout the world. Advance in construction technology, materials, structural systems, various analysis and design software have facilitated the growth of various kinds of buildings. Diagrid buildings are emerging as structurally efficient as well as architecturally and aesthetically significant assemblies for tall buildings. Recently these diagrid structural systems have been widely used for tall buildings due to the structural efficiency and aesthetic potential provided by the unique geometric configuration of the system. This paper presents a 12 storey steel diagrid structure which is 36m in height. Symmetric and asymmetric structural configurations of diagrid structures were modelled and analyzed using SAP 2000 by considering Dead load, Live load and Seismic Loads (IS 1893-Part-1, 2002). Then FEMA 356 hinges (auto hinges) are assigned to the same structure and Nonlinear Static (Pushover) analysis is carried out by using seismic load as the pushover load case to find out the performance points that is Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety, and Collapse Prevention of diagrid elements using static pushover curve. At the same time spectral displacement demand & spectral displacement capacity as well as spectral acceleration demand and spectral acceleration capacity is compared to know the adequacy of the design by using ATC capacity spectrum method. Keywords: Diagrid, Pushover analysis, Spectral displacement demand, Spectral displacement capacity, Spectral acceleration demand, Spectral acceleration capacity
Diagrid structural systems
are emerging as structurally efficient as well as architecturally significant assemblies for tall buildings.
. The evolution of tall building structural systems based on new structural
concepts with newly adopted high strength materials and construction methods have been towards “stiffness” and “lightness”. Structural systems are become
“lighter” and “stiffer”.
It is common knowledge that rather than directly standing the forces,
it is better to reduce them and dissipate the magnitude of vibrations.
Structure design of high rise buildings is governed by lateral loads due to
wind or earthquake.
Lateral load resistance of structure is provided by interior structural system
or exterior structural system.
The selected structural system should be such that it should be effectively
utilized for structural requirements.
Recently diagrid structural system is adopted in tall buildings due to its
structural efficiency and flexibility in architectural planning.
Lunch Time Revit Training. General Understanding of System Families. Type Properties and Instance Properties of a Curtain Wall System. Sub Elements.Grid and Mullion layout
Embedding and user modifications. Use cases of the Curtain Wall System
Diagrid structural system strategies to reduce lateral forces on high rise bu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Study of R. C. C. Beam Column Junction Subjected To QuasiStatic (Monotonic)...IOSR Journals
Abstract - Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or junction. The different types of joints are
classified as corner joint, exterior joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading on
cantilever end of the beam. and study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam
column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress, displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint
can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) Significant experimental research has been
conducted over the past three decades on hysteretic behavior of beam-column joints of RC frames under cyclic
displacement loading. The various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and
their behavior, support conditions of beam-column joints. Some recent experimental studies, however,
addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor anchorage of longitudinal
beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint
Review paper on structural behaviour of industrial pallet rack with braced an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
According to the structural point of view Industrial Pallet rack structure can be considered typical steel framed structure. This work presents a general analysis of an industrial pallet rack structure, evaluating the influence of each of the components on the global stability. An analytical study for the sensitivity of pallet rack configuration in linear static equivalent lateral loads. The aim is to braced/unbraced frames were design and their analytical models are to be built in software. The finite element analysis is used to determine axial forces in beam and column, maximum storey displacement and buckling loads on braced/unbraced pallet rack structure. Bracing systems are mostly provided to enhance the stiffness factor of the structures with the seismic loads. Unbraced systems have mostly translational modes of failure and are very flexible due to excessive loads.
Keywords: Pallets Rack, Cold Formed Steel, Seismic Design, Finite Element Analysis, Buckling Capacity
Dynamic analysis of steel tube structure with bracing systemseSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays, competition towards rise of tall steel structures made certain factors are compulsory like serviceability and comfort of human relating to lateral loads caused by wind or earthquake. Earthquake is dangerous to the living beings in terms of its effects on manmade structures. Structures like tall buildings are built to resist gravity loads. However many tall buildings are not so resistant in lateral loads due to earthquake so need an improvement in resisting lateral loads. So there are many structural systems which resist lateral loads by varying orientation, addition of different structural systems. Like steel tubular structural system is considered and compared for their results against lateral forces and also by providing mega bracing system and diagrid bracing system. In this dissertation work, four structural systems are considered in which one is framed structure and rest are tubular system with addition of different bracing systems as mega bracing and diagrid bracing system. For the purpose 45 storey steel structure with rectangular plan of dimension 44mx24m uniform throughout the height is considered and analyzed for gravity and lateral loads using ETABS software. Its intention is to obtain the functioning characteristics like displacements, storey shear, time period, frequency, peak displacement and peak acceleration in both x and y direction to get most economical structure in all ways. Results shows that the steel tubular structure with mega bracing system performance is much better than the framed structure, tubular and tubular structure with diagrid bracing system. Keywords: Steel Tube Structure, Mega Bracing, Diagrid Bracing, Dynamic Analysis, ETABS, Time and History Analysis.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
Seismic performance of friction pendulum bearing by considering storey drift ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to monotonic loadingeSAT Journals
Abstract
Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or Connection. The different types of joints are classified as corner joint, exterior
joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading .i. e. monotonic loading on cantilever end of the beam and
study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress,
displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) The
various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and their behavior, support conditions of beam-column
joints. Some recent experimental studies, however, addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor
anchorage of longitudinal beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint.
Keywords: beam, column, corner, exterior, joint, monotonic load, quasi-static, varying stiffness
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to monotonic loadingeSAT Journals
Abstract
Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or Connection. The different types of joints are classified as corner joint, exterior
joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading .i. e. monotonic loading on cantilever end of the beam and
study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress,
displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) The
various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and their behavior, support conditions of beam-column
joints. Some recent experimental studies, however, addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor
anchorage of longitudinal beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint.
Keywords: beam, column, corner, exterior, joint, monotonic load, quasi-static, varying stiffness.
The Effect of Structure -Soil Interaction on Eccentrically Loaded FrameIJERD Editor
The interaction among structures, their foundations and the soil medium below the foundations alter
the actual behaviour of the structure considerably than what is obtained from the consideration of the structure
alone. Thus, a reasonably accurate model for the soil–foundation–structure interaction system with
computational validity, efficiency and accuracy is needed in improved design of important structures. The
framed structures are normally analyzed with their bases considered to be either completely rigid or hinged.
However, the foundation resting on deformable soils also undergoes deformation depending on the relative
rigidities of the foundation, superstructure and soil. Interactive analysis is, therefore, necessary for the accurate
assessment of the response of the superstructure.
ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF EXTERIOR BEAM-CO...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to study analytically and experimentally on the seismic performance ofexterior beam column joint to improve the joint ductility with non-conventional reinforcement andby using steel fibres. Five joint sub assemblages were tested under reverse cyclic loading applied atthe beam end. Beam column joints are critical regions for frames designed for inelastic response tosevere seismic attack. The overall structural safety, especially for joints is due to lack of ductility.Different parameter of joint using ANSYS modelling was studied and experimentally verified theresults. All these details are presented.
Beaglebone Black Webcam Server For SecurityIJTET Journal
Web server security using BeagleBone Black is based on ARM Cortex-A8 processor and Linux operating system
is designed and implemented. In this project the server side consists of BeagleBone Black with angstrom OS and interfaced
with webcam. The client can access the web server by proper authentication. The web server displays the web page forms
like home, video, upload, settings and about. The home web page describes the functions of Web Pages. The video Web page
displays the saved videos in the server and client can view or download the videos. The upload web page is used by the client
to upload the files to server. The settings web page is used to change the username, password and date if needed. The about web page provides the description of the project
Biometrics Authentication Using Raspberry PiIJTET Journal
Biometric authentication is one of the most popular and accurate technology. Nowadays, it is used in many real time
applications. However, recognizing fingerprints in Linux based embedded computers (raspberry pi) is still a very complex problem.
This entire work is done on the Linux based embedded computer called raspberry pi , in which database creation and management
using postgresql, web page creation using PHP language, fingerprint reader access, authentication and recognition using python were
entirely done on raspberry pi This paper discusses on the standardized authentication model which is capable of extracting the
fingerprints of individual and store that in database . Then I use the final fingerprint to match with others in fingerprints present in the
database (postgresql) to show the capability of this model.
Conceal Traffic Pattern Discovery from Revealing Form of Ad Hoc NetworksIJTET Journal
Number of techniques has been planned supported packet secret writing to safeguard the
communication in MANETs. STARS functioning supported stastical characteristics of captured raw traffic.
STARS discover the relationships of offer to destination communication. To forestall STAR attack associate
offer hidding technique is introduced.The pattern aims to derive the source/destination probability distribution.
that's the probability for each node to entire traffic captured with link details message source/destination and
conjointly the end-to-end link probability distribution that's the probability for each strive of nodes to be
associate end-to-end communication strive. thence construct point-to-point traffic originate and then derive the
end-to-end traffic with a set of traffic filtering rules; thus actual traffic protected against revelation attack.
Through this protective mechanism efficiency of traffic enlarged by ninety fifth from attacked traffic. For a lot of
sweetening to avoid overall attacks second shortest path is chosen.
Node Failure Prevention by Using Energy Efficient Routing In Wireless Sensor ...IJTET Journal
The most necessary issue that has to be solved in coming up with an information transmission rule for
wireless unplanned networks is a way to save unplanned node energy whereas meeting the wants of applications
users because the unplanned nodes are battery restricted. Whereas satisfying the energy saving demand, it’s
conjointly necessary to realize the standard of service. Just in case of emergency work, it's necessary to deliver the
information on time. Achieving quality of service in is additionally necessary. So as to realize this demand, Power -
efficient Energy-Aware routing protocol for wireless unplanned networks is planned that saves the energy by
expeditiously choosing the energy economical path within the routing method. When supply finds route to
destination, it calculates α for every route. The worth α is predicated on largest minimum residual energy of the trail
and hop count of the trail. If a route has higher α, then that path is chosen for routing the information. The worth of α
are higher, if the most important of minimum residual energy of the trail is higher and also the range of hop count is
lower. Once the trail is chosen, knowledge is transferred on the trail. So as to extend the energy potency any
transmission power of the nodes is additionally adjusted supported the situation of their neighbour. If the neighbours
of a node are closely placed thereto node, then transmission vary of the node is diminished. Thus it's enough for the
node to own the transmission power to achieve the neighbour at intervals that vary. As a result transmission power
of the node is cut back that later on reduces the energy consumption of the node. Our planned work is simulated
through Network machine (NS-2). Existing AODV and Man-Min energy routing protocol conjointly simulated
through NS-2 for performance comparison. Packet Delivery quantitative relation, Energy Consumption and end-toend
delay.
Prevention of Malicious Nodes and Attacks in Manets Using Trust worthy MethodIJTET Journal
In Manet the first demand is co-operative communication among nodes. The malicious nodes might cause security issues like grey hole and cooperative attacks. To resolve these attack issue planning Dynamic supply routing mechanism, that is referred as cooperative bait detection theme (CBDS) that integrate the advantage of each proactive and reactive defence design is used. In region attacks, a node transmits a malicious broadcast informing that it's the shortest path to the destination, with the goal of intercepting messages. During this case, a malicious node (so-called region node) will attract all packets by victimisation solid Route Reply (RREP) packet to incorrectly claim that “fake” shortest route to the destination then discard these packets while not forwarding them to the destination. In grey hole attacks, the malicious node isn't abs initio recognized in and of itself since it turns malicious solely at a later time, preventing a trust-based security resolution from detective work its presence within the network. It then by selection discards/forwards the info packets once packets undergo it. During this we have a tendency to focus is on detective work grey hole/collaborative region attacks employing a dynamic supply routing (DSR)-based routing technique.
Effective Pipeline Monitoring Technology in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJTET Journal
Wireless detector nodes are a promising technology to play three-dimensional applications. Even it
will sight correct lead to could on top of ground and underground. In solid underground watching system makes
some challenges are there to propagating the signals. The detector node is moving entire the underground
pipeline and sending information to relay node that's placed within the on top of ground. If any relay node is
unsuccessful during this condition suggests that it'll not sending the info. In this watching system can specially
designed as a heterogeneous networks. Every high power relay nodes most covers minimum 2 low power relay
node. If any relay node is unsuccessful within the network, the constellation can modification mechanically
supported the heterogeneous network. The high power relay node is change the unsuccessful node and sending
the condition of pipeline. The benefits are thought-about to be extremely distributed, improved packet delivery
Raspberry Pi Based Client-Server Synchronization Using GPRSIJTET Journal
A low cost Internet-based attendance record embedded system for students which uses wireless technology to
transfer data between the client and server is designed. The proposed system consist of a Raspberry Pi which acts as a
client which stores the details of the students in the database by using user login system using web. When the user logs
into the database the data is sent through GPRS to the server machine which maintains the records of the employees and
the attendance is updated in the server database. The GPRS module provides a bidirectional real-time data transfer
between the client and server. This system can be implemented to any real time application so as to retrieve information
from a data source of the client system and send a file to the remote server through GPRS. The main aim is to avoid the
limitations in Ethernet connection and design a low cost and efficient attendance record system where the data is
transferred in a secure way from the client database and updated in the server database using GPRS technology
ECG Steganography and Hash Function Based Privacy Protection of Patients Medi...IJTET Journal
Data hiding can hide sensitive information into signals for covert communication. Most data hiding
techniques will distort the signal in order to insert additional messages. The distortion is often small; the irreversibility is
not admissible to some sensitive techniques. Most of the applications, lossless data hiding is desired to extract the
embedded data and the original host signal. The project proposes the enhancement of protection system for secret data
communication through encrypted data concealment in ECG signals of the patient. The proposed encryption technique
used to encrypt the confidential data into unreadable form and not only enhances the safety of secret carrier information by
making the information inaccessible to any intruder having a random method. For that we use twelve square ciphering
techniques. The technique is used make the communication between the sender and the receiver to be authenticated is hash
function. To evaluate the effectiveness of ECG wave at the proposed technique, distortion measurement techniques of two
are used, the percentage residue difference (PWD) and wavelets weighted PRD. Proposed technique provides high security protection for patient data with low distortion is proven in this proposed system.
An Efficient Decoding Algorithm for Concatenated Turbo-Crc CodesIJTET Journal
In this paper, a hybrid turbo decoding algorithm is used, in which the outer code, Cyclic Redundancy Check code is
not used for detection of errors as usual but for error correction and improvement. This algorithm effectively combines the iterative
decoding algorithm with Rate-Compatible Insertion Convolution Turbo Decoding, where the CRC code and the turbo code are
regarded as an integrated whole in the Decoding process. Altogether we propose an effective error detecting method based on
normalized Euclidean distance to compensate for the loss of error detection capability which should have been provided by CRC
code. Simulation results show that with the proposed approach, 0.5-2dB performance gain can be achieved for the code blocks
with short information length
Improved Trans-Z-source Inverter for Automobile ApplicationIJTET Journal
In this paper a new technology is proposed with a replacement of conventional voltage source/current
source inverter with Improved Trans-Z-source inverter in automobile applications. The improved Trans-Z-source
inverter has a high boost inversion capability and continues input current. Also this new inverter can suppress the
resonant current at the startup; this resonant current in the startup may lead the device to permanent damage. In
improved Trans-Z-source inverter a couple inductor is needed, instead of this coupled inductor a transformer is used.
By using a transformer with sufficient turns ratio the size can be reduced. The turn’s ratio of the transformer decides
the input voltage of the inverter. In this paper operating principle, comparison with conventional inverters, working
with automobiles simulation results, THD analysis, Hardware implementation using ATMEGA 328 P are included.
Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with T-Source Three Phase Matrix Con...IJTET Journal
This paper presents an analysis of a PMSG wind power system using T-Sourcethree phase matrix converter. PMSG using T-Source three phase matrix converterhas advantages that it can provide any desired AC output voltage regardless of DC input with regulation in shoot-through time. In this control system T-Source capacitor voltage can be kept stable with variations in the shoot-through time, maximum power from the wind turbine to be delivered. Inaddition, of a new future, the converter employs a safe-commutation strategy toconduct along a continuous current flow, which results in theelimination of voltage spikes on switches without the need for a snubber circuit. With the use of matrix converter the surely need forrectifier circuit and passive components to store energy arereduced. The MATLAB/Simulinkmodel of the overall system is carried out and theoretical wind energy conversion output load voltage calculations are madeand feasibility of the new topology has been verified and that theconverter can produce an output voltage and output current. This proposed method has greater efficiency and lower cost.
Comprehensive Path Quality Measurement in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJTET Journal
A wireless sensor network mostly relies on multi-hop transmissions to deliver a data packet. It is of essential importance to measure the quality of multi-hop paths and such information shall be utilized in designing efficient routing strategies. Existing metrics like ETF, ETX mainly focus on quantifying the link performance in between the nodes while overlooking the forwarding capabilities inside the sensor nodes. By combining the QoF measurements within a node and over a link, we are able to comprehensively measure the intact path quality in designing efficient multihop routing protocols. We propose QoF, Quality of Forwarding, a new metric which explores the performance in the gray zone inside a node left unattended in previous studies. We implement QoF and build a modified Collection Tree Protocol.
Optimizing Data Confidentiality using Integrated Multi Query ServicesIJTET Journal
Query services have experienced terribly massive growth within past few years for that reason large usage of services need to balance outsourcing data management to Cloud service providers that provide query services to the client for data owners, therefore data owner needs data confidentiality as well as query privacy to be guaranteed attributable to disloyal behavior of cloud service provider consequently enhancing data confidentiality must not be compromise the query processed performance. It is not significant to provide slow query services as the result of security along with privacy assurance. We propose the random space perturbation data perturbation method to provide secure with kNN(k-nearest-neighbor) range query services for protecting data in the cloud and Frequency Structured R-Tree (FSR-Tree) efficient range query. Our schemes enhance data confidentiality without compromising the FSR-TREE query processing performance that also increases the user experience.
Foliage Measurement Using Image Processing TechniquesIJTET Journal
Automatic detection of fruit and leaf diseases is essential to automatically detect the symptoms of diseases as early as they appear on the growing stage. This system helps to detect the diseases on fruit during farming , right from plan and easily monitoring the diseases of grapes leaf and apple fruit. By using this system we can avoid the economical loss due to various diseases in agriculture production. K-means clustering technique is used for segmentation. The features are extracted from the segmented image and artificial neural network is used for training the image database and classified their performance to the respective disease categories. The experimental results express that what type of disease can be affected in the fruit and leaf .
Harmonic Mitigation Method for the DC-AC Converter in a Single Phase SystemIJTET Journal
This project suggest a sine-wave modulation technique is to achieve a low total harmonic distortion of Buck-Boost converter connected to a changing polarity inverter in a system. The suggested technique improves the harmonic content of the output. In addition, a proportional-resonant Integral controller is used along with harmonic compensation techniques for eliminating the DC component in the system. Also, the performance of the Proposed controller is analyzed when it connecting to the converter. The design of Buck-Boost converter is fed by modulated sine wave Pulse width modulation technique are proposed to mitigate the low order harmonics and to control the output current. So, that the output complies within the standard limit without use of low pass filter.
Comparative Study on NDCT with Different Shell Supporting StructuresIJTET Journal
Natural draft cooling towers are very essential in modern days in thermal and nuclear power stations. These are the hyperbolic shells of revolution in form and are supported on inclined columns. Several types of shell supporting structures such as A,V,X,Y are being used for construction of NDCT’s. Wind loading on NDCT governs critical cases and requires attention. In this paper a comparative study on reinforcement details has been done on NDCT’s with X and Y shell supporting structures. For this purpose 166m cooling tower with X and Y supporting structures being analyzed and design for wind (BS & IS code methods), seismic loads using SAP2000.
Experimental Investigation of Lateral Pressure on Vertical Formwork Systems u...IJTET Journal
The modeling of pressure distribution of fresh concrete poured in vertical formwork are rather dynamic than complex. Many researchers had worked on the pressure distribution modeling of concrete and formulated empirical relationship factors like formwork height, rate of pour, consistency classes of concrete. However, in the current scenario, most of high rise construction uses self compacting concrete(SCC) which is a special concrete which utilizes not only mineral and chemical admixtures but also varied aggregate proportions and hence modeling pressure distribution of SCC over other concrete in vertical formwork systems is necessitated. This research seeks to bridge the gap between the theoretical formulation of pressure distribution with the actual modeled (scaled) vertical formwork systems. The pressure distribution of SCC in the laboratory will be determined using pressure sensors, modeled and analyzed.
A Five – Level Integrated AC – DC ConverterIJTET Journal
This paper presents the implementation of a new five – level integrated AC – DC converter with high input power factor and reduced input current harmonics complied with IEC1000-3-2 harmonic standards for electrical equipments. The proposed topology is a combination of boost input power factor pre – regulator and five – level DC – DC converter. The single – stage PFC (SSPFC) approach used in this topology is an alternative solution to low – power and cost – effective applications.
A Comprehensive Approach for Multi Biometric Recognition Using Sclera Vein an...IJTET Journal
Sclera and finger print vein fusion is a new biometric approach for uniquely identifying humans. First, Sclera vein is identified and refined using image enhancement techniques. Then Y shape feature extraction algorithm is used to obtain Y shape pattern which are then fused with finger vein pattern. Second, Finger vein pattern is obtained using CCD camera by passing infrared light through the finger. The obtained image is then enhanced. A line shape feature extraction algorithm is used to get line patterns from enhanced finger vein image. Finally Sclera vein image pattern and Finger vein image pattern were combined to get the final fused image. The image thus obtained can be used to uniquely identify a person. The proposed multimodal system will produce accurate results as it combines two main traits of an individual. Therefore, it can be used in human identification and authentication systems.
Enhanced Hashing Approach For Image Forgery Detection With Feature Level FusionIJTET Journal
Image forgery detection and its accuracy are addressed in the proposed work. The image authentication process aims at finding the originality of an image. Due to the advent of many image editing software image tampering has become common. The Enhanced hashing approach is suggested for image authentication. The concept of Hashing has been used for searching images from large databases. It can also be applied to image authentication as it produces different results with respect to the change in image. But the hashing methods used for similarity searches cannot be used for image authentication since they are no sensitive for small changes. Moreover, we need a system that detects only perceptual changes. A new hashing method, namely, enhanced robust hashing is proposed for image authentication, which uses global and local properties of an image. This method is developed for detecting image forgery, including removal, insertion, and replacement of objects, and abnormal color modification, and for locating the forged area. The local models include position and texture information of object regions in the image. The hash mechanism uses secret keys for encryption and decryption. IP tracing is done to track the suspicious nodes.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Study of Eccentrically Braced Outrigger Frame under Seismic Exitation
1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 5 ISSUE 2 – MAY 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
48
Study of Eccentrically Braced Outrigger Frame under
Seismic Exitation
R. Snehaneela1
, Ms.S.Karthiga2
,
SRM University, Structural Engineering, SRM University, Structural Engineering,
snehaneela@gmail.com karthiga.sethu9@gmail.com
Abstract ----Outrigger braced structures has efficient structural form consist of a central core, comprising braced frames with
horizontal cantilever ”outrigger” trusses or girders connecting the core to the outer column. When the structure is loaded
horizontally, vertical plane rotation of the core is restrained by the outriggers through tension in windward column and
compression in leeward column. The effective structural depth of the building is greatly increased, thus augmenting the lateral
stiffness of the building and reducing the lateral deflections and moments in core. In effect, the outriggers join the columns to the
core to make the structure behave as a partly composite cantilever. By providing eccentrically braced system in outrigger frame by
varying the size of links and analyzing it. Push over analysis is carried out by varying the link size using computer programs, Sap
2007 to understand their seismic performance. The ductile behavior of eccentrically braced frame is highly desirable for structures
subjected to strong ground motion. Maximum stiffness, strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity are provided by
eccentrically braced frame. Studies were conducted on the use of outrigger frame for the high steel building subjected to
earthquake load. Braces are designed not to buckle, regardless of the severity of lateral loading on the frame. Thus eccentrically
braced frame ensures safety against collapse.
Index term-- Ductile, Outrigger, Eccentrically braced system, Seismic performance, link etc…
—————————— ——————————
1. INTRODUCTION
Seismic resistant eccentrically braced frame are a
lateral resisting system for steel building that are capable of
combining high stiffness in the elastic range with good ductility
and energy dissipation capacity in the elastic range. In this
system the segment of beam placed between the braces absorbs
the earthquake energy by large inelastic deformations and other
members essentially remain elastic. Eccentrically braced frame
stand out by their effectiveness. They provide an exceptional
ductility through inelastic deformation of links. Links are
modeled as inelastic element with concentrated end flexural
and shear hinges. A design procedure generally assumes that
the dissipation of energy is exclusively to links and aim to
achieve the elastic response of all other frame members, while
maintaining link deformation below the acceptable limits.
Outrigger braced structures is a efficient structural
form consist of a central core, comprising braced frames with
horizontal cantilever outrigger trusses or girders connecting the
core to the outer column. When the structure is loaded
horizontally, vertical plane rotation of the core is restrained by
the outriggers through tension in windward column and
compression in leeward column. The effective structural depth
of the building is greatly increased, thus augmenting the lateral
stiffness of the building and reducing the lateral deflections and
moments in core. In effect, the outriggers join the columns to
the core to make the structure behave as a partly composite
cantilever. Perimeter column other than those connected
directly to the ends of the outrigger, can also be made to
participate in the outriggers action by joining all the perimeter
column with a horizontal truss or girder around the face of the
building at the outrigger level.
Fig -1: Outrigger Braced Frame
2. AIM OF STUDY
The aim of the study is to evaluate the outrigger frame with
eccentrically braced system by varying the eccentricity.
2.1 Objectives of the study
The objective of this project is to evaluate the forces
induced in outrigger frame with respect to seismic motion. To
study the behavior of steel frame with different bracing
2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 5 ISSUE 2 – MAY 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
49
configuration with varying eccentricities under seismic load
and to find optimum eccentricity
2.2 Scope of study
The scope of this project work involves to analyze
outrigger using SAP 2000. The study is restricted to three
dimensional steel frame and the soil structure interaction is not
included. Design recommendation for links and connections in
eccentrically braced frame.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
An introduction and characteristics of EBF like-
stiffener and strength, forces in links, Energy dissipation,
mechanism. Tests were done on three storeys EBF. They are
tests on links with equal end moment, test on links with
unequal end moment and tests on composite link. From the
experiment they are giving optimum link length, stiffener
spacing and link rotation. With the above details the design of
eccentrically braced frame has been considering the design
philosophy with optimum link and connection details. This
paper has provided an overview of seismic resistant
eccentrically braced frames, with particular emphasis on the
behavior and design of shear links. Inelastic dynamic analysis
of EBFs subjected to real earthquake records is providing
additional useful rules for improving upon the basic code based
design procedure.( Egor P.Popov and Michael D.Engel Hardt,
1988)
Frames were analyzed with different, eccentric
braces(inverted V, V, Diagonal) for three different storey
height (4,8,12 storey).Then the frames were assessed by
nonlinear static (push over) analysis based on FEMA
440(2005)[Federal Emergency Management Agency].The main
objective of this paper is to do a quantitative comparison of
ductility levels of different bracing systems. Sap 2000 is
adopted for performing nonlinear analysis. Inelastic Time
history analysis is carried out to study the structural response to
seismic forces. This allows tracking of order of yielding and
failure on the members. This has been designed according to
AISC LRFD. National provision of Iran and 2800 code are used
as loading codes From analysis conducted on all nine frames it
is concluded that eccentric diagonal bracing has more stiffener
than the other two types(Inverted V and V).( Seyed Mehrdad
Nourbaksh 2011)
Theoretical and experimental research of the most
ductile element of the eccentrically braced steel frames called
seismic links. Four types of short seismic links were chosen
with same length but with different number of stiffeners.
Nonlinear numerical modeling was conducted with result
theoretical analysis should be done. The seismic link should be
designed. So that it may bear great inelastic deformation
without losing resistance and most of seismic energy is
dissipated within it. This paper has summarized the Design of
seismic links, Analysis of specimen, Experimental analysis,
Comparison of analytical and Experimental. Calculating the
reliability for all cases as a operative value of the probability of
collapse was conducted through VAP will give the optimum
value. The detailing of seismic links has been done according to
the Euro code. (M. Causevic, M. Bulic, B. Androic, 2008)
The use of replaceable link in Eccentric braced frame
(EBF) as a seismic structural system has been defined. This
study mainly focuses on damage avoidance and repair impact
minimization and it is achieved by introducing new shear links.
Convention EBF has generally performed better than expected.
Full scale testing and finite element work was undertaken on
six frames with removable links. This research showed the
performance of the removable link exhibiting good ductile
behavior, developing stable repeatable yielding. The testing has
been done by providing different link rotations and drift for six
frames. Specifically two D-braced and K-braced frame in
longitudinal and transverse direction is adopted. (J. J. G.
Ramsay, A. Fussell and R. G. Wilkinson, 2013)
includes both analytical and experimental studies such
as to determine the most appropriate analytical models to
represent the seismic behavior of all frame members and to
verify if the current design procedure achieves desired frame
response and also evaluate the impact of the element behavior
non anticipated in design on global frame performance. Two
dimensional nonlinear Time history analysis was conducted for
three storey structure.( J.Rozon, S.Koboevic and
R.Tremblay,2011)
4. METHODOLOGY
The work involves detailed analytical investigation by making
use of structural analysis software with following components
in
Literature review for different bracing steel frame is
to be collected.
Modeling of steel frame with different eccentricity for
different storey should be done.
Push over analysis is to be carried out for different
storey frames.
From the result the load transfer of outrigger frame
should be analyzed..
Based on the knowledge gained on the literature study
the project is carried out with the following flow
chart.
Collection of literature
Literature review
Data collection
Modeling of outrigger frame
Loading
Nonlinear analysis
3. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 5 ISSUE 2 – MAY 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
50
Fig -2: Methodology
5. MODELING
5.1. Modeling of Outrigger Frame
Literature review for different bracing steel frame is
to be collected. Modeling of steel frame with different
eccentricity for different storey should be done..From the result
the optimum eccentricity is to be taken. Analyzing and
comparisons of the outrigger frame by providing different
bracing configuration with different eccentricity. The more
reliable dimension of the link to the seismic load for different
stories provided. From the result, the optimum eccentricity can
be found and thus it will be more resistance for seismic load.
Accurate modeling of the nonlinear properties of
various structural elements is very important in nonlinear
analysis of any structure and since the present study is based on
the nonlinear analysis of structural models of regular multi-
storied buildings. This chapter presents the summary of various
parameters defining the computational models and the building
geometry considered for this study. And also presents the
properties of plastic hinges and the procedure to generate these
hinge properties.
In the present study the structural models of the 2-D
frames used are modeled, designed and analyzed using the
finite element software Structural Analysis Program SAP-2000
version 14. The analytical software SAP (Structural Analysis
Program) is a computational tool for modeling and analyzing
structures. The 3D model is analyzed on two different seismic
approaches. The modeling of the frames involves assemblage
of various structural and non-structural elements. It also
includes defining material properties, sectional properties, load
cases and non-linear hinge properties. The frame was designed
for zone III with PGA=0.16g and structural parameters for 16
different ground motions are obtained.
Fig-3:
3-D Model
5.2 Building Geometry
In the present study regular 3-D frames with storey
height 3.5m and bay width 7.3m are used. Frames with Fifteen
stories are studied. The design of all the frames was according
to the Indian standards IS 800(2000), seismic code IS
1893(2002). A series of iteration were carried out for the
assigned section to get the apt section for the structure. Section
properties of beam and column has been chosen by trial and
error method with the help of SAP2000.The material property
for all the members in frames as follows
Young Modulus of steel : 22360000 Mpa
Poisson’s Ratio (μ) of steel : 0.3
Type of bracing – single diagonal bracing with
eccentricity.
Eccentricity e< 1.6 Mp/Vp
Plastic moment Mp =Zfy
Shear capacity of section Vp=0.55fydtw
Eccentricity should be within 2m
5.3 Loading
All the beams and columns are modeled as frame
elements. The beam-column joints are modeled by giving end-
offsets to the frame elements and assumed to be rigid. The
column end at foundation was considered as fixed for all the
models in this study. All the frame elements are modeled with
nonlinear properties at the possible yield locations. The
structural effect of slabs due to their in-plane stiffness is taken
into account by assigning ‘diaphragm’ action at each floor
level. The load contribution of slab is modeled separately on
the supporting beams. The frames used for the study as
mentioned earlier was designed using Indian standards IS 1893-
2002(Part-1), IS 800 2000, IS875 1987(part 2), IS875 1987(part
3). The frames were designed for the following load
combination of (IS 1893):
1.7(DL+IL)
1.3(DL+IL+EL)
1.3(DL+IL-EL)
1.7(DL+EL)
1.7(DL-EL)
6. NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
The essential requirements for the development of
framework as to be identified to create a schematic
representation this framework is developed based on the TQM
model. With the help of the questionnaires received from the
organizations the quality assurance the most notable negligence
factor has been identified and rectified accordingly.
The factors which affect the most are inadequate
supervision and verification on site, use of superseded drawing
and specifications, poor workmanship during construction,
quality assurance sampling and testing, which increases the
workload, cost overrun on projects and inadequate commitment
to service quality by contractors has been rectified using Total
Quality Management system with four different processes
which are quality management program, improvement
Results and discussion
4. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 5 ISSUE 2 – MAY 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
51
suggestions in organizations, top management support, self-
motivation towards continuous improvement.
6.1 Modeling Of Hinges
During the inelastic failure of the structure, plasticity is
assumed to be concentrated at critical locations called failure
points or hinges. There are two approaches for specifying the
hinge properties:
Distributed plasticity model
Lumped plasticity model
In the distributed plasticity model, the zone of
yielding is assumed to be spread over a certain length whereas
in the lumped plasticity model, the zone of yielding is assumed
to be concentrated at critical points in the element. The
modeling approach used in this study is based on the lumped
plasticity model, as implemented in SAP2000. This approach is
favored in FEMA356, which directly refers to plastic hinge
rotations rather than local strains or curvatures. Plasticization of
the section is assumed to occur suddenly and not gradually.
However the lumped plasticity model may be less accurate than
the distributed plasticity model in representing the actual
nonlinear behavior of the element. There are three types of
hinges namely moment hinges, axial hinges and shear hinges.
The flexural hinges in beams are modeled with
uncoupled moment (M3) hinges whereas for column elements
the flexural hinges are modeled with coupled P-M2-M3
properties that include the interaction of axial force and bi-axial
bending moments at the hinge location. Each plastic hinge is
modeled as a discrete point hinge. Therefore, the plastic hinge
length is considered while generating the hinge characteristics.
Plastic hinge length (considering the ultimate flexural strength
developing at the support) is the distance from the support over
which the applied moment exceeds the yield moment. The
established practice has been to take Lp = 0.5D.
Nonlinearity is assumed to be distributed along the
length of the plastic hinge. This provides a more accurate
representation of the actual nonlinear behavior of the element.
There are three types of hinge properties in SAP2000. They are
default hinge properties, user-defined hinge properties and
generated hinge properties. Only default hinge properties and
user-defined hinge properties can be assigned to frame
elements. When these hinge properties are assigned to a frame
element, the program automatically creates a different
generated hinge property for each and every hinges. Default
hinge properties cannot be modified. They also cannot be
viewed because the default properties are section dependent for
a particular hinge point. Fig 3.3 shows the hinge properties
recommended by FEMA 356.
Fig -4: Typical format recommended by FEMA 356 for
hinge properties
Point A is the origin, B is yield point no deformation
occurs in the hinge up to B, regardless of the deformation at
point B. The displacement at point B will be subtracted from
the deformation at points C, D, E. Only plastic deformation
beyond point B will be exhibited by the hinge. C is the ultimate
capacity and points D and E are a measure of residual strength
and rotation/moment capacity. Typical values of roof drifts for
the three performance levels are as follows (FEMA 356).
Fig-5: SAP model showing hinges X-Z PLANE
Fig-6: SAP model showing hinges y-z PLANE
5. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 5 ISSUE 2 – MAY 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
52
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Push over analysis is performed in two different
models by varying the eccentricity at a distance of 0.8m and
1.5m of outrigger frame. For the performance of nonlinear
analysis the suitable eccentricity length for fifteen storey
building has been found out.
By providing 0.8m link is proved to be not sufficient
for fifteen storey outrigger frame structure. Since the
distance is very small the frame is not considering it
as link and the failure in the core wall starts from the
bracing.
Fig-7: SAP result(e=0.8m)
By providing 1.5m link is proved to be sufficient
for fifteen storey outrigger frame structure. Thus
the failure in the core wall starts from the link
while performing the nonlinear analysis with the
help of software
SAP2000.
Fig-8: SAP result(e=1.5m)
7. END SECTIONS
7.1Acknowledgements
I wish to express my sincere thanks to the
MANAGEMENT, Dr.T.P.GANESAN, Vice Chancellor
(P&D) and Dr. C. MUTHAMIZHCHELVAN, Director
(E&T), SRM University for providing all the facilities for
carrying out this work. I express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr.
R. ANNADURAI, Professor and Head, Department of Civil
Engineering, SRM University for his consistent encouragement
in completing the project. I express my sincere thanks to
Project Coordinators, Dr. K.S.SATYANARAYANAN,
Professor and Mr. G. AUGUSTINE MANIRAJ PANDIAN,
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University
for his valuable guidance and timely suggestions during the
project work. I am thankful to Class advisor Mr. C. ARUN
KUMAR, Assistant Professor (O.G), for his support in
successful completion of the project. I hereby acknowledge
with deep sense of gratitude the valuable guidance,
encouragement and suggestions given by my guide Ms.
KARTHIGA.S, Assistant Professor (O.G), who has been a
constant source of inspiration throughout this project. I express
my deep love and warm regards to My Parents and My
Friends for their support, constant encouragement and timely
help.
(R.SNEHANEELA)
7.2References
[1] Popov and Engel hardt ‘Seismic eccentrically braced
frame’, University of California, 1988.
[2] Seyed mehrdad nourbaksh ‘Inelastic behavior of eccentric
braces in steel structure’, Eastern Mediterranean
University,2011.
[3] Causevic, Bulic, Androic, (2008) ‘ Reliability of short
seismic links in eccentrically braced steel Frames’, 14th World
conference on Earthquake Engineering.
[4] Ramsay, A. Fussell and Wilkinson,Design (2013),
‘Replaceable link eccentric braced frames in post earthquake’.
[5] Rozon, Koboevic and Tremblay (2011) ‘Study of global
behavior of eccentrically braced frames in response to seismic
loads’.
[6] Yau, and Chan ‘Inelastic and Stability analysis of flexibility
connected steel frame by spring –in –series model’. Journal of
structural engineering. American society of civil engineers,
Vol.120, pp. 2803-2819, 1994.
[7] Bureau of Indian Standards IS 800, General Construction in
Steel – Code of Practice, 2007.
[8] Bureau of Indian Standards IS 808, Dimensions for Hot
Rolled Steel Beam, Column, Channel and Angle Sections,
1989.
6. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TRENDS IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 5 ISSUE 2 – MAY 2015 - ISSN: 2349 - 9303
53
[9] IS 1893(Part1), ‘Indian Standard Code of Practice for
Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures’, Bureau
of Indian Standard, (New Delhi), 2002.
[10] IS 875(Part 2 ‘Indian Standard code of Practice for design
Loads For Buildings and structures’ Bureau of Indian Standard,
(New Delhi), 1987.
[11] IS 875(Part 3) ‘Indian Standard code of Practice for design
Loads for Buildings and structures’ Bureau of Indian Standard,
(New Delhi), 1987.
[12] IS 12778, ‘Indian Standard code Hot Rolled Parallel
Flange Steel Sections for Beams, Columns and Bearing Piles,
Dimensions and Section Properties’ Bureau of Indian Standard,
(New Delhi), 2004?
BIOGRAPHIES
1.Snehaneela.R, Department of civil engineering, SRM
University, Kattangulathur, Chennai.
2.Assistant Prof. Department of civil engineering, Ms. S.
Karthiga SRM University, Kattangulathur, Chennai.