This document presents a study on developing mathematical expressions to calculate quality costs (QC) in a production-supply line. It discusses:
1. Classifying QC using the PAF (Prevention, Appraisal, Failure) model and developing expressions to estimate QC factors like number of right/faulty products.
2. Collecting data on QC from the supply line over two time periods - an initial "quality immaturity" period and a subsequent "quality maturity" period.
3. Analyzing the data to show it follows two different behavior patterns over time - the initial data follows Juran's quality cost model while the later data follows a continuous improvement model, indicating increasing quality maturity.
Chapter 15 Quality Costs and Productivity : Measurement, Reporting, and Control Yesica Adicondro
This document summarizes a quality cost report for Emery Manufacturing for the year ended December 31, 2008. The report shows that prevention costs accounted for 1.5% of sales, while appraisal costs accounted for 5.5% of sales. Total quality costs represented 7% of total sales. This indicates there is still room for improvement, as failure costs could potentially be further reduced through additional investments in prevention activities.
This document discusses quality costs and productivity measurement. It defines eight dimensions of quality and explains concepts like quality of design and quality of conformance. It describes different types of quality costs including prevention, appraisal, internal failure, and external failure costs. Methods for estimating hidden quality costs like the multiplier method, market research method, and Taguchi quality loss function are presented. Graphs for reporting quality costs over time and depicting the cost of quality versus percent defects are shown. The document also discusses productivity measurement in terms of technical efficiency and total factor productivity. It provides examples for calculating partial and total productivity ratios.
This document discusses cost of quality and provides definitions, categories, and models of quality costs. It defines cost of quality as the costs incurred to prevent, detect, and fix defects. Quality costs are divided into conformance costs (prevention and appraisal) and non-conformance costs (internal and external failure). Prevention costs aim to avoid defects, appraisal costs detect defects, and failure costs result from defects. The document also outlines the history of cost of quality analysis, gives examples to illustrate the categories, and presents a case study of a company's quality costs over four years that demonstrates how prevention costs can reduce total quality costs.
This document discusses cost of quality (CoQ) models and analysis. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including defining CoQ, presenting various CoQ models, analyzing CoQ, and applying CoQ strategy. Several CoQ models are then explained in more detail, such as the Prevention-Appraisal-Failure model, Juran's model, and Harrington's model. The document concludes by discussing the relationship between prevention and appraisal costs and failure costs, with the goal of quality cost reduction through prevention activities.
The document discusses the costs of quality and their categorization. It defines cost of quality as the cost of nonconformance or doing things wrong. Costs of quality are categorized as internal failure costs, external failure costs, appraisal costs, and prevention costs. Internal failure costs occur before delivery due to failures to meet requirements. External failure costs happen after delivery due to customer issues. Appraisal and prevention costs support conformance evaluation and defect reduction activities. Quantifying and analyzing quality costs can help identify opportunities to improve quality and reduce costs. Prevention is emphasized as the most effective approach.
IRJET-Analysis of Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) and its Calculation: Steel Indu...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper analyzing the cost of poor quality (COPQ) in the steel industry. The paper reviews various models for calculating COPQ and proposes a new methodology. Key points:
- COPQ includes costs from internal failures like rework and external failures like customer returns and warranty claims that result from poor quality.
- The proposed methodology adds a cost mapping step to existing process and product mapping approaches to capture all relevant cost data for COPQ calculation.
- The paper argues that prevention and appraisal costs should be excluded from COPQ calculations since they are basic manufacturing requirements rather than costs due to poor quality.
- A modified COPQ calculation formula is presented that sums internal failure
The document discusses various techniques for reverse engineering products, including teardown analysis and benchmarking. It describes the process of reverse engineering as examining how other designers have combined parts to meet customer needs. The key steps are listed as: 1) examining design issues and limitations, 2) disassembling and analyzing parts, 3) creating a bill of materials. Benchmarking competitors allows learning from their solutions and establishing best practices. Measurement and specification are important for quantifying customer needs and benchmarking performance.
Chapter 15 Quality Costs and Productivity : Measurement, Reporting, and Control Yesica Adicondro
This document summarizes a quality cost report for Emery Manufacturing for the year ended December 31, 2008. The report shows that prevention costs accounted for 1.5% of sales, while appraisal costs accounted for 5.5% of sales. Total quality costs represented 7% of total sales. This indicates there is still room for improvement, as failure costs could potentially be further reduced through additional investments in prevention activities.
This document discusses quality costs and productivity measurement. It defines eight dimensions of quality and explains concepts like quality of design and quality of conformance. It describes different types of quality costs including prevention, appraisal, internal failure, and external failure costs. Methods for estimating hidden quality costs like the multiplier method, market research method, and Taguchi quality loss function are presented. Graphs for reporting quality costs over time and depicting the cost of quality versus percent defects are shown. The document also discusses productivity measurement in terms of technical efficiency and total factor productivity. It provides examples for calculating partial and total productivity ratios.
This document discusses cost of quality and provides definitions, categories, and models of quality costs. It defines cost of quality as the costs incurred to prevent, detect, and fix defects. Quality costs are divided into conformance costs (prevention and appraisal) and non-conformance costs (internal and external failure). Prevention costs aim to avoid defects, appraisal costs detect defects, and failure costs result from defects. The document also outlines the history of cost of quality analysis, gives examples to illustrate the categories, and presents a case study of a company's quality costs over four years that demonstrates how prevention costs can reduce total quality costs.
This document discusses cost of quality (CoQ) models and analysis. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including defining CoQ, presenting various CoQ models, analyzing CoQ, and applying CoQ strategy. Several CoQ models are then explained in more detail, such as the Prevention-Appraisal-Failure model, Juran's model, and Harrington's model. The document concludes by discussing the relationship between prevention and appraisal costs and failure costs, with the goal of quality cost reduction through prevention activities.
The document discusses the costs of quality and their categorization. It defines cost of quality as the cost of nonconformance or doing things wrong. Costs of quality are categorized as internal failure costs, external failure costs, appraisal costs, and prevention costs. Internal failure costs occur before delivery due to failures to meet requirements. External failure costs happen after delivery due to customer issues. Appraisal and prevention costs support conformance evaluation and defect reduction activities. Quantifying and analyzing quality costs can help identify opportunities to improve quality and reduce costs. Prevention is emphasized as the most effective approach.
IRJET-Analysis of Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) and its Calculation: Steel Indu...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper analyzing the cost of poor quality (COPQ) in the steel industry. The paper reviews various models for calculating COPQ and proposes a new methodology. Key points:
- COPQ includes costs from internal failures like rework and external failures like customer returns and warranty claims that result from poor quality.
- The proposed methodology adds a cost mapping step to existing process and product mapping approaches to capture all relevant cost data for COPQ calculation.
- The paper argues that prevention and appraisal costs should be excluded from COPQ calculations since they are basic manufacturing requirements rather than costs due to poor quality.
- A modified COPQ calculation formula is presented that sums internal failure
The document discusses various techniques for reverse engineering products, including teardown analysis and benchmarking. It describes the process of reverse engineering as examining how other designers have combined parts to meet customer needs. The key steps are listed as: 1) examining design issues and limitations, 2) disassembling and analyzing parts, 3) creating a bill of materials. Benchmarking competitors allows learning from their solutions and establishing best practices. Measurement and specification are important for quantifying customer needs and benchmarking performance.
The document discusses the costs of quality, including costs of conformance like prevention and appraisal, costs of non-conformance like internal and external failure costs, and intangible costs. It outlines steps for quality improvement which are to identify opportunities, form a team, analyze current processes, define desired outcomes, identify root causes and solutions, calculate costs of quality, prioritize and test solutions, implement solutions, measure progress, and communicate results.
Application Performance Monitoring (APM) tools monitor software applications from the end user perspective by monitoring availability and performance, and detecting early signs of issues. The goals of APM include proactively determining environment health ahead of customer issues, having cross-application data to quickly pinpoint root causes of outages, and determining capacity nearing for critical applications. Potential vendors were evaluated based on use cases through a proof of concept, with the findings being that all shortlisted candidates would improve monitoring capabilities and setup has been validated to be easier than expected, with pricing similarly for a 3-year term.
1) The document discusses the history and definitions of quality costs, also known as the cost of poor quality, in the medical laboratory context. It provides examples of how errors can impact costs through staff time, clinician time, patient time, and other factors beyond direct financial costs.
2) Poor quality in medical laboratories can result in costs associated with investigation, remediation, corrections, reputation damage, liability, and risk to patients - in addition to direct financial costs. These costs are difficult to capture but important to consider.
3) Monitoring quality costs over time through metrics like near-miss times, repeat testing, complaints, and improvement reports can help laboratories understand trends and priorities for preventing future errors.
This document provides an overview of quality concepts including definitions of quality, zero defects, customers, quality terms and concepts, inspection, sampling, and the differences between SPC and acceptance sampling. It defines quality as meeting customer expectations and conforming to specifications. Zero defects aims for no product or service defects. Customers are critical to quality and satisfaction. Total quality management, continuous improvement, six sigma, and PDCA model are quality approaches. Inspection and sampling are used to check for defects. SPC monitors processes while acceptance sampling accepts or rejects lots.
M. Jayabal is a Quality Engineer with over 4 years of experience. He currently works for Simco Engineering Limited in Trichy as a Quality Inspector. Previously, he worked for Harihar Alloys as a Quality Inspector. He has a Bachelor's Degree in Mechanical Engineering. His responsibilities include inspection of materials and processes, resolving quality issues, and ensuring compliance with quality certifications and customer requirements. He is proficient with quality control tools and precision measurement instruments.
This document provides guidance on developing a business plan, including defining what a business plan is, its key components, and how to present it to potential investors. It explains that a business plan is a written document that describes a new business, including its goals, operations, market analysis, and financial projections. The document outlines the typical sections of a business plan, such as the executive summary, company description, marketing plan, and financial projections. It also provides tips for presenting the business plan, recommending a 12-slide PowerPoint presentation that covers the problem, solution, opportunity, competition, management team, and financing request. The intended learning outcomes are to enable students to develop and outline an effective business plan and presentation for potential investors.
The document provides an overview of various quality management concepts and tools including:
- Total Quality Management (TQM) which aims to design high quality products and ensure consistent production.
- Six Sigma which seeks to reduce process variation and eliminate defects through tools like DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control).
- ISO 9000 standards for quality management systems which many companies adopt for global competitiveness.
- Various analytical tools used in quality improvement like control charts, flow diagrams and cause-and-effect diagrams.
Taguchi's quality engineering philosophy focuses on designing quality into products from the beginning. It aims to make products robust to variability, known as "noise" factors, which can occur during manufacturing or use. Some key aspects are:
1. Taguchi proposed using loss functions to quantify how different levels of quality, or deviations from a target value, result in losses to customers or society. The most common is the "nominal-the-best" quadratic loss function.
2. He emphasized reducing variation from noise factors through robust design of products and processes. This involves considering noise at the system design, parameter design, and tolerance design stages.
3. Taguchi developed experimental design methods using orthogonal arrays to efficiently test
This document discusses the creation and use of a process performance model (PPM) at a Chinese software supplier. It first describes the organization as specializing in security software for banks with 80 employees. It then breaks down the metrics used to measure business objectives and connects processes to specific indicators. The document walks through creating the PPM using cause-and-effect diagrams and relationships between attributes. Finally, it shows how the PPM is used to predict values for defect density in various phases using computed formulas.
The document discusses the concept of cost of quality and its various categories. It explains that total quality costs are the sum of prevention costs, appraisal costs, and internal and external failure costs. Prevention costs are incurred to prevent poor quality, while appraisal costs are for measuring and testing. Failure costs occur due to poor quality products. The document emphasizes that understanding quality costs can help reduce hidden costs and eliminate unnecessary expenses by focusing on prevention rather than correction. It is the responsibility of management to produce high quality products and minimize quality costs.
Process management quality, time and the theory of constraints - pareto pre...Steep Besoin
This document describes how managers can improve quality and reduce delays by streamlining processes. It discusses two aspects of quality: quality of design which measures how well products meet customer needs/wants, and conformance quality which refers to a product's performance according to specifications. Costs of quality include prevention costs to preclude nonconforming products, appraisal costs to detect nonconforming units, internal failure costs for nonconforming products found before shipping, and external failure costs for issues found after shipping. The document uses an example company, Peoria Photo, to illustrate calculating costs of quality through a 7-step activity-based costing process.
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a structured approach to discovering potential failures in a design or manufacturing process. It was introduced in 1950 and aims to anticipate failures during the design stage. FMEA involves identifying failure modes, their effects, and causes. It also evaluates the severity, occurrence, and detection of failures to calculate a Risk Priority Number. Conducting FMEA helps reduce failures and improve quality by discovering issues early in the design process.
Cost of poor quality (COPQ) refers to the costs associated with defects, errors, and failures in products and services. It includes direct costs like rework, scrap, and warranty repairs, as well as indirect costs from lost customers, decreased productivity, and damage to reputation. COPQ can be reduced by identifying areas of waste and investing in prevention through quality planning, training, inspections, and supplier management. Harrington breaks COPQ down into categories like controllable costs, appraisal costs, internal and external error costs, equipment costs, and indirect customer costs. Tracking and reducing COPQ helps improve bottom lines by focusing resources on doing things right the first time.
B12 2 assess customer unmet needs_final-pdfDir Jan
The document discusses identifying customer unmet needs to drive innovation. It describes characterizing customer segments and jobs, assessing desired and undesired outcomes, and using this information to complete a value proposition canvas to identify unmet needs. The unmet needs are customer jobs, pains, and gains that are not fully addressed by current product offerings. Identified unmet needs will be combined with chemicals management hotspots to generate innovative solutions.
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a systematic approach to product development that focuses on customer needs and expectations. It involves translating customer desires into engineering specifications across four phases - product planning, design, process planning, and process control. The core tool is the "House of Quality", a matrix that relates customer needs and technical requirements. QFD aims to ensure customer satisfaction by prioritizing their needs and building them into the product throughout development.
Manufacturing planning and self inspection in pharmaceutical industriesSumita Sahoo
This document discusses manufacturing planning and self-inspection in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by introducing manufacturing planning, noting its importance in efficiently managing material flow, equipment utilization, and responding to customer demand. It then discusses factors like customer demand for quality, agile competition, and technology impacts that drive changes in manufacturing. The document outlines elements of manufacturing planning like routing, scheduling, and dispatching. It also discusses the importance of aspects like initial planning, process design review, and validating measurement systems for quality. The document then introduces self-inspection, noting its objectives to improve compliance and quality. It discusses criteria for self-inspections including covering all GMP aspects and having qualified inspection teams.
The document discusses establishing an effective change control process for construction projects. It emphasizes that changes should be minimized but rigorously controlled. It outlines establishing a change control strategy early, defining the process, documenting it, establishing a log to track changes, agreeing whether changes are acceptable, and reporting costs with agreed changes. The key aspects of the change control process are defining the baseline, tracking changes, approving or rejecting changes, adjusting budgets and schedules, and regularly reporting on changes.
The document discusses the costs of quality, including costs of conformance like prevention and appraisal, costs of non-conformance like internal and external failure costs, and intangible costs. It outlines steps for quality improvement which are to identify opportunities, form a team, analyze current processes, define desired outcomes, identify root causes and solutions, calculate costs of quality, prioritize and test solutions, implement solutions, measure progress, and communicate results.
Application Performance Monitoring (APM) tools monitor software applications from the end user perspective by monitoring availability and performance, and detecting early signs of issues. The goals of APM include proactively determining environment health ahead of customer issues, having cross-application data to quickly pinpoint root causes of outages, and determining capacity nearing for critical applications. Potential vendors were evaluated based on use cases through a proof of concept, with the findings being that all shortlisted candidates would improve monitoring capabilities and setup has been validated to be easier than expected, with pricing similarly for a 3-year term.
1) The document discusses the history and definitions of quality costs, also known as the cost of poor quality, in the medical laboratory context. It provides examples of how errors can impact costs through staff time, clinician time, patient time, and other factors beyond direct financial costs.
2) Poor quality in medical laboratories can result in costs associated with investigation, remediation, corrections, reputation damage, liability, and risk to patients - in addition to direct financial costs. These costs are difficult to capture but important to consider.
3) Monitoring quality costs over time through metrics like near-miss times, repeat testing, complaints, and improvement reports can help laboratories understand trends and priorities for preventing future errors.
This document provides an overview of quality concepts including definitions of quality, zero defects, customers, quality terms and concepts, inspection, sampling, and the differences between SPC and acceptance sampling. It defines quality as meeting customer expectations and conforming to specifications. Zero defects aims for no product or service defects. Customers are critical to quality and satisfaction. Total quality management, continuous improvement, six sigma, and PDCA model are quality approaches. Inspection and sampling are used to check for defects. SPC monitors processes while acceptance sampling accepts or rejects lots.
M. Jayabal is a Quality Engineer with over 4 years of experience. He currently works for Simco Engineering Limited in Trichy as a Quality Inspector. Previously, he worked for Harihar Alloys as a Quality Inspector. He has a Bachelor's Degree in Mechanical Engineering. His responsibilities include inspection of materials and processes, resolving quality issues, and ensuring compliance with quality certifications and customer requirements. He is proficient with quality control tools and precision measurement instruments.
This document provides guidance on developing a business plan, including defining what a business plan is, its key components, and how to present it to potential investors. It explains that a business plan is a written document that describes a new business, including its goals, operations, market analysis, and financial projections. The document outlines the typical sections of a business plan, such as the executive summary, company description, marketing plan, and financial projections. It also provides tips for presenting the business plan, recommending a 12-slide PowerPoint presentation that covers the problem, solution, opportunity, competition, management team, and financing request. The intended learning outcomes are to enable students to develop and outline an effective business plan and presentation for potential investors.
The document provides an overview of various quality management concepts and tools including:
- Total Quality Management (TQM) which aims to design high quality products and ensure consistent production.
- Six Sigma which seeks to reduce process variation and eliminate defects through tools like DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control).
- ISO 9000 standards for quality management systems which many companies adopt for global competitiveness.
- Various analytical tools used in quality improvement like control charts, flow diagrams and cause-and-effect diagrams.
Taguchi's quality engineering philosophy focuses on designing quality into products from the beginning. It aims to make products robust to variability, known as "noise" factors, which can occur during manufacturing or use. Some key aspects are:
1. Taguchi proposed using loss functions to quantify how different levels of quality, or deviations from a target value, result in losses to customers or society. The most common is the "nominal-the-best" quadratic loss function.
2. He emphasized reducing variation from noise factors through robust design of products and processes. This involves considering noise at the system design, parameter design, and tolerance design stages.
3. Taguchi developed experimental design methods using orthogonal arrays to efficiently test
This document discusses the creation and use of a process performance model (PPM) at a Chinese software supplier. It first describes the organization as specializing in security software for banks with 80 employees. It then breaks down the metrics used to measure business objectives and connects processes to specific indicators. The document walks through creating the PPM using cause-and-effect diagrams and relationships between attributes. Finally, it shows how the PPM is used to predict values for defect density in various phases using computed formulas.
The document discusses the concept of cost of quality and its various categories. It explains that total quality costs are the sum of prevention costs, appraisal costs, and internal and external failure costs. Prevention costs are incurred to prevent poor quality, while appraisal costs are for measuring and testing. Failure costs occur due to poor quality products. The document emphasizes that understanding quality costs can help reduce hidden costs and eliminate unnecessary expenses by focusing on prevention rather than correction. It is the responsibility of management to produce high quality products and minimize quality costs.
Process management quality, time and the theory of constraints - pareto pre...Steep Besoin
This document describes how managers can improve quality and reduce delays by streamlining processes. It discusses two aspects of quality: quality of design which measures how well products meet customer needs/wants, and conformance quality which refers to a product's performance according to specifications. Costs of quality include prevention costs to preclude nonconforming products, appraisal costs to detect nonconforming units, internal failure costs for nonconforming products found before shipping, and external failure costs for issues found after shipping. The document uses an example company, Peoria Photo, to illustrate calculating costs of quality through a 7-step activity-based costing process.
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a structured approach to discovering potential failures in a design or manufacturing process. It was introduced in 1950 and aims to anticipate failures during the design stage. FMEA involves identifying failure modes, their effects, and causes. It also evaluates the severity, occurrence, and detection of failures to calculate a Risk Priority Number. Conducting FMEA helps reduce failures and improve quality by discovering issues early in the design process.
Cost of poor quality (COPQ) refers to the costs associated with defects, errors, and failures in products and services. It includes direct costs like rework, scrap, and warranty repairs, as well as indirect costs from lost customers, decreased productivity, and damage to reputation. COPQ can be reduced by identifying areas of waste and investing in prevention through quality planning, training, inspections, and supplier management. Harrington breaks COPQ down into categories like controllable costs, appraisal costs, internal and external error costs, equipment costs, and indirect customer costs. Tracking and reducing COPQ helps improve bottom lines by focusing resources on doing things right the first time.
B12 2 assess customer unmet needs_final-pdfDir Jan
The document discusses identifying customer unmet needs to drive innovation. It describes characterizing customer segments and jobs, assessing desired and undesired outcomes, and using this information to complete a value proposition canvas to identify unmet needs. The unmet needs are customer jobs, pains, and gains that are not fully addressed by current product offerings. Identified unmet needs will be combined with chemicals management hotspots to generate innovative solutions.
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a systematic approach to product development that focuses on customer needs and expectations. It involves translating customer desires into engineering specifications across four phases - product planning, design, process planning, and process control. The core tool is the "House of Quality", a matrix that relates customer needs and technical requirements. QFD aims to ensure customer satisfaction by prioritizing their needs and building them into the product throughout development.
Manufacturing planning and self inspection in pharmaceutical industriesSumita Sahoo
This document discusses manufacturing planning and self-inspection in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by introducing manufacturing planning, noting its importance in efficiently managing material flow, equipment utilization, and responding to customer demand. It then discusses factors like customer demand for quality, agile competition, and technology impacts that drive changes in manufacturing. The document outlines elements of manufacturing planning like routing, scheduling, and dispatching. It also discusses the importance of aspects like initial planning, process design review, and validating measurement systems for quality. The document then introduces self-inspection, noting its objectives to improve compliance and quality. It discusses criteria for self-inspections including covering all GMP aspects and having qualified inspection teams.
The document discusses establishing an effective change control process for construction projects. It emphasizes that changes should be minimized but rigorously controlled. It outlines establishing a change control strategy early, defining the process, documenting it, establishing a log to track changes, agreeing whether changes are acceptable, and reporting costs with agreed changes. The key aspects of the change control process are defining the baseline, tracking changes, approving or rejecting changes, adjusting budgets and schedules, and regularly reporting on changes.
This document discusses categories of quality costs including conformance costs (prevention and appraisal) and non-conformance costs (internal and external failure). Prevention costs aim to avoid defects through activities like quality planning, supplier evaluation, and calibration. Appraisal costs detect defects through inspection and testing. Internal failure costs occur when defects are found before delivery, while external failure costs happen when customers find defects. The document advocates reducing non-conformance costs through prevention rather than increasing prevention costs. Total quality costs can be 25-35% of sales, but many costs are hidden. Implementing total quality management can significantly reduce costs over time.
Impacts of the Cost of Quality Components on Business Execution and the Strat...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This research paper discusses and analyzes the
components of the cost of quality (namely the cost of good
quality and the cost of poor quality), their impacts on business
execution and the company’s bottom line (i.e. profits) and
suggests strategies to minimize the cost of poor quality.
IRJET- A Holistic Review of the Elements and the Tools of Lean ManufacturingIRJET Journal
This document provides a holistic review of the elements and tools of lean manufacturing. It discusses the key elements of lean manufacturing including customer value, value stream, value flow, customer pull, and continuous improvement. The primary lean tools described are 5S, total productive maintenance, workcells, and value stream mapping. Secondary lean tools discussed include cause and effect diagrams and Pareto charts. The document aims to analyze and examine the basic elements and tools of lean manufacturing along with the benefits and drawbacks of implementing lean in a manufacturing industry.
Search ch 1 operations and supply_chain_management_revision_notes_sudipto das
The document provides study materials for an operations and supply chain management test, including definitions of key terms, formulas, and sample exam questions and answers. It covers topics such as operations strategy, processes and analytics; supply chain job roles; operations metrics like inventory turnover and receivables turnover ratios; risk management; product and service design; project management techniques like critical path method; and learning curves. The document aims to prepare students for an exam by testing their understanding of fundamental OSCtv1 concepts.
This document discusses various categories and costs of quality, including conformance costs (costs to provide products or services to required standards, such as prevention and appraisal costs) and non-conformance costs (costs due to processes not meeting requirements, such as internal and external failure costs). It provides examples of activities and costs associated with prevention, appraisal, internal failure, and external failure costs. The document emphasizes investing in prevention activities to reduce non-conformance costs and outlines approaches to optimize prevention costs and reduce appraisal and failure costs. Total quality costs can range from 20-40% of turnover depending on industry, with higher costs indicating less emphasis on prevention. Hidden quality costs must also be considered.
Activity-based costing (ABC) assigns overhead costs to products and services based on their use of resources such as machine hours or labor hours. It was developed to more accurately assign indirect costs than traditional costing methods. ABC identifies activities performed in an organization and assigns costs to these activities using cost drivers. The costs of activities are then assigned to products or services based on their use of each activity. This provides managers with more accurate product costs to make better-informed decisions.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 15Dwi Wahyu
This document discusses quality costs and productivity. It defines four types of quality costs: prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs. It explains approaches to measuring quality costs such as the multiplier method and Taguchi quality loss function. The document also discusses the concepts of acceptable quality level and total quality control. Productivity is defined and formulas are provided for measuring total productivity and calculating the impact of productivity changes on profits.
This document discusses quality costs, which are the costs incurred when poor quality exists. It defines the different types of quality costs including prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs. It also describes methods for measuring quality costs such as the multiplier method, market research method, and Taguchi quality loss function. Additional topics covered include identifying quality problems using control charts, Pareto diagrams, and cause-and-effect diagrams. The importance of reporting quality costs is also mentioned.
Quality – cost trade off (qct) for contractor selectioneSAT Journals
Abstract
The construction industries has witnessed the failure of many projects led to the contractor selection. The various reasons of
project failure concern contractor selection is financial problems, poor performance lack of adequate quality consideration at
worksite. All these incidents is depend upon the current system of awarding the contractor in which only price is competitiveness.
To achieve the best value for money, the tender evaluation should consider not only price, but also compliance with Client’s
requirement. A quality cost trade off (QCT) based contractor selection model is structured to cover non –price attributes i.e.
quality together with the bid price. The (QCT) model enables the user to designate the weighting of non price and price criteria
depending on the need and wants of the client and or project. The results show that the model provides a guide for the client to
reward experienced, capable and qualified contractors, and eliminate incompetent, inexperienced for the success and quality of
work.
Keywords— Tendering; Competitive bidding strategy; Contractor selection;
Prioritised Engineering Design Requirements of Gas Turbine Engine by QFDIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to prioritize engineering design requirements for a gas turbine engine based on customer requirements. It begins by introducing QFD and its use in product development. It then outlines the specific customer requirements and engineering design requirements identified for a gas turbine engine. A house of quality matrix is presented showing the relationships between customer and design requirements. Absolute and relative weights are calculated to determine the highest priority design requirements. The top ranked customer requirement is found to be long life, and the top ranked engineering design requirement is maximum service life.
IRJET- Construction Quality Management on SiteIRJET Journal
This document discusses quality management in the construction industry. It begins by defining quality in construction as meeting or exceeding client requirements. It then discusses the importance of quality control and quality assurance in construction projects to ensure projects are completed on time, on budget, and to a high standard. The document reviews literature on total quality management in construction and identifies key factors like top management commitment, customer focus, and quality planning. It also outlines some quality management techniques used in construction like independent inspections, quality audits, and a quality magazine. Finally, it describes the research methodology used, which involves surveying experienced quality engineers and contractors about quality management practices through questionnaires.
This document discusses the concepts of total quality management and the dimensions of quality. It defines quality as fitness for use at the most economical level. Quality is the most important thing for any organization. High quality reduces the need for additional services like verification and warranty work. The definition of quality has evolved over time from fitness to standard, to fitness of use, to fitness of cost, and finally fitness to latent requirements. Quality has nine dimensions including performance, features, conformance, reliability, durability, service, response, aesthetics, and reputation. There are also dimensions specific to manufacturing quality and service quality. The costs associated with quality are known as quality costs, which include costs of prevention, appraisal, internal failures, and
This document discusses quality management concepts including definitions of quality, cost of quality, quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement. It provides details on quality management frameworks like Deming's PDCA cycle, Six Sigma, and Total Quality Management. Tools for quality control like control charts, Pareto charts, and cause-effect diagrams are also explained. The document emphasizes that quality should be designed into processes from the beginning and that continuous improvement is important to reduce costs and increase customer satisfaction.
IRJET- Overview of Value Engineering and Value AnalysisIRJET Journal
Value engineering and value analysis are techniques used to reduce costs and improve functions in existing or new products. While the goals are the same, value engineering is applied during product development to prevent unnecessary costs, while value analysis is used on existing products to eliminate costs. Both use group analysis and brainstorming to improve value for customers at lower life cycle costs without compromising quality, safety or other requirements. The techniques originated from efforts during World War 2 and spread to companies worldwide as powerful tools for ensuring value and reducing waste in product design and production.
This document is a process quality assurance report submitted by Anglia Ruskin University. It contains solutions to three questions related to quality assurance techniques. For question 1, it proposes a 24-month business plan to reduce reworks and costs using statistical process control methods like control charts, Pareto analysis, ISO/BS standards, Six Sigma, and total quality management. For question 2, it demonstrates how to construct a Pareto chart and analyzes a Pareto chart of claims by product component. For question 3, it constructs a Pareto chart of total claim costs by component and analyzes which components contribute most to costs.
This document outlines the topics covered in the course Quality Engineering in Manufacturing. The six units cover quality engineering principles, loss functions, parameter and tolerance design, analysis of variance, orthogonal arrays, and quality systems like Six Sigma. Key concepts discussed include Taguchi's quality loss function, derivation and uses of signal-to-noise ratios, parameter design strategy, ANOVA for analyzing multiple factors, and orthogonal arrays for designing efficient experiments. Case studies applying parameter and tolerance design are also included.
This document discusses software quality and process quality. It emphasizes that low defect rates are essential for quality. Benchmarking can track process improvement over time by measuring variables like yield, cost of quality ratios, and productivity. Defect prevention focuses on eliminating the root causes of common defects through analysis and process improvements. The PSP approach aims to manage defects at the individual engineer level through rigorous design, coding, and testing practices.
Chad Kymal is an internationally renowned quality management consultant and trainer. He has extensive experience in topics such as TQM, statistical process control, and quality system standards. Kymal founded several consulting and software companies including Omnex, which provides quality management training, and AQSR, a quality system registrar. The document discusses the history and traditional models of calculating cost of quality (COQ), and limitations of traditional COQ approaches. It proposes alternative COQ frameworks that consider broader quality costs and focus on using COQ data to drive process improvements.
Similar to IRJET- Cost of Quality Analysis and its Calculation (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.