This study investigated antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk samples in Shiraz, Iran. Milk samples were taken from 100 cows and cultured if somatic cell count was over 100,000 cells/mL. The two most isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (37.61%) and Streptococcus spp. (36.69%). These bacteria showed the highest resistance to penicillin and cloxacillin. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests found Staphylococcus spp. were largely resistant to commonly used mastitis antibiotics like penicillin, tetracycline, and oxacillin at low concentrations. The study highlights the role of hygiene and prudent antibiotic use in mastitis control and prevention to
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef IJERA Editor
Though antibiotic drugs are known to improve the health and welfare of food animals , there is parallel risk due
to the development of resistant microorganisms in the body of target animals. Seven meat samples were
procured from wet market in Old Town,Petaling Jaya, Malaysia and assessed for the presence of antibiotic
residues. The samples chosen were chicken parts (skin, muscle and liver) , pig parts (liver, muscle and
intestine) and beef muscle. The results indicated that chicken skin had high level of antibioticresidues which
positively resisted the presence of gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand B. cereus as known
by the zone of inhibition.The beef muscle also held residue which resisted S. aureusChosenbacteriaalong with
the extracts of chicken skin, pig intestine and beef muscle were observed to be resistant totetracycline
hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate and their combinations when tested at a concentration
of 1 percent
This study compared the efficacy of a phytobiotic containing oregano essential oils and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin for treating Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection in broiler chickens. 200 broiler chickens were divided into 5 groups: a non-challenged control group, a challenged non-treated group, a group treated with phytobiotic, a group treated with ciprofloxacin, and a group treated with both phytobiotic and ciprofloxacin. Results showed that treatment with either phytobiotic or ciprofloxacin alone improved performance and reduced mortality compared to the challenged non-treated group. The best results were seen in the group treated with both phyto
Investigation on the Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent VaccineIOSR Journals
The document describes a study that investigated the efficacy of a Salmonella bivalent vaccine containing Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum. Shaver brown chickens were vaccinated and monitored over time. PHA antibody titers were measured in the vaccinated chickens at various time points post-vaccination and were found to increase after primary vaccination, booster dose, and pre-challenge. Chickens that received the bivalent vaccination withstood challenge with virulent S. gallinarum and S. pullorum, demonstrating the vaccine conferred protection. The results indicate the experimental Salmonella bivalent vaccine was immunogenic and provided effective protection against challenge infection in chickens.
This document summarizes a study that tested the protective efficacy of anti-Aspergillus fumigatus IgY antibodies in Cyclosporine A treated mice. Egg-laying hens were immunized with heat-killed A. fumigatus to produce IgY antibodies in their egg yolks. IgY was extracted from eggs laid before and after immunization. Post-immunization extracts showed higher protein and IgY levels than pre-immunization extracts. When administered to Cyclosporine A treated mice challenged with a lethal dose of A. fumigatus, the post-secondary immunization IgY extract conferred the highest protection, with survival rates of 67%, 50%,
Microbiological Assessment and Storage Quality of Expressed Breast MilkAI Publications
The microbiological and storage quality of expressed human breast milk was studied between July and December, 2016. One hundred and twenty working class lactating mothers and thirty lactating mothers visiting Imo State University teaching Hospital Orlu for various health challenges were recruited for the study. They were requested to express 60ml of their breast milk into sterile containers. The milk sample collected from each mother was distributed 10ml into each of 3 sterile containers. One set was heated at 100OC for 1hour in a water bath, 1 set was stored in a refrigerator at – 4OC for 5 days and 1 set was stored on the bench at ambient temperature without any treatment. 0.1ml of each sample was inoculated on laboratory culture media before commencement of storage and 2hours, 6hours, 12 hours, 24 hours and 5days post storage. Eight genera of bacteria: Stapylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridians, Diphtheroides, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Lactobacillus species, Pseudomonas species and Salmonella species, were isolated from expressed human breast milk samples. The most prevalent bacterium in the milk samples was Staphylococcus epidernidis, followed by Escherichia coli. The least prevalent bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella species and Diphtheroides. No bacterium was isolated from milk samples heated at 100OC and stored in a refrigerator. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts of the milk samples collected from healthy working mothers ranged from 3.2 x 103 to 8.2 x 103cfu/ml, while that of health challenged mothers ranged from 4.3 x 103 to 1.6 x 104cfu/ml. As shown, the bacterial counts of the samples. Out of 30 samples collected from health – challenged mothers, 9 (30%) had total heterotrophic bacteria count ranging from 1.2 x 104 to 1.6 x 104cfu/ml, 21 (70%) had total bacteria count ranging from 4.3 x 103 to 8.6 x 103cfu/ml. Analysis of the data using chi square showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacterial count of breast milk between healthy working mothers and health challenged mother.
This study examined the postnatal development of lymphoid tissues and mucosa in broilers using immunohistochemistry. Samples of the bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsils, and ileum were collected from broilers aged 3 to 32 days. The study found IgM positive cells were most frequent in the bursa of Fabricius at all ages. In the cecal tonsils, IgA positive cells increased with age to become most frequent by day 32. No immunoglobulin positive cells were detected in the ileum until day 11, after which IgA positive cells gradually increased to become most frequent by day 32. This study demonstrates the postnatal maturation of broiler immune tissues and cells producing different immunoglob
This document summarizes a study that tested 128 broiler chicken meat samples from 6 countries on 4 continents for residues of antibiotics and hormones using ELISA. The study found varying levels of tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfamethazine, chloramphenicol, trenbolon, estradiol-17ß, and testosterone residues, with some averages and individual levels exceeding acceptable limits. While most residues were below limits, their presence still indicates a potential human health risk due to allergic reactions, development of antibiotic resistance, and endocrine disrupting effects of some hormones. The study demonstrates a need for monitoring antibiotic and hormone residues in meat to ensure food safety.
This document summarizes studies evaluating the performance of 3M molecular detection assays for Salmonella and E. coli O157. It describes inclusivity and exclusivity testing showing the assays can accurately detect target pathogens. Food, environmental and carcass samples were tested to evaluate assay compatibility in various matrices. Results demonstrated high accuracy, specificity and sensitivity without inhibition across sample types.
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef IJERA Editor
Though antibiotic drugs are known to improve the health and welfare of food animals , there is parallel risk due
to the development of resistant microorganisms in the body of target animals. Seven meat samples were
procured from wet market in Old Town,Petaling Jaya, Malaysia and assessed for the presence of antibiotic
residues. The samples chosen were chicken parts (skin, muscle and liver) , pig parts (liver, muscle and
intestine) and beef muscle. The results indicated that chicken skin had high level of antibioticresidues which
positively resisted the presence of gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand B. cereus as known
by the zone of inhibition.The beef muscle also held residue which resisted S. aureusChosenbacteriaalong with
the extracts of chicken skin, pig intestine and beef muscle were observed to be resistant totetracycline
hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate and their combinations when tested at a concentration
of 1 percent
This study compared the efficacy of a phytobiotic containing oregano essential oils and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin for treating Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection in broiler chickens. 200 broiler chickens were divided into 5 groups: a non-challenged control group, a challenged non-treated group, a group treated with phytobiotic, a group treated with ciprofloxacin, and a group treated with both phytobiotic and ciprofloxacin. Results showed that treatment with either phytobiotic or ciprofloxacin alone improved performance and reduced mortality compared to the challenged non-treated group. The best results were seen in the group treated with both phyto
Investigation on the Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent VaccineIOSR Journals
The document describes a study that investigated the efficacy of a Salmonella bivalent vaccine containing Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum. Shaver brown chickens were vaccinated and monitored over time. PHA antibody titers were measured in the vaccinated chickens at various time points post-vaccination and were found to increase after primary vaccination, booster dose, and pre-challenge. Chickens that received the bivalent vaccination withstood challenge with virulent S. gallinarum and S. pullorum, demonstrating the vaccine conferred protection. The results indicate the experimental Salmonella bivalent vaccine was immunogenic and provided effective protection against challenge infection in chickens.
This document summarizes a study that tested the protective efficacy of anti-Aspergillus fumigatus IgY antibodies in Cyclosporine A treated mice. Egg-laying hens were immunized with heat-killed A. fumigatus to produce IgY antibodies in their egg yolks. IgY was extracted from eggs laid before and after immunization. Post-immunization extracts showed higher protein and IgY levels than pre-immunization extracts. When administered to Cyclosporine A treated mice challenged with a lethal dose of A. fumigatus, the post-secondary immunization IgY extract conferred the highest protection, with survival rates of 67%, 50%,
Microbiological Assessment and Storage Quality of Expressed Breast MilkAI Publications
The microbiological and storage quality of expressed human breast milk was studied between July and December, 2016. One hundred and twenty working class lactating mothers and thirty lactating mothers visiting Imo State University teaching Hospital Orlu for various health challenges were recruited for the study. They were requested to express 60ml of their breast milk into sterile containers. The milk sample collected from each mother was distributed 10ml into each of 3 sterile containers. One set was heated at 100OC for 1hour in a water bath, 1 set was stored in a refrigerator at – 4OC for 5 days and 1 set was stored on the bench at ambient temperature without any treatment. 0.1ml of each sample was inoculated on laboratory culture media before commencement of storage and 2hours, 6hours, 12 hours, 24 hours and 5days post storage. Eight genera of bacteria: Stapylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridians, Diphtheroides, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Lactobacillus species, Pseudomonas species and Salmonella species, were isolated from expressed human breast milk samples. The most prevalent bacterium in the milk samples was Staphylococcus epidernidis, followed by Escherichia coli. The least prevalent bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella species and Diphtheroides. No bacterium was isolated from milk samples heated at 100OC and stored in a refrigerator. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts of the milk samples collected from healthy working mothers ranged from 3.2 x 103 to 8.2 x 103cfu/ml, while that of health challenged mothers ranged from 4.3 x 103 to 1.6 x 104cfu/ml. As shown, the bacterial counts of the samples. Out of 30 samples collected from health – challenged mothers, 9 (30%) had total heterotrophic bacteria count ranging from 1.2 x 104 to 1.6 x 104cfu/ml, 21 (70%) had total bacteria count ranging from 4.3 x 103 to 8.6 x 103cfu/ml. Analysis of the data using chi square showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacterial count of breast milk between healthy working mothers and health challenged mother.
This study examined the postnatal development of lymphoid tissues and mucosa in broilers using immunohistochemistry. Samples of the bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsils, and ileum were collected from broilers aged 3 to 32 days. The study found IgM positive cells were most frequent in the bursa of Fabricius at all ages. In the cecal tonsils, IgA positive cells increased with age to become most frequent by day 32. No immunoglobulin positive cells were detected in the ileum until day 11, after which IgA positive cells gradually increased to become most frequent by day 32. This study demonstrates the postnatal maturation of broiler immune tissues and cells producing different immunoglob
This document summarizes a study that tested 128 broiler chicken meat samples from 6 countries on 4 continents for residues of antibiotics and hormones using ELISA. The study found varying levels of tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfamethazine, chloramphenicol, trenbolon, estradiol-17ß, and testosterone residues, with some averages and individual levels exceeding acceptable limits. While most residues were below limits, their presence still indicates a potential human health risk due to allergic reactions, development of antibiotic resistance, and endocrine disrupting effects of some hormones. The study demonstrates a need for monitoring antibiotic and hormone residues in meat to ensure food safety.
This document summarizes studies evaluating the performance of 3M molecular detection assays for Salmonella and E. coli O157. It describes inclusivity and exclusivity testing showing the assays can accurately detect target pathogens. Food, environmental and carcass samples were tested to evaluate assay compatibility in various matrices. Results demonstrated high accuracy, specificity and sensitivity without inhibition across sample types.
This study investigated the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw milk, ice cream, and cheese samples in Egypt. MRSA was isolated from 26.6% of raw milk samples and 30% of ice cream samples. Genotypic analysis found the mecA gene, which confers methicillin resistance, in MRSA strains isolated from some raw milk and ice cream samples. The presence of MRSA in foods poses a potential health risk, as MRSA infections are difficult to treat and food provides an opportunity for transmission between animals and humans.
Preventing Residues in Tissues and Milk- Craig ShultzDAIReXNET
Dr. Shultz presented this material on November 10, 2011 as part of DAIReXNET's webinar entitled "Appropriate Drug Use and Residue Avoidance Practices".
This document describes a study that developed a cost-effective medium using peanut milk for producing mosquitocidal toxins from a novel strain of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis/tochigiensis. Shake flask experiments compared the new peanut milk medium to the conventional Nutrient yeast Extract Salt Medium (NYSM). The 5% peanut milk medium produced a higher dry cell mass yield of 3.14 g/L and spore count of 1.5 x 109 CFU/ml, compared to 2.40 g/L and 1.2 x 109 CFU/ml in NYSM. It also showed similar mosquito larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae
This document describes bioassays used to test the potency and safety of pertussis vaccines. It discusses how various animal models, including mice, primates, and hamsters, have been used to study pertussis despite the fact that it does not naturally infect animals. The document focuses on standardized animal tests, including the intracerebral mouse protection test known as the Kendrick test, which is currently used to measure the potency of whole-cell pertussis vaccines. The test involves immunizing mice with vaccine samples and reference vaccines, then challenging them 14-17 days later by injecting the pertussis pathogen directly into their brains and observing their survival rates.
This document summarizes a study that detected bovine tuberculosis in milk and serum samples from dairy farm animals in Assiut City, Egypt. Several methods were used for detection, including the tuberculin skin test, microscopic examination using Ziehl-Neelsen staining, bacterial culture using Lowenstein Jensen media, and an ELISA test using bovine PPD as the coating antigen. Acid-fast bacilli were detected microscopically in 7% of milk samples from tuberculin-positive reactors and 3% from tuberculin-negative reactors. Mycobacteria were isolated via culture from 3-4% of milk samples from tuberculin-positive reactors and 1-2% from negative reactors
Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus HayataCây thuốc Việt
The water extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in BALB/c mice
after subcutaneous transplantation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. The tumor-inhibition ratios of mice preadministered with A. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days,
were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. Even for the tumor-bearing mice,
after oral administration of the water extract of A. formosanus for 12 consecutive days, the tumor inhibition ratios were
still 23.8% and 40.5% at doses of 50 and 10 mg/mouse, respectively. Because the low-concentration water extract of A.
formosanus does not show direct cytotoxicity in CT-26 tumor cells, we observed further that oral administration of the
water extract of A. formosanus may activate murine immune responses, such as stimulating the proliferation of
lymphoid tissues and activating the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus. This study
suggests that the antitumor activity of A. formosanus may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. It is
worth further analyzing the immunomodulating component purified from A. formosanus, and evaluating its potential
value for the treatment of human cancers.
This document summarizes a study on Salmonella in hen eggs in Assiut, Egypt. The researchers found higher rates of Salmonella contamination in balady (native breed) eggs than commercial eggs. Salmonella arizona and Salmonella enteritidis were the most common types isolated. These Salmonella strains showed resistance to most antibiotics tested but sensitivity to Doxveto and Novobiocin. When inoculated into eggs, S. arizona survived longer than S. enteritidis at refrigeration temperatures. Boiling eggs for 10-15 minutes destroyed both pathogens. Proper refrigeration and thorough cooking can reduce Salmonella risks from eggs.
This study investigated the effects of supplementing broiler chicken feed with a specific combination of Mannan-oligosaccharides and β-glucans (AGRIMOS®) on chickens that were exposed to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA). 360 broiler chickens were allocated to 4 groups: a control group, a group exposed to OTA, a group supplemented with AGRIMOS®, and a group exposed to OTA and supplemented with AGRIMOS®. Results showed that OTA exposure negatively impacted growth, but AGRIMOS® supplementation stimulated growth compared to the OTA group. AGRIMOS® also reduced lesions associated with OTA exposure and corrected reductions in immune function caused by OTA. It
Analysis of Cow’s Urine for Detection of Lipase Activity and Anti-Microbial P...IOSR Journals
There is enormous amount of literature in Ayurveda stating the importance of cow’s urine for all purposes, including its importance in our daily life. This research targets on the antimicrobial activity of urine and its biochemical content that can be the key potential factor for its usage as a medicine.
A detailed biochemical analysis of cow’s urine was done to understand its antibacterial/antifungal properties along with lipase activity which could make it a potentially effective anti-cancer agent.
Various micro-organismal plating techniques were applied using Nutrient and Potato Dextrose Agar as the medium for bacterial and fungal growth, to study the inhibitory activity of cow’s urine on these organisms. Thin layer chromatography, Volumetric analysis, Spectrophotometric analysis and Tributyrin tests were conducted on cow’s urine sample to analyze the lipase activity present within the urine content.
Statistical comparisons, of the spectra obtained from the Spectrophotometric analysis of urine sample, were made with those already analyzed on various types of lipase activity detections from previous researches, and similarities were observed in both studies to ascertain the lipase factor potential within cow’s urine sample.
The tests proved that cow’s urine was highly effective in inhibiting bacterial and fungal growth and also a potential natural source of lipase enzyme.
Larvicidal activity of mousticide in rice husk and wettable powder formulatio...entogenex
1. Researchers tested the larvicidal effects of MousticideTM rice husk and wettable powder formulations against third instar larvae of Anopheles sinensis, a malaria vector mosquito.
2. MousticideTM achieved 100% larval mortality within 24 hours for both formulations, whereas the control chemical AbateTM only achieved 3.3% mortality over the same period, demonstrating MousticideTM's greater effectiveness.
3. The results suggest that MousticideTM can be an effective agent for controlling malaria transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Both formulations of MousticideTM proved to be highly effective larvicides against An. sinensis larvae.
This document summarizes the diagnosis and prevention of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens in Japan. It describes how the disease spread throughout Japan in the 1960s following the development of the poultry industry. Diagnosis involves isolating M. gallisepticum through culture or detecting antibodies through agglutination or hemagglutination inhibition tests. Prevention efforts include using antibiotics like tylosin, implementing sanitary measures and eradication programs on farms, and developing clean breeding flocks free of the disease.
Screening methods of immunomodulators by shivam diwakerShivam Diwaker
This document summarizes various screening methods used to evaluate potential immunomodulators. It describes 5 methods: 1) acute systemic anaphylaxis in rats, 2) anti-anaphylactic activity, 3) passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, 4) Arthus type immediate hypersensitivity, and 5) delayed type hypersensitivity. Each method is outlined, including the principles, procedures, evaluations, and potential modifications. The overall purpose is to evaluate candidate immunomodulators for their ability to suppress or stimulate immune responses.
This document summarizes a study that compared the efficacy of an autogenous Salmonella Enteritidis bacterin and a probiotic preparation in preventing S. Enteritidis infection in broiler chickens. Three hundred one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into four groups: a non-infected control group, an infected non-treated group, a group vaccinated with the autogenous bacterin and challenged, and a group treated with probiotic and challenged. Parameters measured included clinical signs, mortality, lesions, shedding of S. Enteritidis, and antibody titers. The results showed that both the bacterin and probiotic significantly reduced signs, mortality, shedding and increased antibody titers compared to the infected non
Antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of opuntia ficus indicaAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica. In vitro tests found the ethyl acetate extract of cladodes had activity against Plasmodium berghei, with lower parasitemia compared to controls. In vivo tests in mice found treatment with the cladode extract resulted in lower parasitemia than the control group on days 5, 8, and 10, though parasitemia was higher than the chloroquine group. However, some mice treated with the extract died between days 7-9, while no deaths occurred in the chloroquine group. The study presents an evaluation of antiplasmodial effects of O
This document presents a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for the ingestion of bacterial contamination in paneer cheese in Mumbai, India. The QMRA identifies hazards (E. coli, Salmonella), develops exposure and dose-response assessments, and characterizes health risks associated with consuming contaminated paneer under different storage time and temperature conditions. Risk management options are explored, including implementing microbiological criteria and reducing shelf life. Results indicate alternative microbiological criteria could reduce predicted annual cases of illness but may not be cost-effective compared to the current criteria.
Prevalence and Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Salmonella isolates from mil...IOSRJAVS
This study found a prevalence of Salmonella in milk and water samples collected in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Specifically:
1) The overall prevalence of Salmonella in milk samples was 10%, with the highest prevalence of 24% found in skimmed milk samples from Maiduguri Monday market.
2) The prevalence of Salmonella in water reservoir samples was 40%, with the highest prevalence of 75% found in worship center reservoirs.
3) Antibiotic resistance testing of 15 Salmonella isolates found 100% resistance to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and erythromycin, while isolates were most sensitive to ofloxacin (86.67% sensitive).
Screening models for testing of immunological factorsKundlik Rathod
This document discusses screening models for testing immunological factors. It describes both in vitro and in vivo methods. The in vitro methods covered include inhibition of histamine release from mast cells, neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis assays, and using cell lines like THP-1 monocytes. The in vivo methods covered are using murine models to study humoral antibody response, assessing delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, and measuring macrophage phagocytosis using the carbon clearance test. The goal of these screening models is to test substances that can modulate the immune system.
1. This study investigated the prevalence of integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes in 110 clinical isolates of Enterobacter species collected from hospitals in Tehran, Iran between 2012-2013.
2. The study found that 45 isolates (41%) contained integrons, with class 1 integrons being most common. Integron-positive isolates showed higher resistance to antibiotics like augmentin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and cefoxitin.
3. Ten integron-positive isolates were found to be ESBL producers. Common resistance genes identified included blaTEM (20%), blaCTX-M-1 (15.6%), and genes encoding aminoglycoside
This study examined the effects of consuming probiotic yogurt on serum cholesterol levels in 46 individuals with hypercholesterolemia in Shiraz, Iran. The participants were divided into two groups, with one group consuming 300g per day of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria, and the other consuming regular yogurt, over two 6-week periods. Blood samples analyzed before and after each period found that consumption of probiotic yogurt significantly reduced LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels compared to regular yogurt. Additionally, probiotic yogurt reduced total cholesterol and increased HDL ("good") cholesterol, though not significantly. The results suggest that probiotic bacteria like L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria can
This document studied the effects of supplementing milk with various dairy and non-dairy ingredients on the growth and viability of starter and probiotic bacteria in yogurt during refrigerated storage. Key findings include:
- The time to reach a pH of 4.5 during fermentation and the titratable acidity at pH 4.5 varied depending on the supplement added to the milk.
- Supplements like tryptone, whey powder, and milk powder plus a higher starter culture dose improved the growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus initially and maintained higher counts during storage.
- Supplements like tryptone and milk powder plus a higher
Structure and properties of Cr3Si intermetallicssayan baidya
The document discusses chromium-silicon intermetallics. It summarizes that the Cr-Si system contains four intermetallics: CrSi, Cr3Si, CrSi2, and Cr5Si3. It then provides details on the structure and properties of Cr3Si, describing its Frank-Kasper structure, unit cell parameters, and fractional coordinates. Cr3Si and similar compounds are used in applications requiring superconductivity like MRI scanners. The document also briefly discusses the structure of CrSi2 and references used.
The document discusses unidirectional fiber reinforced composites and their properties. It notes that while these composites are very strong in the fiber direction, they are weak transverse to the fibers due to stress concentrations at the fiber-matrix interface. For applications with loads in unknown or varying directions, laminates with fibers oriented in multiple directions are needed. The document then focuses on short fiber reinforced composites, which can provide isotropic in-plane properties at a lower cost than unidirectional composites. It describes the production of alumina-silica fibers via a sol-gel process and their properties.
This study investigated the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw milk, ice cream, and cheese samples in Egypt. MRSA was isolated from 26.6% of raw milk samples and 30% of ice cream samples. Genotypic analysis found the mecA gene, which confers methicillin resistance, in MRSA strains isolated from some raw milk and ice cream samples. The presence of MRSA in foods poses a potential health risk, as MRSA infections are difficult to treat and food provides an opportunity for transmission between animals and humans.
Preventing Residues in Tissues and Milk- Craig ShultzDAIReXNET
Dr. Shultz presented this material on November 10, 2011 as part of DAIReXNET's webinar entitled "Appropriate Drug Use and Residue Avoidance Practices".
This document describes a study that developed a cost-effective medium using peanut milk for producing mosquitocidal toxins from a novel strain of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis/tochigiensis. Shake flask experiments compared the new peanut milk medium to the conventional Nutrient yeast Extract Salt Medium (NYSM). The 5% peanut milk medium produced a higher dry cell mass yield of 3.14 g/L and spore count of 1.5 x 109 CFU/ml, compared to 2.40 g/L and 1.2 x 109 CFU/ml in NYSM. It also showed similar mosquito larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae
This document describes bioassays used to test the potency and safety of pertussis vaccines. It discusses how various animal models, including mice, primates, and hamsters, have been used to study pertussis despite the fact that it does not naturally infect animals. The document focuses on standardized animal tests, including the intracerebral mouse protection test known as the Kendrick test, which is currently used to measure the potency of whole-cell pertussis vaccines. The test involves immunizing mice with vaccine samples and reference vaccines, then challenging them 14-17 days later by injecting the pertussis pathogen directly into their brains and observing their survival rates.
This document summarizes a study that detected bovine tuberculosis in milk and serum samples from dairy farm animals in Assiut City, Egypt. Several methods were used for detection, including the tuberculin skin test, microscopic examination using Ziehl-Neelsen staining, bacterial culture using Lowenstein Jensen media, and an ELISA test using bovine PPD as the coating antigen. Acid-fast bacilli were detected microscopically in 7% of milk samples from tuberculin-positive reactors and 3% from tuberculin-negative reactors. Mycobacteria were isolated via culture from 3-4% of milk samples from tuberculin-positive reactors and 1-2% from negative reactors
Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus HayataCây thuốc Việt
The water extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in BALB/c mice
after subcutaneous transplantation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. The tumor-inhibition ratios of mice preadministered with A. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days,
were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. Even for the tumor-bearing mice,
after oral administration of the water extract of A. formosanus for 12 consecutive days, the tumor inhibition ratios were
still 23.8% and 40.5% at doses of 50 and 10 mg/mouse, respectively. Because the low-concentration water extract of A.
formosanus does not show direct cytotoxicity in CT-26 tumor cells, we observed further that oral administration of the
water extract of A. formosanus may activate murine immune responses, such as stimulating the proliferation of
lymphoid tissues and activating the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus. This study
suggests that the antitumor activity of A. formosanus may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. It is
worth further analyzing the immunomodulating component purified from A. formosanus, and evaluating its potential
value for the treatment of human cancers.
This document summarizes a study on Salmonella in hen eggs in Assiut, Egypt. The researchers found higher rates of Salmonella contamination in balady (native breed) eggs than commercial eggs. Salmonella arizona and Salmonella enteritidis were the most common types isolated. These Salmonella strains showed resistance to most antibiotics tested but sensitivity to Doxveto and Novobiocin. When inoculated into eggs, S. arizona survived longer than S. enteritidis at refrigeration temperatures. Boiling eggs for 10-15 minutes destroyed both pathogens. Proper refrigeration and thorough cooking can reduce Salmonella risks from eggs.
This study investigated the effects of supplementing broiler chicken feed with a specific combination of Mannan-oligosaccharides and β-glucans (AGRIMOS®) on chickens that were exposed to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA). 360 broiler chickens were allocated to 4 groups: a control group, a group exposed to OTA, a group supplemented with AGRIMOS®, and a group exposed to OTA and supplemented with AGRIMOS®. Results showed that OTA exposure negatively impacted growth, but AGRIMOS® supplementation stimulated growth compared to the OTA group. AGRIMOS® also reduced lesions associated with OTA exposure and corrected reductions in immune function caused by OTA. It
Analysis of Cow’s Urine for Detection of Lipase Activity and Anti-Microbial P...IOSR Journals
There is enormous amount of literature in Ayurveda stating the importance of cow’s urine for all purposes, including its importance in our daily life. This research targets on the antimicrobial activity of urine and its biochemical content that can be the key potential factor for its usage as a medicine.
A detailed biochemical analysis of cow’s urine was done to understand its antibacterial/antifungal properties along with lipase activity which could make it a potentially effective anti-cancer agent.
Various micro-organismal plating techniques were applied using Nutrient and Potato Dextrose Agar as the medium for bacterial and fungal growth, to study the inhibitory activity of cow’s urine on these organisms. Thin layer chromatography, Volumetric analysis, Spectrophotometric analysis and Tributyrin tests were conducted on cow’s urine sample to analyze the lipase activity present within the urine content.
Statistical comparisons, of the spectra obtained from the Spectrophotometric analysis of urine sample, were made with those already analyzed on various types of lipase activity detections from previous researches, and similarities were observed in both studies to ascertain the lipase factor potential within cow’s urine sample.
The tests proved that cow’s urine was highly effective in inhibiting bacterial and fungal growth and also a potential natural source of lipase enzyme.
Larvicidal activity of mousticide in rice husk and wettable powder formulatio...entogenex
1. Researchers tested the larvicidal effects of MousticideTM rice husk and wettable powder formulations against third instar larvae of Anopheles sinensis, a malaria vector mosquito.
2. MousticideTM achieved 100% larval mortality within 24 hours for both formulations, whereas the control chemical AbateTM only achieved 3.3% mortality over the same period, demonstrating MousticideTM's greater effectiveness.
3. The results suggest that MousticideTM can be an effective agent for controlling malaria transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Both formulations of MousticideTM proved to be highly effective larvicides against An. sinensis larvae.
This document summarizes the diagnosis and prevention of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens in Japan. It describes how the disease spread throughout Japan in the 1960s following the development of the poultry industry. Diagnosis involves isolating M. gallisepticum through culture or detecting antibodies through agglutination or hemagglutination inhibition tests. Prevention efforts include using antibiotics like tylosin, implementing sanitary measures and eradication programs on farms, and developing clean breeding flocks free of the disease.
Screening methods of immunomodulators by shivam diwakerShivam Diwaker
This document summarizes various screening methods used to evaluate potential immunomodulators. It describes 5 methods: 1) acute systemic anaphylaxis in rats, 2) anti-anaphylactic activity, 3) passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, 4) Arthus type immediate hypersensitivity, and 5) delayed type hypersensitivity. Each method is outlined, including the principles, procedures, evaluations, and potential modifications. The overall purpose is to evaluate candidate immunomodulators for their ability to suppress or stimulate immune responses.
This document summarizes a study that compared the efficacy of an autogenous Salmonella Enteritidis bacterin and a probiotic preparation in preventing S. Enteritidis infection in broiler chickens. Three hundred one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into four groups: a non-infected control group, an infected non-treated group, a group vaccinated with the autogenous bacterin and challenged, and a group treated with probiotic and challenged. Parameters measured included clinical signs, mortality, lesions, shedding of S. Enteritidis, and antibody titers. The results showed that both the bacterin and probiotic significantly reduced signs, mortality, shedding and increased antibody titers compared to the infected non
Antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of opuntia ficus indicaAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica. In vitro tests found the ethyl acetate extract of cladodes had activity against Plasmodium berghei, with lower parasitemia compared to controls. In vivo tests in mice found treatment with the cladode extract resulted in lower parasitemia than the control group on days 5, 8, and 10, though parasitemia was higher than the chloroquine group. However, some mice treated with the extract died between days 7-9, while no deaths occurred in the chloroquine group. The study presents an evaluation of antiplasmodial effects of O
This document presents a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for the ingestion of bacterial contamination in paneer cheese in Mumbai, India. The QMRA identifies hazards (E. coli, Salmonella), develops exposure and dose-response assessments, and characterizes health risks associated with consuming contaminated paneer under different storage time and temperature conditions. Risk management options are explored, including implementing microbiological criteria and reducing shelf life. Results indicate alternative microbiological criteria could reduce predicted annual cases of illness but may not be cost-effective compared to the current criteria.
Prevalence and Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Salmonella isolates from mil...IOSRJAVS
This study found a prevalence of Salmonella in milk and water samples collected in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Specifically:
1) The overall prevalence of Salmonella in milk samples was 10%, with the highest prevalence of 24% found in skimmed milk samples from Maiduguri Monday market.
2) The prevalence of Salmonella in water reservoir samples was 40%, with the highest prevalence of 75% found in worship center reservoirs.
3) Antibiotic resistance testing of 15 Salmonella isolates found 100% resistance to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and erythromycin, while isolates were most sensitive to ofloxacin (86.67% sensitive).
Screening models for testing of immunological factorsKundlik Rathod
This document discusses screening models for testing immunological factors. It describes both in vitro and in vivo methods. The in vitro methods covered include inhibition of histamine release from mast cells, neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis assays, and using cell lines like THP-1 monocytes. The in vivo methods covered are using murine models to study humoral antibody response, assessing delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, and measuring macrophage phagocytosis using the carbon clearance test. The goal of these screening models is to test substances that can modulate the immune system.
1. This study investigated the prevalence of integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes in 110 clinical isolates of Enterobacter species collected from hospitals in Tehran, Iran between 2012-2013.
2. The study found that 45 isolates (41%) contained integrons, with class 1 integrons being most common. Integron-positive isolates showed higher resistance to antibiotics like augmentin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and cefoxitin.
3. Ten integron-positive isolates were found to be ESBL producers. Common resistance genes identified included blaTEM (20%), blaCTX-M-1 (15.6%), and genes encoding aminoglycoside
This study examined the effects of consuming probiotic yogurt on serum cholesterol levels in 46 individuals with hypercholesterolemia in Shiraz, Iran. The participants were divided into two groups, with one group consuming 300g per day of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria, and the other consuming regular yogurt, over two 6-week periods. Blood samples analyzed before and after each period found that consumption of probiotic yogurt significantly reduced LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels compared to regular yogurt. Additionally, probiotic yogurt reduced total cholesterol and increased HDL ("good") cholesterol, though not significantly. The results suggest that probiotic bacteria like L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria can
This document studied the effects of supplementing milk with various dairy and non-dairy ingredients on the growth and viability of starter and probiotic bacteria in yogurt during refrigerated storage. Key findings include:
- The time to reach a pH of 4.5 during fermentation and the titratable acidity at pH 4.5 varied depending on the supplement added to the milk.
- Supplements like tryptone, whey powder, and milk powder plus a higher starter culture dose improved the growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus initially and maintained higher counts during storage.
- Supplements like tryptone and milk powder plus a higher
Structure and properties of Cr3Si intermetallicssayan baidya
The document discusses chromium-silicon intermetallics. It summarizes that the Cr-Si system contains four intermetallics: CrSi, Cr3Si, CrSi2, and Cr5Si3. It then provides details on the structure and properties of Cr3Si, describing its Frank-Kasper structure, unit cell parameters, and fractional coordinates. Cr3Si and similar compounds are used in applications requiring superconductivity like MRI scanners. The document also briefly discusses the structure of CrSi2 and references used.
The document discusses unidirectional fiber reinforced composites and their properties. It notes that while these composites are very strong in the fiber direction, they are weak transverse to the fibers due to stress concentrations at the fiber-matrix interface. For applications with loads in unknown or varying directions, laminates with fibers oriented in multiple directions are needed. The document then focuses on short fiber reinforced composites, which can provide isotropic in-plane properties at a lower cost than unidirectional composites. It describes the production of alumina-silica fibers via a sol-gel process and their properties.
The document is a resume for Midhu Mohan. It summarizes his qualifications and experience. He has a B-Tech in Aeronautical Engineering and is a certified CATIA V5 designer. He currently works as a trainee engineer at Alloys Engineers, an aerospace company, where he has experience in production planning, quality management, and interacting with customers. His objective is to find a challenging career where he can contribute to an organization's growth using his engineering qualifications.
United States TV Wall Mounts Market by Manufacturers, States, Type and Applic...Rohan Mehara
This document provides an overview of the United States TV wall mounts market. It discusses key manufacturers of TV wall mounts in the US, popular TV wall mount types (adjustable, fixed, others), major application segments (commercial, residential, others), and top states (California, Texas, New York, Florida, Illinois). The document also outlines 17 chapters that will analyze the US TV wall mounts industry in greater depth, covering manufacturers, product segments, regional markets, sales data, and a forecast through 2022.
How does your media product represent particular social groups joelle riley
The document discusses how the media product Jasper represents various social groups through its characters. It had a female protagonist, Jasper, to challenge thriller conventions and engage female audiences. Jasper has high status as the protagonist and her mental health struggles are depicted through various camera techniques and sounds. The male therapist Benjamin was included to appeal to male audiences and because males traditionally hold more power in thrillers. Benjamin's high status is shown through his professional clothing and role controlling the meeting with Jasper.
Janice Karimi has over 10 years of experience managing a National Health Insurance organization in Kenya. She has extensive experience in operations, administration, project design, strategic implementation, and is knowledgeable about Kenya's social, economic, and development issues. She is a team player who can build support and motivate people to accomplish tasks. Her experience includes monitoring and evaluating branch networks, providing leadership as a branch manager, establishing strategic alliances, and participating in strategic planning and job evaluation exercises. She holds an MBA and BA and has attended many training seminars covering topics like management, project management, quality management, and customer care.
Este documento resume información sobre el juego Overwatch. Actualmente cuesta 60 euros y está disponible para PC, PS4 y Xbox. Salió en mayo de 2016 y ya tiene más de 20 millones de usuarios registrados. La historia trata sobre un grupo internacional de héroes formado para traer paz a un mundo devastado por la guerra. Actualmente hay 23 personajes divididos en 4 roles y 15 mapas, con uno nuevo recientemente añadido llamado Oasis.
This study characterized bacteriophages that can control multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Serovar O168 isolated from ducklings in Egypt. Three phages (ECa1, ECb1, ECc1) were isolated from sewage samples and characterized. Electron microscopy showed the phages belonged to the family Podoviridae. A cocktail of the three phages was significantly more effective at reducing E. coli O168 in vitro than single phages, with a 7.4 log reduction after 12 hours. This confirms phage cocktails as a promising approach for controlling multidrug-resistant E. coli infections in ducklings.
Characterization of an Enterococcus faecium strain in a murine mastitis modelValeriaVsquezEstrada
This study characterized Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from bovine mastitis milk in Colombia. Several strains were tested for antibiotic susceptibility and virulence genes. Strain EF-7A was resistant to multiple antibiotics and carried virulence genes. It was further analyzed in mice, showing the ability to colonize mammary glands and cause infection resembling mastitis. Genetic analysis of the strain before and after infection found no changes, indicating stability. The results provide insight into virulence factors of mastitis pathogens and evaluate EF-7A as a model for studying mastitis pathogenesis.
This study examined the effects of supplementing broiler chicken feed with a commercial acidifier product containing formaldehyde on performance, Salmonella prevalence, immunity and carcass traits. Three groups of broiler chickens were fed either an unsupplemented control diet or diets with 250g/ton or 500g/ton of the acidifier product. Supplementation improved body weight gain and feed conversion compared to the control. It also reduced signs, mortality, shedding and reisolation of Salmonella typhimurium following an experimental infection. Additionally, supplementation enhanced antibody responses to vaccines and innate immune parameters. Overall, the acidifier product had beneficial effects on broiler growth performance, Salmonella resistance and immunity.
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
ABSTRACT- Some Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. casei and L. plantarum) were isolated from locally fermented products (ogi, fura de Nunu and wara) and their effect on microbial infections caused by some pathogenic bacteria (E.coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccoccus aureus) isolated from urine and high vaginal swab samples were studied using standard micriobiological methods.Fifiteen (15) healthy guinea pigs used for the study were divided into three (3) groups of five (5) guinea pigs each and placed in three (3) different cages. The pigs were initially fed for two (2) weeks (acclimatization period) with conventional feeds before administering the treatment. Lactobacillus species were introduced into the guinea pigs in cage 2 after the acclimatization period. Subsequently, the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were orally infected with all the clinical bacteria pathogens while the guinea pigs in cage 3 which served as control were left with no microbial treatment. Ten (10) days after treatment, the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity level were determined. Striking differences were observed from guinea pigs in the different cages. The effectiveness of Lactobacilli (probiotics) was evident when the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were compared. The guinea pigs in cage 1 which were infected with pathogens but no probiotics had lower blood level (mean PCV= 24.8%) and inferior liver condition (mean ALT=58.18µl; mean AST=51.91µl). Higher blood level (Mean PCV=45%) and superior liver conditions (Mean ALT=9.51µl; mean AST=9.7µl) were obtained for guinea pigs in cage 2 which were infected with the same pathogens and fed with probiotics. The control (cage 3) had the highest PCV level and best liver conditions (mean PCV=46.6%, means ALT= 7.65µl; mean AST=11.83µl).Th .This might be attributed to the fact that they were not infected with pathogenic organisms. Lactobacillus species administered are promising probiotics against the tested bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: Lactobacillus species, Guinea pig, Bacteria pathogen, Enzymes assay, Haematological Parameters, Probiotics
Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antimicrobial...ILRI
Poster by Tushar Kumar Dey, Bibek Shome, Ram Pratim Deka, Rajeswari Shome and Johanna Lindahl presented at the 16th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Halifax, Canada, 9 August 2022.
Incidence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) In a Small Po...IOSR Journals
Three key points:
1) Nasal swabs from 25 symptomatic poultry attendants and 95% of cloacal swabs from chickens with diarrhea yielded Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), indicating a high prevalence of MRSA in both the attendants and chickens.
2) Only 5 asymptomatic attendants carried Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), suggesting MRSA was responsible for symptoms in attendants.
3) The high incidence of MRSA in chickens (95%) and attendants (83.3%) suggests cross-infection was occurring from chickens to attendants through physical contact and exposure to chicken feces.
This document summarizes a study on the microbial quality of raw milk samples collected from four locations in Abia State, Nigeria. A variety of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp.) and fungi (Candida spp, Mucor spp.) were isolated from the milk samples. The total bacterial counts ranged from 9.88 x 107 to 1.26 x 108 cfu/ml across samples. The coliform, staphylococcal, and fungal counts also varied between locations. The milk from the university farm location had lower microbial loads compared to milk from other commercial sources, likely due to better hygienic practices on the university farm.
The study developed a recombinant vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus type O in swine using a multiple-epitope recombinant protein containing copies of immunogenic epitopes. The vaccine elicited high antibody titers and immune responses comparable to traditional inactivated vaccines. It provided protection for up to 6 months and has advantages over traditional vaccines such as safety and lower production costs.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
ABSTRACT- The objective of our study is to determine its anti-inflammatory potential of protein extracted from the
stings of honey bee (Apis mellifera). In this study, protein extracted from the stings of Apis mellifera using Tris HCl/ice
cold acetone and determined through Nano drop method and then determined its Da protein using SDS-PAGE. In
addition, indirect ELISA was performed using rubella vaccine as coating antigen and determined its antibody titre using
variable concentration of sting protein (15.62-250 μg) and also determined its activity on human whole blood for
determining total cellular content and proliferation against rubella vaccine antigen. The results showed that protein from
stings of Apis mellifera showed drastic declined in antibody titre at higher doses but there is slightly enhancement in
antibody titre, total cellular content and proliferations at lower concentration as compared to control and rubella vaccine
(standard).Overall, this study suggest that stings protein of Apis mellifera showed anti-inflammatory potential against
rubella vaccine antigen.
Key-words- Anti-inflammatory, Apis mellifera, Stings, Nanodrop, ELISA
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
Key words- Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Sachet
This study examined the prevalence of bovine mastitis and identified the bacterial causes and their antibiotic sensitivity at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KARI) research farm in Naivasha, Kenya. The researchers found that subclinical mastitis was more common than clinical mastitis. Staphylococcus species were the most frequently isolated bacteria. Gentamicin and ampicillin showed the highest antibiotic sensitivity, making them the recommended treatments. The study concluded that mastitis rates were relatively high and recommended improved milking hygiene, treatment of clinical cases, and antibiotic sensitivity testing to guide therapy and prevent indiscriminate antibiotic use.
31.Expression, production and purification of proteinases from microbesAnnadurai B
The document summarizes a study on the expression, production, and purification of proteinases (protease enzymes) from various microbes. 66 microbial strains were screened for protease production. Bacillus showed the highest mycelial growth. Aspergillus produced the highest amount of extracellular protease in its culture filtrate. The proteases were then purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis identified protease protein bands around 60 kDa. The results showed that the microbes studied are good producers of extracellular proteases that have potential industrial applications.
Effect of flax seeds (linum usitatissimum) on uterine andDr Asif Ahmad
This study investigated the effects of an aqueous methanolic extract of flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum) on puberty in immature female mice. Mice were orally administered doses of 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of the flax seed extract or distilled water (control) daily for 25 days. Higher doses of the extract increased body, ovarian, and uterine weights compared to controls. Ovarian and uterine protein contents increased while ovarian cholesterol decreased with higher extract doses. Serum estradiol levels peaked earlier in extract-treated mice. Vaginal opening and first estrus occurred at an earlier age in mice given higher extract doses, indicating enhanced onset of puberty.
Bacterial assessment and quality analysis of raw milk sold in gwagwalada area...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the bacterial assessment and quality analysis of raw milk sold in Gwagwalada Area Council of Abuja, Nigeria. Samples were taken from four local farms and analyzed for their bacterial content. The main findings were:
1) The total bacterial counts ranged from 1.0x106 to 5.6x107 cfu/ml, exceeding the standard limit of 1x105 cfu/ml.
2) The most common bacteria identified were Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species.
3) Treatment T3 (Kutunku herd) had the lowest bacterial counts, indicating better
Antiplasmodial activity of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis Lam ...Premier Publishers
The antiplasmodial effect of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis were evaluated in albino mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei (NK65) in order to justify or otherwise its use as antimalarial remedy in Nigeria folk medicine. Activities investigated were suppressive effect against early infection, curative effect against established infection and prophylactic effect against residual infection. Results showed a dose dependent blood schizontocidal activity at all the phases of malarial infection studied. The in vivo antiplasmodial effect of the extract (1000, 1200 and 1400 mg/kg body weight) against P. berghei showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent activity for suppressive, curative and prophylactic test. When the extract dose increased from 1000 to 1400 mg/kg/day, chemosuppressive activity of the extract increased from 66.47 % to 80.33 %. There was also an increase from 66.57 % to 75.41 % and from 64.90 % to 82.72 % for the repository and curative activities respectively. The schizontocidal activities were comparable to that of chloroquine -which had percentage suppression of parasitaemia as 87.03 %, 85.12 %, and 91.68 % for suppressive, prophylactic and curative activities respectively). It was thus concluded that the herbal extract possesses significant antimalarial potency which could be exploited in the formulation of antimalarial drugs.
Similar to 96_168_AntibioticResistanceOct3rd10 (20)
Antiplasmodial activity of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis Lam ...
96_168_AntibioticResistanceOct3rd10
1. Antibiotic Resistance of Milk Bacteria Isolated (Staphylococcus spp.
and Streptococcus spp.) from Clinically Normal Dairy Cows on the Basis
of Somatic Cell Count in Shiraz, Iran
Mohammad Amin Hanifpour1
; Abdolah Mirzaei2*
; Mohammad Reza Hatami1
; Razmik Beglarian3
;
Mehdi Roushan Zamir1
; Mohammad Hadi Eskandari4
1
Fars Pegah Pasteurized Milk Company, Iran; 2
Department of Clinical Science, School of
Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran; 3
Chief department of stock-
breeding's production Technology, Dean of Technology faculty, Armenian Agricultural
Academy, Yerevan, Armenia; 4
Department of Food Science and Technology,
College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
*Corresponding Author: e-mail: mirzaei@shirazu.ac.ir
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antibiotic resistance of
bacteria isolated from clinically normal lactating cows on the basis of somatic
cell count. Milk samples were taken aseptically from all quarters (n = 400) of
100 lactating cows in four farms just before morning milking. About 10 ml of
the foremilk were collected from each quarter of cows in two sterile tubes.
The milk samples were transported on ice to the laboratory for somatic cell
count and bacteriological culture of milk samples with somatic cell count of
greater than 100000 cells per milliliter. Culture plates were incubated at 37 °C
for 24–48 hours. Twelve genuses of bacteria were isolated from 133 (33.25%)
quarters and 48 (48%) cows. The most two isolated bacteria are
Staphylococcus Spp. and Streptococcus spp. which was 37.61 and 36.69
percent, respectively. Antibiotic resistance to Penicillin, Oxacillin,
Streptomycin, Ampicillin, Cephalotin, Cloxacillin, Erythromycin,
Gentamicin, Novobiocin, Tetracyclin and Chloramphenicol was performed.
The greatest antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus
spp. to Penicillin and Cloxacillin were 39 and 22.5 percent, respectively.
Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the various antibiotics which are
conventionally used to treat mastitis for Staphylococcus Spp was < 8 and < 2
µg/ml based on the Percentage of the bacterial resistance. Control of milk
somatic cell count and the strategies of mastitis control can be responsible for
improving milk quality in dairy cows.
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Somatic cell count, Dairy cows.
2. 1. Introduction
Bovine mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland and a frequent
cause of economic loss in the dairy industry worldwide. Mastitis is a complex
and costly disease of dairy herds with different types and durations of infection.
The primary causes of mastitis are bacteria or other microorganisms such as
fungi and yeast (Wattiaux 1999; Ruegg 2001). The majority of clinical mastitis
is caused by Gram-positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis.
In contrast, coagulase- negative staphylococci (CNS) can cause mainly
subclinical mastitis, characterized by an elevated somatic cell count of milk
(Salmon et al. 1998; Gentilini et al. 2002). High incidence of SCC of milk
indicates the presence of infection (Bellamy 1999). A somatic cell count (SCC)
of greater than 200000/mL is a strong indicator of mastitis and many cows
maintain SCC values of less than 100000 cells per milliliter (Pamela 2003).
Coagulase negative staphylococci are the most frequent organisms isolated
from positive milk samples for California mastitis test in dairy cows in Tehran,
Iran (Atyabi et al. 2006). The polymerase chain reaction and bacterial culture
results showed that the most important streptococcal agents of bovine
subclinical mastitis are S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis in Ahvaz,
Iran (Moatamedi et al. 2007).
It has been a well-accepted fact that the antimicrobial agents are applied to
treat, control and prevent bacterial infections in lactating and dry cows.
Resistance of isolated microorganisms from mastitic quarters of cows to several
antimicrobial agents has been shown in several studies in some countries (Luthje
and Schwarz 2006; Roberts et al. 1999; Myllys et al. 1998; Gianneechini et al.
2002; Gentilini 2002; Moroni et al. 2006). The aim of this study was to
investigate the in vitro antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from clinically
normal lactating cows on the basis of somatic cell count in Shiraz, Iran. A
further objective was to identify isolated microorganisms and to determine the
bacterial resistance of Staphylococcus Spp to minimum inhibitory concentrations
(µg/ml) of the various antibiotics. Antibiogram tests for two most isolation
bacteria (Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp.) showed that the various
resistances to different antibiotic.
2. Materials and methods
This study was conducted on registered multiparous Holstein cows at the
farms in Shiraz, southern Iran. The present study was carried out during June
and July when the peak temperature reaches 40°C. Shiraz is located at a latitude
of 29° 38′ N and longitude 52° 36′ E. Its altitude is 1296 m above sea level.
The cows were housed in free-stall barns and the ration (total mixed ration)
included mainly alfalfa, corn silage, beet pulp, cotton seed, soybean, corn and
3. barley. The cows were machine-milked three times daily and subjected to post
milking teat dipping. All cows were dried off two months before expected
calving and dry cow therapy was performed following the last milking of
lactation. Milk samples were taken aseptically from all quarters (n = 400) of 100
lactating cows in four farms just before morning milking. Prior to sampling the
teats were washed and dried with a single-use disposable tissue. The first three
squirts of milk from each quarter were discarded and the teat end was
disinfected with cotton soaked in 70% ethanol and allowed to dry. About 10 ml
of the foremilk were collected from each quarter of cow in two sterile tubes. The
milk samples were transported on ice to the laboratory of the Shiraz University
for SCC and to the professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center of
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for bacteriological culture.
Quarter milk SCC was measured using the electronic cell counting method
(COMBIFOSS 5000, Fossomatic, Foss Electric, Denmark). Samples that had
somatic cell counts of greater than 100000 cells per milliliter were selected
for identification of bacteria. To detect the bacteria in the collected samples,
they were surface plated on 5% sheep blood agar supplemented with 10 mg L-
1
of amphotericin B. Culture plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24–48 hours,
the bacteria were isolated based on differentiation between the corresponding
colonies and each colony was purified afterwards. To identify the genius and
species of the isolated bacteria, gram stain, a proper differential biochemical
test and API test (120 series) were utilized. Following the identification of the
genius and the species of the bacteria, antibiogram test for each isolated
bacterium was done for the antibiotics including Penicillin, Oxacillin,
Streptomycin, Ampicillin, Cephalotin, Cloxacillin, Erythromycin,
Gentamicin, Novobiocin, Tetracyclin and Chloramphenicol, according to the
standard and up to date references. After 24 hours, the results were evaluated
based on the size of the zones and using the standards to determine the
resistance and sensitivity of the bacteria to the above-mentioned antibiotics.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was recorded as the lowest
concentration of the antimicrobial agent that inhibited bacterial growth.
3. Results
Bacterial cultures were performed on the milk samples with SCC of greater
than 100000 cells per milliliter. Twelve genuses of bacteria were isolated
from 133 (33.25%) quarters and 48 (48%) cows (Table 1). The results of
bacterial cultures and identified bacteria by means of biochemical differential
and API tests are demonstrated in Table 1. Antibiogram tests for two most
isolated bacteria (Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp.) showed that the
various resistance to different antibiotics (Table 2). Minimum inhibitory
concentrations of the antibiotics including Tetracycline, Penicillin, Oxacilin,
4. Erythromycin and Streptomycin for milk Staphylococcus spp. are shown in
Table 3.
Minimum inhibitory concentrations test (agar dilution) was performed for
Staphylococcus spp. which showed greater resistance to the above antibiotics
which are conventionally used by the vets to treat mastitis.
Table 1 Proportion of isolated bacteria form milk samples with greater than 100000
cells per milliliter
Bacteria Percent
Staphylococcus spp. 37.61
Streptococcus spp. 36.69
Bacillus spp. 11
Acinetobacter spp. 4.58
E.coli 2.75
Pseudomonas spp. 1.83
Neisseria, Stenotrophomanos
maltiphilia, Pasteurella
pneumotropica,
Diphtheroides, Nonfermented
bacteria
5.54
Total 100
Table 2 Percentage for the resistance of Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. to
different antibiotics
Antibiotic Staphylococcus spp. Streptococcus spp.
Ampicillin 14 15
Cephalotin 14 10
Cloxacillin 19 22.5
Erythromycin 12 0
Gentamicin 0 2.5
Novobiocin 2 0
Penicillin 39 20
Streptomycin 5 5
Tetracycline 29 7.5
Chloramphenicol 2 2.5
Table 3 Percentage of the bacterial resistance of Staphylococcus Spp to minimum
inhibitory concentrations (µg/ml) of the various antibiotics which are conventionally
used to treat mastitis
Antibiotic < 8 µg/ml < 2 µg/ml
Tetracycline 56.2 84.4
Penicillin 56.2 75
Oxacillin 56.2 65.6
Erythromycin 25 56.2
Streptomycin 93.7 96.8
5. 4. Discussion
The most important finding of the present study was that Staphylococcus spp.
and Streptococcus spp. are the two most commonly isolated bacteria form milk
samples with greater than 100000 cells per milliliter. Both of them are
widespread in the environment and on the skin of the teats. Mastitis can be
characterized by an increase in the somatic cell count in milk (Rodriguez-Zas et
al. 2000).
Most researchers consider composite cow milk with a cell count less than
200000/mL to be normal, while milk with a count above 200000 cells/mL is
considered abnormal (Nelson Philpot and Nickerson 1991). At quarter level, a
threshold value of < 100000 cell/mL has been proposed for a healthy quarter
(Ruegg and Reinemann, 2002; Schukken et al. 2003). So, in the present study all
samples with >100000 cell/mL were selected for culturing. The culture results
revealed that Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. account for 37.61%
and 36.69 % of the isolated bacteria in this study, respectively.
Hawari and Al-Dabbas (2008) found that the major aetiological agents
responsible for subclinical mastitis were Staphylococcus aureus, Coliforms and
Streptococcus spp. in Jordan. The results of the culture on the clinical cases in
U.K. showed that E. coli was isolated from 32 % of samples, whereas it was
found that the presence of E. coli in only 2.75 % cases of healthy quarter cow
with SCC >200000 cell/mL. So, this bacterium can easily cause clinical mastitis
under specific conditions such as different stresses and reduction of innate udder
immunity. Atyabi et al., (2006) reported that cagulase negative staphylococci
(CNS) were the most frequent organisms causing contamination of quarters
around Tehran, Iran. They collected milk samples from mastitic cows and found
that S. epidermidis was isolated from the majority of samples. In the present
study, staphylococci species including S. aureus, S. lugdunensis, S. warneri, S.
simulans, S. saprophyticus, S. epidermidis, S. xylosus, S. cohnii, S. haemolyticus,
S. capitis were separated from milk samples of clinically healthy quarters. The
results in this study have similar patterns compared to the results of Atyabi et al.,
(2006); however, it is difficult to compare results of studies because of
differences in sample selection and cultivation techniques. Therefore, the
relative frequencies of these bacteria were high in healthy cows, and it is
important for producers and managers of farms to prevent mastitis by taking
care of hygiene such as disinfection of milking machine, teat and milker’s
hands.
In the Netherlands, the most common cause of subclinical mastitis was staph.
aureus when quarters had SCC > 250000 cell/mL (Poelarends et al. 2001).
Djarbi et al. (2002) reported that the mean SCC was > 300000 and 138000
cells/mL for staph. aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci, respectively.
In this study, mean SCC was 389347 cells/mL for all of staphylococci species,
while for CNS, the mean value was 408709 cells/mL. Staph. aureus was
6. separated from one quarter which had 130000 cell/mL. In Finland, the
percentages of bacterial resistance for Staph. aureus and CNS to ≥ 3
antimicrobials were 2 and 3.3 %, respectively. The MIC90 for Staph. aureus and
CNS to Penicillin were 16 and 2 µg/mL, respectively (Pitkala et al. 2004). In the
present study isolated Staphylococci and Streptococci species were more
resistant to Penicillin, Cloxacillin, Ampicillin, Cephalothin and Tetracycline
than the other antibiotics.
The overall resistance pattern of Staphyloccous spp. and Streptococcus spp. to
ten antimicrobials varied from 0 to 39 % in the present study. The results
showed that the MIC75 for Staphyloccous spp. to Penicillin was < 2 µg/mL.
Various staphylocci species were isolated from quarter samples but Staph.
aureus was isolated just from one quarter. This resistance pattern may be caused
by the wide use of broad spectrum antibiotics with low doses through the
intramammary and systemic routes and also insufficient periods of treatment. It
also might be due to the improper prescription of the antibiotics by the vets or
unwise use of them by the farmers.
In conclusion, the results underline the important role of hygiene in
controlling and preventing mastitis. This includes disinfection of teat, teat cup
liners and milker’s hand. It is worthwhile to use properly treatment procedures
and control strategies for mastitis to improve milk quality in dairy cows. Thus, it
seems to logical to keep in mind that in recent decades, the mastitis control and
prevention methods used have been effective.
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