This study compared the efficacy of a phytobiotic containing oregano essential oils and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin for treating Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection in broiler chickens. 200 broiler chickens were divided into 5 groups: a non-challenged control group, a challenged non-treated group, a group treated with phytobiotic, a group treated with ciprofloxacin, and a group treated with both phytobiotic and ciprofloxacin. Results showed that treatment with either phytobiotic or ciprofloxacin alone improved performance and reduced mortality compared to the challenged non-treated group. The best results were seen in the group treated with both phyto
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef IJERA Editor
Though antibiotic drugs are known to improve the health and welfare of food animals , there is parallel risk due
to the development of resistant microorganisms in the body of target animals. Seven meat samples were
procured from wet market in Old Town,Petaling Jaya, Malaysia and assessed for the presence of antibiotic
residues. The samples chosen were chicken parts (skin, muscle and liver) , pig parts (liver, muscle and
intestine) and beef muscle. The results indicated that chicken skin had high level of antibioticresidues which
positively resisted the presence of gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand B. cereus as known
by the zone of inhibition.The beef muscle also held residue which resisted S. aureusChosenbacteriaalong with
the extracts of chicken skin, pig intestine and beef muscle were observed to be resistant totetracycline
hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate and their combinations when tested at a concentration
of 1 percent
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Enterocin 55 produced by non rabbit-derived strain Enterococcus faecium EF55 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Ent55 is produced by poultry strain Enterococcus faecium EF55. It is substance which can be allotted to Class II enterocins; thermo-stable, small peptide. Because producer strain has shown beneficial effect in poultry and broiler rabbits as well, we decided to apply Ent55 in broiler rabbit husbandry. Ent55 showed antimicrobial activity in broiler rabbits by reduction of staphylococci, Clostridiae, pseudomonads and coliforms. Its beneficial effect was demonstrated by stimulation of phagocytic activity as well as by reduction of Eimeria spp. oocysts. GPx values were lower; it means, no oxidative stress was evoked. Moreover, it has not negative influence on growth performance and biochemical parameters. Our results indicated that enterocin produced by not-autochtonous strain can also have protective and beneficial effect in broiler rabbits.
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef IJERA Editor
Though antibiotic drugs are known to improve the health and welfare of food animals , there is parallel risk due
to the development of resistant microorganisms in the body of target animals. Seven meat samples were
procured from wet market in Old Town,Petaling Jaya, Malaysia and assessed for the presence of antibiotic
residues. The samples chosen were chicken parts (skin, muscle and liver) , pig parts (liver, muscle and
intestine) and beef muscle. The results indicated that chicken skin had high level of antibioticresidues which
positively resisted the presence of gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand B. cereus as known
by the zone of inhibition.The beef muscle also held residue which resisted S. aureusChosenbacteriaalong with
the extracts of chicken skin, pig intestine and beef muscle were observed to be resistant totetracycline
hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate and their combinations when tested at a concentration
of 1 percent
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Enterocin 55 produced by non rabbit-derived strain Enterococcus faecium EF55 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Ent55 is produced by poultry strain Enterococcus faecium EF55. It is substance which can be allotted to Class II enterocins; thermo-stable, small peptide. Because producer strain has shown beneficial effect in poultry and broiler rabbits as well, we decided to apply Ent55 in broiler rabbit husbandry. Ent55 showed antimicrobial activity in broiler rabbits by reduction of staphylococci, Clostridiae, pseudomonads and coliforms. Its beneficial effect was demonstrated by stimulation of phagocytic activity as well as by reduction of Eimeria spp. oocysts. GPx values were lower; it means, no oxidative stress was evoked. Moreover, it has not negative influence on growth performance and biochemical parameters. Our results indicated that enterocin produced by not-autochtonous strain can also have protective and beneficial effect in broiler rabbits.
The Role of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Leaf Powder in the Broiler Chicken...UniversitasGadjahMada
Aflatoxin (AF) is the secondary metabolite of Aspergillus flavus and commonly contaminates feed during storage.AF causes lowered growth rate, stress, and increased mortality in the poultry, especially for broiler industries.The aims of this study are to determine the effects of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. leaf powder (SAP) in the chickens fed a diet naturally contaminated with AF. A total of 108 chickens are divided into 6 group: group I fed with basal diet (AF not detectable); group II fed with basal diet (AF not detectable) + 5%SAP; group III with AF (>1 ppb <50 ppb); group IVwithAF (>1 ppb <50ppb) + 5% SAP; groupVwithAF (>51 ppb <100 ppb) + 5%SAP; group VI with AF (>101 ppb <150 ppb) + 5% SAP.The data of the body weight, feed intake and efficiency, the relative weight of liver, kidney, spleen, bursa of Fabricius (BF), histopathology, haematological profile, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer, AF residue, and immunohistochemistry are collected on days 7, 14, and 21. All the data were analysed using SPSS 16. The supplementation of 5%SAPin the chickens fed a diet naturally contaminated withAFshowed the potential effects of the bodyweight performance, haematological profile protection, increase in the cellular and humoral immune responses, reduction of AF residue in the organ, protection of liver, kidney, spleen, and BF histopathology, and increase in the immune-expression of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes ratio (P < 0.05). It shows that 5% SAP can be used as the alternative herbal supplementation to depress the impacts of aflatoxicosis in the broiler chickens.
Commercial Application of Anoectochilus formosanus: Immunomodulating ActivitiesCây thuốc Việt
Anoectochilus formosanus is an important ethnomedicinal plant of Taiwan. We investigated the effect of oral administration of A. formosanus effective fraction (AFEF) on the innate immune response in mice. Male BALB/c mice were treated orally for 2 weeks with 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg of AFEF. Primary peritoneal macrophage harvest from mice that administered with AFEF (500 –1500 mg/kg) was directed to activate phagocytosis. AFEF significantly increased interferon-production from lymph node cells by ConA stimulation for 48 hours in AFEF (1500 mg/kg) treated group. AFEF might be the active fraction in activation of innate immunity.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
Production of African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) Specific Polyclonal Antibod...iosrjce
Serological techniques are commonly used in the detection and characterization of plant viruses.
These methods employ the use of antisera produced by highly purified preparations in intramuscular,
intradermal and intraocular. In this study oral route was explored using crude extracts. Two groups (control
and experimental) of Swiss albino mice consisting of two replicates were immunized via the oral route with
crude extracts from uninfected cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) and cassava plants systematically infected
with African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). Uninfected and infected leaves were grinded separately in saline
solution (0.15M) at 1:2 (w/v) with laboratory mortar and pestle and then filtered with double layered cheese
cloth of 75µm to obtain extracts. Clarified extracts were orally administered to the mice in daily doses of 200µl
per mice for 21 days and booster doses were also given at day 28 and 35 respectively. Antiserum were obtained
from the mice for 6 consecutive weeks after the commencement of immunization and were analyzed using
antigen coated plate (ACP) and triple antibody sandwich (TAS) indirect enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA). Group A antisera gave negative reactions (OD values < 1.5) while group B antisera reacted positively
(OD values ≥ 1.5) in the two methods used. The polyclonal antisera obtained were very specific to ACMV in
ACP and TAS ELISA. This appears to be the first antisera specific to ACMV obtained by oral immunization of
mice. Oral immunization is considered less stressful for animals, the method is a fast, simple and cheap way for
producing antisera to plant virus compared to the traditional methods of using purified preparations for
immunization. We have used this procedure in the production of antisera yet there is room for improvement in
immunization strategies to enhance antibody production. Immunization dosage can also be tried and
manipulated in bigger animals like rabbits and chicken. This research work leaves room for further exploration
of similar procedure in bigger experimental animals like rabbits and chicken for greater antiserum production.
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
ABSTRACT- The objective of our study is to determine its anti-inflammatory potential of protein extracted from the
stings of honey bee (Apis mellifera). In this study, protein extracted from the stings of Apis mellifera using Tris HCl/ice
cold acetone and determined through Nano drop method and then determined its Da protein using SDS-PAGE. In
addition, indirect ELISA was performed using rubella vaccine as coating antigen and determined its antibody titre using
variable concentration of sting protein (15.62-250 μg) and also determined its activity on human whole blood for
determining total cellular content and proliferation against rubella vaccine antigen. The results showed that protein from
stings of Apis mellifera showed drastic declined in antibody titre at higher doses but there is slightly enhancement in
antibody titre, total cellular content and proliferations at lower concentration as compared to control and rubella vaccine
(standard).Overall, this study suggest that stings protein of Apis mellifera showed anti-inflammatory potential against
rubella vaccine antigen.
Key-words- Anti-inflammatory, Apis mellifera, Stings, Nanodrop, ELISA
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Studies on the viabile bacteria of commercial probiotic products available in...Premier Publishers
The viability of bacteria in seven probiotic products for animal production available in Bangladesh namely Bactosac, Micro guard, Probac, Poultry Star sol, Gutpro, Clostat 11 and Rumilac were tested. All the products were purchased in local markets. The bacteria in the probiotic product were grown anaerobically using Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and incubated for 13 h at 37° C. The viable bacteria of commercial probiotics ranged between 6.8 ×102 to 2.0×104 cfu/g. The highest values (2.0×104 cfu/g) were found in Microguard and Probac and the lowest value (6.8 ×102) was found in Gutpro. However, viable cells in Microguard and Probac were found lower by four and three logarithmic cycles, respectively, than manufacturer statements (5.0×108/g and 3.0×107/g). The viable cells found in the probiotic products were not accepted as the minimum level of 106 cfu/ml or cfu/g. The results of the present study concluded that viability of bacteria in commercial probiotic products were not found at a minimum level and therefore may not be sufficient for colonization of the animal gut.
Antituberculosis and toxicity assay of ethanolic extract of mimba cortexCut Fatimah
CUT FATIMAH, Uji toksisitas dan uji antituberkolosis ekstrak daun mimba, Fakultas Farmasi, Fakultas Pertanian UTND MEDAN, Sumatera Utara, Dra. Cut Fatimah, Msi.,Apt.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality manuscripts in all related aspects of two major sub branches of Microbiology namely Bacteriology: the study of Bacterial Mycology& the study of fungus. The Journal focuses upon the identification, classification, characterization of bacterial/fungal species and the infections and health issues caused by these dreadful bacteria and fungus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed journals, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academic and research access.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials in all related aspects of Bacterial Mycology & Fungal Species.
Mission Statement;
To enhance quality of life through Agriculture
Please go to Guidstar.org now and donate to Dreamers and achievers Inc. http://www.guidestar.org/organizations/26-4186775/dreamers-achievers.aspx
The Role of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Leaf Powder in the Broiler Chicken...UniversitasGadjahMada
Aflatoxin (AF) is the secondary metabolite of Aspergillus flavus and commonly contaminates feed during storage.AF causes lowered growth rate, stress, and increased mortality in the poultry, especially for broiler industries.The aims of this study are to determine the effects of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. leaf powder (SAP) in the chickens fed a diet naturally contaminated with AF. A total of 108 chickens are divided into 6 group: group I fed with basal diet (AF not detectable); group II fed with basal diet (AF not detectable) + 5%SAP; group III with AF (>1 ppb <50 ppb); group IVwithAF (>1 ppb <50ppb) + 5% SAP; groupVwithAF (>51 ppb <100 ppb) + 5%SAP; group VI with AF (>101 ppb <150 ppb) + 5% SAP.The data of the body weight, feed intake and efficiency, the relative weight of liver, kidney, spleen, bursa of Fabricius (BF), histopathology, haematological profile, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer, AF residue, and immunohistochemistry are collected on days 7, 14, and 21. All the data were analysed using SPSS 16. The supplementation of 5%SAPin the chickens fed a diet naturally contaminated withAFshowed the potential effects of the bodyweight performance, haematological profile protection, increase in the cellular and humoral immune responses, reduction of AF residue in the organ, protection of liver, kidney, spleen, and BF histopathology, and increase in the immune-expression of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes ratio (P < 0.05). It shows that 5% SAP can be used as the alternative herbal supplementation to depress the impacts of aflatoxicosis in the broiler chickens.
Commercial Application of Anoectochilus formosanus: Immunomodulating ActivitiesCây thuốc Việt
Anoectochilus formosanus is an important ethnomedicinal plant of Taiwan. We investigated the effect of oral administration of A. formosanus effective fraction (AFEF) on the innate immune response in mice. Male BALB/c mice were treated orally for 2 weeks with 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg of AFEF. Primary peritoneal macrophage harvest from mice that administered with AFEF (500 –1500 mg/kg) was directed to activate phagocytosis. AFEF significantly increased interferon-production from lymph node cells by ConA stimulation for 48 hours in AFEF (1500 mg/kg) treated group. AFEF might be the active fraction in activation of innate immunity.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
Production of African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) Specific Polyclonal Antibod...iosrjce
Serological techniques are commonly used in the detection and characterization of plant viruses.
These methods employ the use of antisera produced by highly purified preparations in intramuscular,
intradermal and intraocular. In this study oral route was explored using crude extracts. Two groups (control
and experimental) of Swiss albino mice consisting of two replicates were immunized via the oral route with
crude extracts from uninfected cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) and cassava plants systematically infected
with African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). Uninfected and infected leaves were grinded separately in saline
solution (0.15M) at 1:2 (w/v) with laboratory mortar and pestle and then filtered with double layered cheese
cloth of 75µm to obtain extracts. Clarified extracts were orally administered to the mice in daily doses of 200µl
per mice for 21 days and booster doses were also given at day 28 and 35 respectively. Antiserum were obtained
from the mice for 6 consecutive weeks after the commencement of immunization and were analyzed using
antigen coated plate (ACP) and triple antibody sandwich (TAS) indirect enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA). Group A antisera gave negative reactions (OD values < 1.5) while group B antisera reacted positively
(OD values ≥ 1.5) in the two methods used. The polyclonal antisera obtained were very specific to ACMV in
ACP and TAS ELISA. This appears to be the first antisera specific to ACMV obtained by oral immunization of
mice. Oral immunization is considered less stressful for animals, the method is a fast, simple and cheap way for
producing antisera to plant virus compared to the traditional methods of using purified preparations for
immunization. We have used this procedure in the production of antisera yet there is room for improvement in
immunization strategies to enhance antibody production. Immunization dosage can also be tried and
manipulated in bigger animals like rabbits and chicken. This research work leaves room for further exploration
of similar procedure in bigger experimental animals like rabbits and chicken for greater antiserum production.
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
ABSTRACT- The objective of our study is to determine its anti-inflammatory potential of protein extracted from the
stings of honey bee (Apis mellifera). In this study, protein extracted from the stings of Apis mellifera using Tris HCl/ice
cold acetone and determined through Nano drop method and then determined its Da protein using SDS-PAGE. In
addition, indirect ELISA was performed using rubella vaccine as coating antigen and determined its antibody titre using
variable concentration of sting protein (15.62-250 μg) and also determined its activity on human whole blood for
determining total cellular content and proliferation against rubella vaccine antigen. The results showed that protein from
stings of Apis mellifera showed drastic declined in antibody titre at higher doses but there is slightly enhancement in
antibody titre, total cellular content and proliferations at lower concentration as compared to control and rubella vaccine
(standard).Overall, this study suggest that stings protein of Apis mellifera showed anti-inflammatory potential against
rubella vaccine antigen.
Key-words- Anti-inflammatory, Apis mellifera, Stings, Nanodrop, ELISA
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Studies on the viabile bacteria of commercial probiotic products available in...Premier Publishers
The viability of bacteria in seven probiotic products for animal production available in Bangladesh namely Bactosac, Micro guard, Probac, Poultry Star sol, Gutpro, Clostat 11 and Rumilac were tested. All the products were purchased in local markets. The bacteria in the probiotic product were grown anaerobically using Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and incubated for 13 h at 37° C. The viable bacteria of commercial probiotics ranged between 6.8 ×102 to 2.0×104 cfu/g. The highest values (2.0×104 cfu/g) were found in Microguard and Probac and the lowest value (6.8 ×102) was found in Gutpro. However, viable cells in Microguard and Probac were found lower by four and three logarithmic cycles, respectively, than manufacturer statements (5.0×108/g and 3.0×107/g). The viable cells found in the probiotic products were not accepted as the minimum level of 106 cfu/ml or cfu/g. The results of the present study concluded that viability of bacteria in commercial probiotic products were not found at a minimum level and therefore may not be sufficient for colonization of the animal gut.
Antituberculosis and toxicity assay of ethanolic extract of mimba cortexCut Fatimah
CUT FATIMAH, Uji toksisitas dan uji antituberkolosis ekstrak daun mimba, Fakultas Farmasi, Fakultas Pertanian UTND MEDAN, Sumatera Utara, Dra. Cut Fatimah, Msi.,Apt.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality manuscripts in all related aspects of two major sub branches of Microbiology namely Bacteriology: the study of Bacterial Mycology& the study of fungus. The Journal focuses upon the identification, classification, characterization of bacterial/fungal species and the infections and health issues caused by these dreadful bacteria and fungus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed journals, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academic and research access.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials in all related aspects of Bacterial Mycology & Fungal Species.
Mission Statement;
To enhance quality of life through Agriculture
Please go to Guidstar.org now and donate to Dreamers and achievers Inc. http://www.guidestar.org/organizations/26-4186775/dreamers-achievers.aspx
Prathamesh Gallardo offers 2, 3 BHK Luxury apartments and 4 BHK Duplexes at Salisbury Park, Pune with world class amenities like Terrace, Viewing Deck and Jacuzzi For Duplexes. Get more details about Prathamesh Gallardo here.
Ciprofloxacin resideu and their impact on Biomolecules n eggs of laying hens ...Sayed Koushik Ahamed
I have done this research on eggs for the welfare of mankind now i want to share my article for social awareness. I hope it will helps all researchers for their future further research.
Thank You
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
Intercontinental journal of pharmaceutical Investigations and ResearchSriramNagarajan19
Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Portulaca quadrifida Linn. was studied in wister rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema, carrageenan induced pleurisy and cotton pellet induced granuloma model. The ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg, p.o.,) produced the inhibition of carrageenan induced rat paw edema. It also showed an inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration and a reduction on the pleural exudates as well as reduction on the granuloma weight in the cotton pellet granuloma method. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract produced significant (P<0.001) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Assessment of Ginger and Black Pepper as Feed Additives on Growth Performance...Premier Publishers
This study examined the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets with ginger (Zingiber officinale L) and black pepper (Piper guineense Schum & Thonn) additives. A total of 240 day old unsexed Anak-2000 broiler chicks were allotted to four treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatment 1 was the control with no additive, Treatment 2 had 0.5% ginger powder, Treatment 3 had 0.5% black pepper powder, while Treatment 4 had a mixture of 0.25% ginger and 0.25% black pepper. From the results obtained, the ginger, black pepper and their combination diets were significantly different (p<0.05) in weight gain from the control diet, with the ginger diet recording the highest value of 2299.09g per bird, as against 1821.77g per bird from the control. Average feed intake was highest in the ginger diet with 5130.14g as against the control diet that had the least with 4420.71g. The ginger and combination diets gave better feed conversion ratio of 2.23 and 2.28 respectively, which was also significantly different from the control. Mortality recorded in the control treatment was highest with 5.00% and significantly different from the other treatments. Plucked weight of experimental birds was highest in diet 2 with 2165.53g and least in the control diet with 1710.31g. It can be concluded that the addition of the natural plant additives improved the measured parameters in comparison to the control diet and thus suggest that they hold considerable potential as growth promoting agents in broiler production.
A comparative study of the preventive use of tilmicosin phosphate (pulmotil p...Pig Farm Solution
A comparative study of the preventive use of tilmicosin phosphate (pulmotil premix) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination in a pig herd with chronic respiratory disease
ABSTRACT- Mosquito-borne diseases have intruded the globe since immemorial time. The present scenario for
commanding the mosquitoes is aimed at application of target and stage-specific, cost-effective and biodegradable
phytoproducts. Plant extracts are safer for non-target organisms including man. Plant based formulations would be more
feasible environmental products with proven potential as insecticide. Therefore, in the present study of larvicidal
activity of biologically active compound Apigenin extracted from leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus was studied. Standard WHO protocols with minor modifications was adopted for the
larvicidal bioassay. The active compound Apigenin extracted through ethyl alcohol solvent from the leaf of Jatropha
gossypifolia plant of family Euphorbiaceae was administered for 24h or 96h to the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.
Exposure of larvae over 24h to sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50) of apigenin, significantly (P<0.05) altered the
level of total protein, total free amino acid, glycogen and activity of enzymes acetyl cholinesterase, acid and alkaline
phosphatase activity in whole body tissue of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The alterations in all these biochemical
parameters were significantly (P<0.05) time and dose dependent.
Key-words- Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbiaceae, Culex quinquefasciatus, biochemical effects, Wuchereria bancrofti
Biochemical changes induced by Bioneem (0.03%) formulation in chick embryogen...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In ovo studies on the effect of 1,3,5, ppm Bioneem (0.03%) formulation on Biochemical aspect of chick embryo revealed that there was dose dependent total protein reduction in 96 hrs old embryo (treated at 24 hrs) as compared to the control. Also there was reduction in total protein concentration Liver, Brain and Heart of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with Bioneem at 96 hrs. stage) as compared to that of control. Protein carbonyl concentration of 96 hrs old embryo (treated at 24 hrs with Bioneem) and that of Liver, Brain and Heart of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with bioneem at 96 hrs) increased in dose dependent manner. Most affected organ was Liver and least affected organ was Heart. Blood analysis of 15 day old chick embryo (treated with Bioneem at 96 hrs) showed increased level of Blood urea, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, while Serum alkaline phosphatase and serum cholesterol were decreased in dose dependent manner as compared to the control. Thus Bioneem though ecofriendly pesticide can adversely affect vertebrate non target organisms and therefore should be carefully used in pest management programs.
ABSTRACT- Some Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. casei and L. plantarum) were isolated from locally fermented products (ogi, fura de Nunu and wara) and their effect on microbial infections caused by some pathogenic bacteria (E.coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccoccus aureus) isolated from urine and high vaginal swab samples were studied using standard micriobiological methods.Fifiteen (15) healthy guinea pigs used for the study were divided into three (3) groups of five (5) guinea pigs each and placed in three (3) different cages. The pigs were initially fed for two (2) weeks (acclimatization period) with conventional feeds before administering the treatment. Lactobacillus species were introduced into the guinea pigs in cage 2 after the acclimatization period. Subsequently, the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were orally infected with all the clinical bacteria pathogens while the guinea pigs in cage 3 which served as control were left with no microbial treatment. Ten (10) days after treatment, the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity level were determined. Striking differences were observed from guinea pigs in the different cages. The effectiveness of Lactobacilli (probiotics) was evident when the guinea pigs in cages 1 and 2 were compared. The guinea pigs in cage 1 which were infected with pathogens but no probiotics had lower blood level (mean PCV= 24.8%) and inferior liver condition (mean ALT=58.18µl; mean AST=51.91µl). Higher blood level (Mean PCV=45%) and superior liver conditions (Mean ALT=9.51µl; mean AST=9.7µl) were obtained for guinea pigs in cage 2 which were infected with the same pathogens and fed with probiotics. The control (cage 3) had the highest PCV level and best liver conditions (mean PCV=46.6%, means ALT= 7.65µl; mean AST=11.83µl).Th .This might be attributed to the fact that they were not infected with pathogenic organisms. Lactobacillus species administered are promising probiotics against the tested bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: Lactobacillus species, Guinea pig, Bacteria pathogen, Enzymes assay, Haematological Parameters, Probiotics
Assessment of the broilers performance, gut healthiness and carcass character...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the performance responses, guts healthiness, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed on formulated diets included dried coriander, turmeric and thyme. Unsexed commercially available chicks were enrolled into five experimental treatments each of eighty birds with four replicates per treatment. The birds were housed in deep litter clean pens. The experimental groups were as follow: Control; coriander; thyme; turmeric, and mixed. Two formulated diets (starter & finisher) to which all the dietary additives were added in a dried powdered form and at the level of 0.75% expect for the mixed group as each additive was used at level 0.25%. Performance parameters including weekly body development, body weights gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded during the 35-d experimental period. Also, representative samples from each replicate were gathered for the detection of carcass traits, consumer acceptability, and the gut morphometric changes. The data revealed that coriander, and turmeric significantly (p<0.05) increased the villus heights and crypt depths as compared to control which is concomitant with the improvement of performance results when incorporated solely in broilers diet at 0.75% level , but consumer acceptability was lowered specifically for the turmeric –fed group.
Koch’s postulate in reproduction of broiler coccidiosis by co-infection with ...Danielle Ayyash
The purpose of this research is to establish a model of Koch’s postulate for reproducing coccidiosis in broilers by co-infection with eight most common Eimeria spp. involved in this economic disease, in an attempt to use this model in future evaluation of new controlling biologics.
A Trial for Prevention of Campylobacter jejuni Infection in Broiler Chickens ...
Iranian J Vet. Res.
1. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, Shiraz University
IJVR, 2014, Vol. 15, No. 2, Ser. No. 47, Pages 110-115
110
Tackling experimental colisepticaemia in broiler chickens
using phytobiotic essential oils and antibiotic alone
or in combination
Abd El-Ghany, W. A.1*
and Ismail, M.2
1
Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 2
Department of Physiology,
Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicines and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi
Arabia
*
Correspondence: W. A. Abd El-Ghany, Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo,
Egypt. E-mail: Wafaa.ghany@yahoo.com
(Received 5 Dec 2012; revised version 15 Oct 2013; accepted 27 Oct 2013)
Summary
This study was designed to compare the efficacy of a phytobiotic containing a mixture of essential oils of Oreganum aetheroleum
and an antibiotic containing ciprofloxacin as an active principle for the treatment of experimental Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection
in broiler chickens. Two-hundred-day-old broiler chickens were divided into 5 equal groups. The 1st group was neither challenged
nor treated, but groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were challenged with E. coli. The 2nd group was challenged with E. coli only, while the 3rd, 4th
and 5th group were treated with phytobiotic, ciprofloxacin and phytobiotic and ciprofloxacin combinations, respectively. Results
confirmed significant (P<0.05) improvement of productive performance parameters, reduction in signs, mortalities, post mortem
lesions and bacterial re-isolation, enhancement in cell mediated and humoral immune responses, reduction in levels of liver and
kidney function tests and increase in the total protein and globulin levels in challenged chickens treated with either essential oils or
ciprofloxacin compared to challenged non treated chickens. Moreover, best significant (P<0.05) results in all measured parameters
were detected in the group treated with the combination in comparison with those exposed to single treatments. In conclusion, a
mixture of essential oils of Oreganum aetheroleum is more effective compared with ciprofloxacin in the treatment of E. coli in
broiler chickens. However, a combined treatment of both could be a superior treatment.
Key words: Poultry, Colibacillosis, Phytobiotics, Ciprofloxacin, Treatment
Introduction
Colibacillosis is a disease in poultry caused by
Escherichia coli (E. coli), especially serotype O78 that
induces an acute fatal septicaemia or sub-acute infections
(Chansiripornchai and Sasipreeyajan, 2002). Cipro-
floxacin is a broad-spectrum, 2nd generation of the
fluoroquinolones group (Medders et al., 1998).
Unfortunately, frequent use of this group may result in
the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli in
poultry ecosystems, consequently playing a role in the
treatment of human E. coli infections (Kolář et al.,
2005). Alternative strategies are therefore being studied
including the use of natural additives (Nouzarian et al.,
2011). Using phytogenic or herbal plants containing
essential oils in poultry farms has developed with
successful results (Hashemi and Davoodi, 2010). Among
these, phytobiotics are species of Origanum genus,
aromatic plants of the Lamiaceae family. Some studies
have demonstrated potent broad spectrum antimicrobial
properties of volatile oils of Origanum vulgare species
(Saeed and Tariq, 2009).
For this reason, the current study was designed to
compare the effect of a phytobiotic product containing a
mixture of essential oils of Oreganum aetheroleum and
an antibiotic with an active principle ciprofloxacin for
the treatment of experimental infections with E. coli in
broiler chickens.
Materials and Methods
The used treatments
A commercial phytobiotic natural water additive
supplement based on oregano (Orego-stim®
) produced
by the Meriden Animal Health Company, UK was tested.
The main active ingredient of this product is Oreganum
aetheroleum, produced from the plant Origanum
vulgare, as it contains many phenolic substances such as
carvacrol (81.89%) and thymol (2.12%) as well as
monoterpene hydrocarbons γ-terpinene (5.1%) and p-
cymene (3.76%). It was used with a dose of 0.3 ml/liter
of drinking water for 5 consecutive days. Ciprofloxacin
(CIPRO 20%®
) is a synthetic fluoroquinolone anti-
microbial produced by ArabcoMed Company. Each gram
contains 200 mg ciprofloxacin. It was given as 5 mg/kg
body weight/day (1 gm/4 liter of drinking water) for 5
consecutive days.
The bacterial culture
An Avian field strain of E. coli serotype (O78) was
obtained from the Animal Health Research Institute,
Dokki, Giza, Egypt. The inoculum was prepared as
recommended by Fernandez et al. (2002). Each bird in
the challenged groups was inoculated intramuscularly
3. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, Shiraz University
IJVR, 2014, Vol. 15, No. 2, Ser. No. 47, Pages 110-115
112
4 and 5. Mortality reduced by the 5th day of the
combined treatment with essential oils and ciprofloxacin,
and completely disappeared by day 7.
Lesions of dead birds were serous to fibrinous
pericarditis, perihepatitis and airsacculitis associated
with tracheitis and pneumonia. The mildest (serous)
lesions were recorded in challenged groups treated with
phytobiotic essential oils and ciprofloxacin alone or in
combination as compared to the challenged non-treated
groups. Complete absence of the lesions were seen a
week after the combined treatment.
Results of bacterial re-isolations are seen in Table 2.
This organism was not recovered from challenged
chickens treated with ciprofloxacin or phytobiotic
essential oils and ciprofloxacin combinations at the 3rd
and 4th weeks post challenge. The group treated with
phytobiotic essential oils revealed an absence of
organism recovery only at week 4 after the challenge.
The challenged non-treated group had a higher
significant (P<0.05) frequency of E. coli re-isolation that
ranged from 90 to 50% along all the observation period.
The effect of different treatments on cell mediated
immune response parameters is illustrated in Table 3. At
weeks 3 and 5, challenged positive control birds
produced the lowest significant (P<0.05) mean values of
both phagocytic activity and index compared to other
groups. At 3 weeks of age, birds treated with either
phytobiotic essential oils or ciprofloxacin revealed
significant (P<0.05) higher indices compared with
challenged non treated chickens. This difference
remained significant (P<0.05) at the 5th week of age. As
compared to the other groups, chickens treated with
combined phytobiotic essential oils along with
ciprofloxacin showed the best significant (P<0.05) mean
values.
Data presented in Table 4 reveals the results of (HI)
antibody titers against SRBC in different groups.
Compared to others, chickens inoculated with E. coli had
significant (P<0.05) decreases in antibody titers at the
1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks post SRBC inoculation. Antibody
titers were significantly (P<0.05) higher in broilers
challenged with E. coli and treated with phytobiotic
essential oils and ciprofloxacin combined and these titers
were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those treated
with phytobiotic essential oils or ciprofloxacin alone
during all sample collection intervals.
Table 1: Effect of oregano essential oils and ciprofloxacin treatments on productive performances in E. coli challenged broiler
chickens
Group number Treatment
Average body weight/gm
FCR EPEFAge/week
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Non challenged
+ non treated
140.82±3.40a
304.0±5.32ab
598.3±21.8a
940.2±51.2a
1340.2±35.7a
1678±42.30a
1.93 210.03
2 Challenged
+ non treated
134.98±5.55a
256.4±8.65c
501.1±19.2b
702.91±54.10b
930.12±32.4c
1250.1±14.30c
2.40 145.21
3 Challenged
+ oregano essential oils
135.74±6.18a
298.1±7.55ab
563.41±23.86a
876.45±71.80a
1119.6±67.2b
1479.1±33.20b
2.00 181.41
4 Challenged
+ ciprofloxacin
133.96±6.72a
285.9±8.40b
556.31±1.53a
824.99±0.89ab
1089.51±3.2b
1401.9±34.51b
2.2 179.56
5 Challenged
+ oregano essential oils
+ ciprofloxacin
140.24±2.37a
307.9±5.30a
584.9±20.11a
906.90±32.09a
1198.0±68.2b
1596.4±39.44a
1.90 205.44
FCR= Feed conversion ratio, EPEF= European production efficiency factor. Means with different letters (a, b, c
) within the same
column are significantly different at P≤0.05
Table 2: Effect of oregano essential oils and ciprofloxacin treatments on E. coli re-isolation rate in E. coli challenged broiler
chickens
Group number Treatment Number of examined
chickens
Weeks after challenge
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
1 Non challenged + non treated 10 0/10 (0%) 0/10 (0%) 0/10 (0%) 0/10 (0%)
2 Challenged + non treated 10 9/10 (90%) 7/10 (70%) 5/10 (50%) 5/10 (50%)
3 Challenged + oregano essential oils 10 3/10 (30%) 2/10 (20%) 2/10 (20%) 0/10 (0%)
4 Challenged + ciprofloxacin 10 3/10 (30%) 1/10 (10%) 0/10 (0%) 0/10 (0%)
5 Challenged + oregano essential oils
+ ciprofloxacin
10 1/10 (10%) 0/10 (0%) 0/10 (0%) 0/10 (0%)
P-value <0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.001
Table 3: Effect of oregano essential oils and ciprofloxacin treatments on cell mediated immunity (phagocytic activity and index) in
E. coli challenged broiler chickens
Group number Treatment
3 weeks of age 5 weeks of age
Phagocytic activity Phagocytic index Phagocytic activity Phagocytic index
1 Non challenged + non treated 54.11±2.83bc
0.5167±1.21a
56.69±3.78c
0.5293±0.22b
2 Challenged + non treated 40.62±1.86d
0.2001±0.12a
48.11±3.20d
0.3010±0.10b
3 Challenged + oregano essential oils 61.31±4.72b
0.5322±0.10a
65.17±2.79b
0.5460±0.10b
4 Challenged + ciprofloxacin 49.78±5.60cd
0.4140±0.31a
51.97±0.22cd
0.4789±0.10b
5 Challenged + oregano essential oils
+ ciprofloxacin
72.03±0.29a
0.7450±0.02a
75.99±0.89a
0.9889±0.18a
Means with different letters (a, b, c, d
) within the same column are significantly different at P≤0.05
4. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, Shiraz University
IJVR, 2014, Vol. 15, No. 2, Ser. No. 47, Pages 110-115
113
Table 4: Effect of oregano essential oils and ciprofloxacin treatments on humoral immunity (HI) titers in E. coli challenged broiler
chickens
Group number Treatment
Weeks after inoculation of sheep red blood cells
1st 2nd 3rd
1 Non challenged + non treated 5.5±0.31a
6.1±0.23a
5.0±0.21a
2 Challenged + non treated 2.91±0.11c
3.83±0.30b
3.22±0.19b
3 Challenged + oregano essential oils 4.90±0.36ab
5.4±0.28a
5.1±0.36a
4 Challenged + ciprofloxacin 4.1±0.40b
5.2±0.37a
4.9±0.36a
5 Challenged + oregano essential oils + ciprofloxacin 5.36±0.56a
5.78±0.40a
5.1±0.46a
Means with different letters (a, b, c
) are significantly different at P≤0.05
Table 5: Effect of oregano essential oils and ciprofloxacin treatments on liver and kidney functions in E. coli challenged broiler
chickens
Group number Treatment
Liver function tests Kidney function tests
AST
(IU/L)
ALT
(IU/L)
Uric acid
(mg/dL)
Creatinine
(mg/dL)
1 Non challenged + non treated 201.7±5.83c
61.9±4.62d
6.92±0.46d
0.42±0.99a
2 Challenged + non treated 259.4±3.27a
90.3±1.25a
15.11±0.23a
0.60±0.123a
3 Challenged + oregano essential oils 230.3±21.31abc
77.1±1.23bc
10.99±0.20b
0.39±0.100a
4 Challenged + ciprofloxacin 236.5±8.25ab
82.3±1.52b
11.53±0.81b
0.50±0.130a
5 Challenged + oregano essential oils
+ ciprofloxacin
220.1±9.31bc
71.2±2.90c
9.45±0.41c
0.43±0.121a
AST= Aspertate aminotransferase, ALT= Alanine aminotransferase. Means with different letters (a, b, c, d
) are significantly different at
P≤0.05
Table 6: Effect of oregano essential oils and ciprofloxacin treatments on albumin and globulin levels in E. coli challenged broiler
chickens
Group number Treatment Total protein (g/dL) Albumin (g/dL) Globulin (g/dL) A/G Ratio
1 Non challenged + non treated 2.90±0.23b
1.41±0.02c
1.49±0.05c
0.946±0.03ab
2 Challenged + non treated 3.92±0.084a
1.97±0.05a
1.95±0.04b
1.011±0.03a
3 Challenged + oregano essential oils 3.85±0.086a
1.81±0.042b
2.04±0.05ab
0.887±0.02b
4 Challenged + ciprofloxacin 3.72±0.109a
1.80±0.043b
1.92±0.08b
0.937±0.04ab
5 Challenged + oregano essential oils
+ ciprofloxacin
4.07±0.100a
1.90±0.041ab
2.17±0.07a
0.875±0.02b
A/G= Albumin/Globulin. Means with different letters (a, b, c
) are significantly different at P≤0.05
The effects of different treatments on serum
biochemical metabolites parameters are shown in Tables
5 and 6. Challenged non treated chickens demonstrated a
significant (P<0.05) increase in the activity of liver
enzymes (AST and ALT) and kidney parameters (uric
acid and creatinine) (Table 5). On the other hand, for
challenged-treated broiler chickens, these parameters
decreased significantly (P<0.05) toward the values
recorded for negative control birds. Concurrent treatment
with phytobiotic essential oils and ciprofloxacin
displayed the lowest significant (P<0.05) levels of
parameters compared with the separate treatment.
As shown in Table 6, treatment with either
phytobiotic essential oils or ciprofloxacin significantly
(P<0.05) reduced serum albumin concentration;
however, application of the combined treatment resulted
in a marked elevation of serum total protein and globulin
levels compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The
albumin to globulin ratio was lower in non challenged or
treated birds than challenged non treated birds. On the
other hand, this ratio showed the lowest values in birds
treated with phytobiotic essential oils, ciprofloxacin and
their combinations.
Discussion
The results of the in vitro antibiotic sensitivity pattern
agree with those of Blanco et al. (1997) who showed that
the avian E. coli strain was highly sensitive to
ciprofloxacin in vitro.
The mechanism of phytobiotic essential oils for
improving the productive performance of broilers might
be caused by improvements in feed conversion ratios and
more efficient feed utilization (Mocar et al., 2010),
which promote better sedimentation of muscle proteins
(Zheng et al., 2009), stimulation of appetite, digestive
and absorption enzymes (Christaki et al., 2011) or the
stimulating effect on Lactobacillus proliferation
(Roofchaee et al., 2011). Contrary results were obtained
by Ocak et al. (2008) and Karimi et al. (2010) who
reported that the performance of growing broilers was
not affected by the use of any oregano-based supplement.
This discrepancy could probably be due to the ingredient
composition and dosage of the used phytogenic
compounds (Yang et al., 2009). The development of
performance parameters in ciprofloxacin treated birds
could be attributed to the bactericidal effect of the drug
on E. coli and the resulting improvement in general
health conditions (Brown, 1996).
This work showed that essential oils succeeded in the
elimination of the challenged E. coli organism. Similar
findings were obtained by Bendahou et al. (2008),
Ouwehand et al. (2010) and Rahimi et al. (2011) who
found that essential oils extracted from the plant
5. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, Shiraz University
IJVR, 2014, Vol. 15, No. 2, Ser. No. 47, Pages 110-115
114
Origanum vulgare had a broad spectrum of antimicrobial
activities against avian pathogens either in vitro or in
vivo. High concentrations of essential oils lead to cell
membrane lysis and denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins
(Helander et al., 1998), increase bacterial membrane
permeability causing leakage of protons and potassium
ions, decrease the pH gradient across the cytoplasm
membrane, collapse the membrane potential, inhibit ATP
synthesis and consequently induce cells death (Ultee et
al., 2002). Reduction of the E. coli re-isolation in the
ciprofloxacin treated group was due to the inhibition of
DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase II enzymes needed for
the transcription and replication of bacterial DNA
(Brown, 1996).
In this study, results of cell mediated and humoral
immune responses demonstrated that using phytobiotic
essential oils, together with ciprofloxacin, induced an
immune potentiating effect. The effect of oregano
essential oils on the stimulation of immune responses in
chickens is somewhat rare, but thymol and carvacrol
have been shown to have potent antioxidant properties
which elevate the chicks’ immune responses (Gabor et
al., 2010; Feizi and Nazeri, 2011). Other species of
plants contain steroidal saponins that affect human
cytokine production, macrophage activation and
lymphocyte activity (Tan and Vanitha, 2004). In
addition, Origanum vulgaris was found to modulate
ovine neutrophils immune functions (Farinacci et al.,
2008). Thyme essential oils were also shown to
significantly inhibite total mRNA IL-1B expression in
mice colons (Juhas et al., 2008). Moreover, essential oils
were found to be associated with an increased proportion
of swine CD4+, CD8+ and double positive T cells in
peripheral blood and mesenteric lymph nodes (Walter
and Bilkei, 2004) and thymol was found to enhance total
IgA and IgM serum levels, exhibiting local anti-
inflammatory properties indicated by a reduction in
TNF-mRNA in the swines’ stomach (Trevisi et al.,
2007). Contrasting results were obtained by Toghyani et
al. (2010), Abdulkarimi (2011) and Mansoub and
Myandoab (2011), who noticed that dietary treatments of
broiler chickens with thymol did not induce any
significant effect on HI antibody humoral immune
responses to SRBC and ND viruses. Although our results
showed that the ciprofloxacin treatment stimulated either
cellular or humoral immune responses, Punniamurthy
and Porchezhian (2007) demonstrated that ciprofloxacin
had an immunosuppression effect, as it induced a
significant reduction of HI antibody titers against SRBC,
and did not produce any significant effect against La
Sota antigen.
It has been previously suggested that essential oils of
oregano have biological antioxidant properties that
enhance liver and kidney functions (Hernandez et al.,
2004). The high antioxidant activity of thymol is due to
the presence of phenolic OH groups which act as
hydrogen donors to the peroxy radicals produced during
the first step of lipid oxidation, thus delaying the
formation of hydroxy peroxide (Farag et al., 1989).
Besides, El-Boushy et al. (2006) found out that cipro-
floxacin had no hepato or nephro-toxicity in E. coli
infected broilers. Nevertheless, it is important to mention
that plants and their essential oils could be used as
hepato and nephro-tonics to counteract the side effects of
a number of chemotherapeutic agents (Sylvestre et al.,
2006).
As compared to the challenged control, the albumin
to globulin ratio was the lowest in the treated groups
which is a good indicator of high globulin levels and
their subsequent immunostimulation.
It could be concluded from the present work that to
treat E. coli in broiler chickens, a mixture of essential
oils of Oreganum aetheroleum is more effective than
ciprofloxacin. However, a combined treatment of both
could be considered as a more effective treatment. For
more comprehensive findings, further research in this
area is suggested.
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